この調査レポートは、乗用車、小型商用車、トラック、シティバスの市場におけるオンロードの燃料電池車開発の現状を詳細に調査・分析しています。

 

主な掲載内容（目次より抜粋）

 

Report Summary

IDTechEx's report "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2022-2042" explores the current state of on-road fuel cell vehicle development for passenger car, light commercial vehicle, truck, and city bus markets. The report discusses the technical and economic aspects of fuel cell deployment in these different transport applications with IDTechEx's independent outlook for the future of fuel cell vehicles to 2042.

 

In response to the threat posed by climate change and poor urban air quality many countries are tightening emissions regulation to reduce the impact from on-road transportation. This legislation is forcing automotive OEMs away from traditional combustion engines and toward all-electric and fuel cell electric powertrains.

 

Whilst the market for pure battery-electric vehicles (BEV) is beginning to take-off in many transport segments, the energy density limits of lithium-ion batteries means that the range of battery electric vehicles is restricted by both the maximum weight of batteries that can be carried by a vehicle and the available space for batteries within that vehicle. Fuel cell technologies offer automakers an avenue to greater vehicle range, whilst still delivering the crucial reduction in on-road exhaust emissions.

 

Utilising a fuel cell, which generates electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen (stored as fuel in pressurised tanks) and oxygen (from purified intake air), fuel cell systems can deliver a greater energy density than current battery electric powertrains. This improved energy density enables greater vehicle range between fuelling than can be delivered by battery electric vehicles.

 

A further significant benefit of fuel cell systems is that the refuelling of hydrogen tanks is similar to refuelling conventional combustion engine vehicles (a few minutes) and is considerably faster than comparatively slow electric charging, which can take several hours. The range and refuelling advantage of FCEV could be particularly critical for the viability of zero-emission heavy-duty truck and bus operations, where there is a high daily range requirement, long operating hours, and the need for operational flexibility.

 

Fuel Cell Passenger Cars

The deployment of fuel cells within vehicles is not a new concept. Major OEMs including Toyota, Ford, Honda, GM, Hyundai, Volkswagen, Daimler, and BMW have invested large sums over the past 30-years in advancing the technology. For passenger cars, a huge amount of effort and expense has gone into developing fuel cells, but the culmination of these efforts is the reality that in 2021 only two major OEMs, Toyota and Hyundai, have FCEV cars in production and fewer than 10,000 FCEV were sold in 2020. Battery electric vehicles, whose development began in earnest at a similar time to FCEV, sold more than 3 million units in 2020.

 

Top 3 FCEV Car Manufacturers Market Share

Source: IDTechEx "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2022-2042"

 

Hydrogen Generation

Fuel cell vehicle deployment faces considerable challenges, including decreasing the cost of fuel cell system components to reduce the upfront cost of fuel cell vehicles, and rolling out sufficient hydrogen refuelling infrastructure to make driving a FCEV workable. Also essential will be the availability of cheap 'green' hydrogen, produced by the electrolysis of water using renewable electricity, which analysis in the new IDTechEx report highlights will be vital to FCEVs delivering the environmental credentials on which they are being sold.

 

The most developed, cheapest, and scalable method currently available for hydrogen generation is steam methane (natural gas) reforming. H2 produced by this method is known as "grey hydrogen". This process however produces a significant volume of CO2, meaning the well-to-wheel carbon footprint of FCEV using grey hydrogen would offer a very limited emission reduction potential over modern combustion engine vehicles. This IDTechEx report looks at carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, which will be required to greatly reduce the carbon emission from SMR, to produce so called "blue hydrogen". CCS has yet to be demonstrated a scale, though is attracting considerable interest from major energy firms. The ideal pathway would be to generate "green hydrogen" using electricity from renewable sources including wind, solar and hydro, splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis, however, the cost effectiveness of this method therefore depends on utilising cheap renewable electricity, which is not yet widely available.

 

IDTechEx Estimate of gCO2/km Emission for Different Truck Powertrains

*The advantage for green hydrogen in 2030 is because it is assumed to be produced from 100% renewable electricity whereas the 2030 BEV uses a grid average intensity.

 

Source: IDTechEx "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2022-2042"

 

Whilst the challenges facing fuel cell vehicles are considerable, many governments around the world are now offering an unprecedented level of support for the development of zero-emission vehicles, with several major economies including Japan, Korea, Germany and China backing efforts for an extensive transformation away from fossil fuels to a wider hydrogen economy. With the backing of governments, increasing interest from large multinational energy firms who have recognised they need a strategy to transition to cleaner fuels, and strong commitment being shown by several major OEMs (though chiefly Toyota and Hyundai), there is currently a clear concerted effort to push FCEV development and deployment.

 

Fuel Cell Trucks and Buses

Of particular focus in the IDTechEx report are the heavy-duty truck and bus markets, which operate demanding applications that require long daily range, have constrained refuelling time availability, and require operational flexibility. Whilst this segment of the automotive industry is also facing tightening legislative requirements to reduce exhaust emissions, BEV solutions are potentially less feasible in these applications, with the weight and cost of the lithium-ion battery required to deliver the daily-duty cycle prohibitive. These applications therefore offer a market segment where fuel cell vehicles could offer the only viable zero-emission solution. The new report looks in detail at the challenge of employing fuel cell commercial vehicles, including CAPEX costs, the influence of H2 fuel cost on viability, and examples from current FCEV deployments.

 

This report and it's granular market forecasts will be of interest to companies across the automotive value chain: fuel cell and electrolyser manufacturers, battery and electric motor manufacturers, hydrogen refuelling infrastructure developers, parts and systems suppliers, along with companies in the energy sector, government agencies, research organisations, and companies or individuals looking to invest in a technology that has the potential to be a vital element in efforts to decarbonise the transportation sector.

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1. Report Overview

1.2. What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle?

1.3. Fuel Cell Energy Density Advantage

1.4. Hydrogen Production Methods

1.5. Hydrogen for Transport

1.6. Must be Green H2 for Fuel Cell Vehicles to be 'Green'

1.7. Reality of the FCEV Range Advantage over BEV

1.8. Range of Zero Emission Medium and Heavy Trucks

1.9. The Challenge: Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction

1.10. 20+ Years of Fuel Cell Passenger Car Prototypes

1.11. Fuel Cell Cars in Production

1.12. FCEV Car Market Share Toyota, Hyundai, Honda, 2016-2020

1.13. Fuel Cell LCVs

1.14. Stellantis Launch Fuel Cell LCVs

1.15. Heavy-Duty Trucks: BEV or Fuel Cell?

1.16. Powertrain and Range

1.17. Heavy Duty Vehicle Fuel Cell System Costs

1.18. 30 years of FC-Bus Development

1.19. Buses: Both FCEV and BEV to have a Role?

1.20. FCEV Passenger Car Global Sales Forecast 2018-2042

1.21. FCEV LCV Sales Forecast by Region 2018-2042

1.22. FCEV Heavy-Duty Truck Sales Forecast by Region 2018-2042

1.23. FCEV City Bus Sales Forecast by Region 2018-2042

1.24. FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Fuel Cell Demand (MW)

1.25. FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Market Size ($USD Billion)

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. The Core Driver for Transport Decarbonization

2.2. Transport a Major Source of Greenhouse Gas Emission

2.3. Transport GHG Emissions: China, US & Europe

2.4. EU27+UK GHG Emission From Road Transport

2.5. US GHG Emission From Road Transport

2.6. Japan GHG Emission From Road Transport

2.7. Urban Air Quality

2.8. Poor Air Quality Causes Premature Deaths

2.9. Fossil Fuel Bans: Explained

2.10. Official or Legislated Fossil Fuel Bans (National)

2.11. Unofficial, Drafted or Proposed Fossil Fuel Bans (National)

2.12. Fossil Fuel Bans (Cities)

2.13. Replacement for ICE - Zero Emission Electric Vehicles

2.14. What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle?

2.15. Attraction of Fuel Cell Vehicles

2.16. Transport Applications for Fuel Cells

2.17. Toyota Mobility Roadmap

2.18. Why is the Focus on Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles?

2.19. Fuel Cell Vehicles a as Part of a Hydrogen Economy

2.20. 30 Years of Fuel Cell Vehicle Prototypes

2.21. Deployment Barriers for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

2.22. A Kaleidoscope of Hydrogen Colours

2.23. The Fundamental Issue of Efficiency

2.24. Challenges for Fuel Cells

2.25. The Challenge: Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction

2.26. Fuel Cost per Mile: FCEV, BEV, internal-combustion

2.27. Volume Production to Decrease FCEV Cost

2.28. Zero Emission Vehicles: BEV Booming

2.29. FCEV Competing with Improving Li-ion Batteries

3. FUEL CELLS: TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

3.1. Introduction to Fuel Cells

3.2. What is a Fuel Cell?

3.3. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

3.4. Fuel Cells Technologies Overview

3.5. PEMFC Assembly and Materials

3.6. Proton Exchange Membrane - Polymer Electrolyte

3.7. Proton Exchange Membrane - Polymer Electrolyte

3.8. Electrode Structure and the Three-Phase Boundary

3.9. Bipolar Plates (BPP)

3.10. Bipolar Plate Materials

3.11. Fuel Cell Water Management

3.12. PEMFC Cooling Methods

3.13. Fuels Composition

3.14. Great Volumes Required to Reduce Costs

3.15. PEMFC Cost Break Down

3.16. Fuel Cell System Costs

3.17. High Temperature PEMFC (high temperature-PEMFC)

3.18. PEMFC Market Players

3.19. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Overview

3.20. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Electrolyte

3.21. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Sealing & Connecting Materials

3.22. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: Cell Design

3.23. SOFC Market

4. HYDROGEN GENERATION

4.1. Hydrogen: The Energy Carrier

4.2. Hydrogen Production Methods

4.3. A Kaleidoscope of Hydrogen Colours

4.4. H2 Production Methods: Steam Reforming (SMR)

4.5. H2 Production Methods: Autothermal Reforming (ATR)

4.6. H2 Production Methods: Electrolysis

4.7. Electrolyser Overview

4.8. AEL on the market

4.9. PEMEL on the market

4.10. SOEL companies

4.11. Sources of Hydrogen

4.12. Hydrogen Production Methods

4.13. Pathway to Green Hydrogen via Blue

4.14. BP Teesside Blue Hydrogen Project

4.15. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS)

4.16. Point source carbon capture - overview

4.17. Post-combustion CO2 capture

4.18. Methods of CO2 separation

4.19. The costs of carbon capture

4.20. Global status of CCUS

4.21. Carbon capture capacity if all current projects begin or remain in operation

4.22. EOR: an on-ramp for CCS

5. FUEL CELL PASSENGER CARS

5.1. Outlook for Fuel Cell Passenger Cars

5.2. 20+ Years of Fuel Cell Passenger Car Prototypes

5.3. Fuel Cell Passenger Cars

5.4. Fuel Cell Passenger Car Components

5.5. Status of Automotive Fuel Cell Systems and Stacks

5.6. FCEV Cars Operating Modes

5.7. Fuel Cell Cars in Production

5.8. Growth of Fuel Cell Passenger Cars

5.9. FCEV Car Market Share Toyota, Hyundai, Honda, 2016-2020

5.10. Very Limited FC-Car Model Choice

6. FUEL CELL PASSENGER CAR PLAYERS

6.1. Toyota Fuel Cell Passenger Cars History

6.2. Toyota Motor Europe

6.3. Toyota Mirai 1st Gen 2015

6.4. Toyota Mirai 1st Gen Components

6.5. Toyota Mirai 2nd Generation

6.6. Toyota Mirai 2nd Gen. Significant Upgrades

6.7. Toyota Mirai 2nd Gen H2 Safety Measures

6.8. Purchase Incentives

6.9. Toyota Mirai Sales 2014-2021

6.10. Decreasing CAPEX of FCEV

6.11. Toyota FCEV Following the Prius Pathway

6.12. Toyota Mirai Demonstrator Fleets

6.13. Toyota FCEV Goals

6.14. Hyundai Fuel Cell Passenger Car History

6.15. Hyundai FCEV Improvements

6.16. Hyundai NEXO SUV

6.17. Hyundai NEXO Components

6.18. Hyundai NEXO Hydrogen Tanks

6.19. Hyundai FCEV Goals

6.20. Hyundai NEXO Sales

6.21. Korea Subsidy Incentives: FCEV push but BEV far ahead

6.22. Honda Clarity Fuel Cell

6.23. Honda FCEV Development Timeline

6.24. Honda Clarity FCEV Components

6.25. Honda Discontinue FC-Clarity: Weak Demand

6.26. BMW Fuel Cell Passenger Car Outlook

6.27. BMW i Hydrogen NEXT FCEV

6.28. Renault-Nissan Fuel Cell Development

6.29. Nissan e-NV200 SOFC Bio-Ethanol Prototype

6.30. General Motors Fuel Cell Development

6.31. GM HYDROTEC Fuel Cell Evolution

6.32. GM Pathway "An All Electric Future"

6.33. Daimler Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL

6.34. Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL Components

6.35. Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL Operating Modes

6.36. Mercedes End FCEV Car Development

6.37. Volkswagen Group: No to FCEV Passenger Cars

6.38. Volkswagen Group - H2 Inefficiency as a Fuel

6.39. Audi Abandons FCEV Development

6.40. Audi A7 Sportback H-Tron

6.41. Chinese FCEV Cars

6.42. China FCEV Focus on Commercial Vehicles

6.43. SAIC China's FCEV Car Pioneer

6.44. Announced Chinese FCEV Cars

6.45. Attitude to FCEV Cars by Company

7. FUEL CELL PASSENGER CAR BARRIERS

7.1. Reality of the FCEV Range Advantage over BEV

7.2. Price Comparison FCEV and Long Range BEV

7.3. FC-Car Fuelling / Charging Advantage?

7.4. Passenger Car CO2 Emissions: FCEV, BEV & ICE

7.5. CO2 Emission from Electricity Generation

7.6. Fuelling Costs Petrol vs Hydrogen

7.7. Fuelling Costs Hydrogen vs Grid Electricity

7.8. Fuel cost comparison per kWh of propulsion in Norway

7.9. Tesla No Interest in Fuel Cells

7.10. Car Emissions by Powertrain Technology in China

7.11. FCEV Car Conclusions

7.12. Why Pursue Fuel Cell Cars?

8. FUEL CELL LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES

8.1. Light Commercial Vehicles Definition

8.2. CO2 emission from the LCV sector

8.3. Drivers for LCV Electrification

8.4. Electric LCV Market Drivers

8.5. Considerations for BEV and FCEV LCV Adoption

8.6. Europe eLCV Sales 2020 - BEV Leads FCEV

8.7. China NEV eLCV Sales 2020

8.8. LCV Range Requirement

8.9. LCV Range Requirement Compared to Trucks.

8.10. Do BEV LCVs offer sufficient range?

8.11. Fuel Cell LCVs

8.12. Example Fuel Cell LCV Specifications

8.13. Groupe Renault

8.14. Renault Hydrogen System Diagrams

8.15. Renault and Plug Power FC-LCV Joint Venture

8.16. Stellantis Fuel Cell LCVs

8.17. Stellantis - Citroen / Peugeot / Vauxhall / Opel FC-Van

8.18. Symbio Fuel Cell Systems

8.19. Faurecia and Symbio

8.20. Ballard and Linamar Light-Duty Fuel Cell Alliance

8.21. Fuel Cell Electric Vans - Holthausen

8.22. Outlook for Fuel Cell Light Commercial Vehicles

9. FUEL CELL TRUCKS

9.1. Truck Classifications

9.2. Global CO2 Emission: Medium & Heavy-Duty Trucks

9.3. GHG Emission From the Truck Sector

9.4. Road Freight Market

9.5. Projected Increase in Global Road Freight Activity

9.6. Fuel Saving Technology Areas

9.7. The rise of zero (or near zero) exhaust emission trucks

9.8. Heavy-Duty Trucks: BEV or Fuel Cell?

9.9. Range of Zero Emission Medium and Heavy Trucks

9.10. Batteries vs. Fuel Cells: Driving Range

9.11. Daily Duty Cycle Demand

9.12. Powertrain and Range

9.13. Financial Driver: Legislation in Europe

9.14. External Cost of Heavy-Duty Trucks

9.15. Heavy-Duty Truck CO2 Emissions: FCEV, BEV & ICE

9.16. California's Advanced Clean Trucks Regulation

9.17. Fuel Cell Manufacturers Collaboration on US FC-Trucks

9.18. Fuel Cell Power Requirement

9.19. Fuel Cell Truck Example Specifications

9.20. Fuel Cell Trucks: HYUNDAI

9.21. Hyundai Hydrogen Mobility

9.22. Hyundai Pilot FC-Trucks in Switzerland

9.23. Hyundai XCIENT fuel cell Truck Coming to America

9.24. US XCEINT Longer Range

9.25. Hyundai XCIENT 4,000 Unit China Order

9.26. Hyundai Class 8 Concept

9.27. Fuel Cell Trucks: DAIMLER / VOLVO

9.28. Daimler to Begin Testing GenH2 Truck Prototype

9.29. Battery and Fuel Cell Options

9.30. Cellcentric: Daimler and Volvo fuel cell Joint Venture

9.31. Volvo Group: Toward Fossil Free Transport

9.32. Scania to Concentrate on BEV-Trucks

9.33. Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies

9.34. HYZON Motors

9.35. HYZON Motors Heavy-Duty Truck Schematic

9.36. Nikola Corporation

9.37. First Nikola Truck Will be a BEV (not FCEV)

9.38. Nikola ONE - Proof of Concept

9.39. Nikola TWO: New Flagship Fuel Cell Truck

9.40. Nikola Commercial Truck Milestones

9.41. Nikola an "Energy Technology Company"?

9.42. IDTechEx Take: The Future for Nikola

9.43. Fuel Cell Trucks: KENWORTH (PACCAR)

9.44. Fuel Cell Trucks: TOYOTA / HINO

9.45. Fuel Cell Trucks: BALLARD / UPS

9.46. Fuel Cell Trucks: DONGFENG

9.47. Arcola Energy

9.48. Cost of H2 Trucks vs Battery Electric

9.49. Heavy Duty Vehicle Fuel Cell System Costs

9.50. Green Hydrogen Price Development Forecasts

9.51. Green Hydrogen Electrolysis Production Costs US / EU

9.52. Green Hydrogen Cost by Electricity Source US / EU

9.53. Electrolyser Powered by Curtailed Electricity

9.54. FCEV Truck Hydrogen Consumption

9.55. BOSAL / Ceres Power - SOFC Range Extender

9.56. Fuel Cells and Trucks Today

10. FUEL CELL BUSES

10.1. Fuel Cell Buses

10.2. 30 years of FC-Bus Development

10.3. Main Advantages / Disadvantages of Fuel Cell Buses

10.4. Fuel Cell Bus Schematic

10.5. Fuel Cell Bus Example Specifications

10.6. Other Zero / Low Emission Bus Options

10.7. Gaps in the Market: Prospect for fuel cell Buses

10.8. Battery Electric Buses: Rival or Complementary?

10.9. Both FCEV and BEV to have a Role?

10.10. Infrastructure Cost BEV vs FCEV Bus Depot

10.11. Example Analysis: Foothill Transit, California, Line 486

10.12. Example Analysis: Foothill Transit

10.13. Delivering the Required Duty Milage

10.14. Californian Transit Agencies Milage Distribution

10.15. Zero Emission Bus Range Per Day

10.16. Route Length Suitability for BEV Buses

10.17. Will Battery Improvements make Fuel Cell Buses Obsolete?

10.18. Loop Energy Inc

10.19. Comparison Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Diesel Cost

10.20. Fuel Cell Bus Deployment Worldwide

10.21. Chinese Fuel Cell Bus OEMs

10.22. Chinese Fuel Cell Bus Examples

10.23. NEV Bus Sales in China 2020

10.24. Chinese FCEV Support

10.25. China Fuel Cell Installed Capacity 2020

10.26. CEMT - Edelman Hydrogen Energy Equipment

10.27. Beijing SinoHytec

10.28. Sinosynergy

10.29. Shanghai Hydrogen Propulsion Technology

10.30. REFIRE - Shanghai Reshaping Energy Technology

10.31. Other Chinese Fuel Cell System Manufacturers

10.32. United Fuel Cell System R&D (Beijing) Co.

10.33. Toyota SORA Fuel Cell Bus

10.34. Structure of Toyota fuel cell bus

10.35. JAPAN FCEV Targets

10.36. Hyundai ELEC CITY Fuel Cell Bus

10.37. Korea FCEV Targets

10.38. US Fuel Cell Buses: Active Fuel Cell Bus Project

10.39. US Fuel Cell Buses: fuel cell Bus Projects in Planning

10.40. US Fuel Cell Buses: fuel cell Bus Projects Completed

10.41. Transitioning the US Fleet to Zero Emission Buses

10.42. The Cost of US Bus Fleet Transition to Zero Emission

10.43. US Fuel Cell Buses: fuel cell Bus Price

10.44. fuel cell Bus CAPEX vs Other Powertrains

10.45. NREL Fuel Cell Bus Evaluations

10.46. Fuel Cell Bus Long-Term Stack Performance Data

10.47. FC-Bus Reliability

10.48. FC-Bus Fuel Efficiency and Fuel Cost

10.49. New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE H2

10.50. ElDorado National AXESS Fuel Cell Bus

10.51. ElDorado National AXESS Schematic

10.52. Van Hool

10.53. US School Buses

10.54. US eBus Purchase Subsidies

10.55. European Fuel Cell Bus Deployment

10.56. EU JIVE 2 Targets

10.57. Solaris Urbino 12 Hydrogen Bus

10.58. CaetanoBus H2.City Gold

10.59. Toyota Motor Europe

10.60. SAFRA Businova Hydrogen

10.61. Wrightbus StreetDeck Hydroliner

10.62. Van Hool A330 fuel cell Hydrogen Bus

10.63. ADL Enviro400 FCEV

10.64. European Clean Bus Deployment Initiative

10.65. Outlook for Fuel Cell Buses

11. HYDROGEN REFUELLING

11.1. Energy Density of Hydrogen

11.2. Hydrogen Compared to Other Fuels

11.3. Transporting Hydrogen

11.4. Worldwide H2 Refuelling Infrastructure

11.5. Europe Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure

11.6. Hydrogen Roadmap Europe

11.7. The Clean Energy Partnership

11.8. Fuel Cell Charging Infrastructure in the US

11.9. Infrastructure Costs

11.10. Case Study: Hydrogen Costs

11.11. China Hydrogen Refuelling Station Roadmap

11.12. China Hydrogen Refuelling Stations

11.13. China's FCEV Deployment will it be Green?

11.14. Guide to Hydrogen Truck Refuelling

11.15. Developing Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure

11.16. Fuel Cell Truck Refuelling Advantage

11.17. Long-haul Trucking Opportunity?

11.18. FC-Trucks Facilitate Wider FCEV Deployment

11.19. Nikola Trucks: Hydrogen Infrastructure

11.20. Material Based Hydrogen Storage

12. FCEV GLOBAL MARKET FORECASTS (LCV, M&HDT, CITY-BUS, CAR)

12.1. Forecast Assumptions

12.2. FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Global Sales Forecast 2018-2042

12.3. FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Fuel Cell Demand (MW)

12.4. FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Battery Demand (GWh)

12.5. FCEV (LCV, M&HDT, Bus, Car) Market Size ($USD Billion)

13. MARKET FORECASTS FC-CARS

13.1. Forecast Assumptions

13.2. FCEV Passenger Car Global Sales Forecast 2018-2042

13.3. FCEV Passenger Car Fuel Cell Demand (MW)

13.4. FCEV Passenger Car Battery Demand (GWh)

13.5. FCEV Passenger Car Market Size ($USD Billion)

14. MARKET FORECASTS FC-LCV

14.1. Forecast Assumptions

14.2. Light Commercial Vehicles Sales Forecast 2018-2042 (Units)

14.3. FCEV LCV Sales Forecast by Region (Units)

14.4. FCEV LCV Fuel Cel