Summary
The advanced carbon materials market encompasses diverse products including carbon fibers, graphene, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and specialized carbon forms like biochar and activated carbon. These materials demonstrate exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties that make them increasingly vital across multiple industries, from aerospace and automotive to electronics and environmental applications. Market growth is primarily driven by increasing demand for lightweight, high-strength materials in transportation and aerospace sectors, coupled with rising adoption in renewable energy applications and battery technologies. The push toward sustainable manufacturing and environmental regulations has further accelerated the development of bio-based carbon materials and carbon capture technologies, creating new market opportunities while addressing global sustainability challenges.
The Global Market for Advanced Carbon Materials 2025-2035 provides detailed analysis and forecasts for the advanced carbon materials market, covering carbon fibers, carbon black, graphite, biochar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphene quantum dots, carbon foam, diamond-like carbon coatings, activated carbon, carbon aerogels and xerogels, and carbon materials from carbon capture and utilization. The report offers an in-depth examination of market trends, growth drivers, challenges, and opportunities across all major segments of the advanced carbon materials industry. With over 1,000 pages of detailed analysis, including 229 tables and 155 figures, this study provides unparalleled insights into market dynamics, technological developments, and competitive landscapes.
Report contents include:
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Comprehensive analysis of 15 different advanced carbon material types
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Detailed market forecasts from 2024-2035
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In-depth company profiles of over 900 manufacturers, product developers and producers
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Analysis of manufacturing processes and technologies
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Patent and regulatory landscape assessment
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Detailed price and cost analysis
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Supply chain evaluation
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End-user market analysis
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Regional market breakdowns
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Emerging applications and opportunities
The report segments each material type by:
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Production methods and technologies
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Properties and characteristics
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Applications and end-use markets
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Current and projected market size
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Key players and competitive landscape
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Pricing trends and cost structures
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Regional demand patterns
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Regulatory frameworks
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Future market outlook
Market focus areas include:
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Electric vehicle battery materials
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Renewable energy applications
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Aerospace and defense
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Environmental remediation
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Energy storage solutions
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Construction and infrastructure
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Electronics and semiconductors
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Healthcare and medical devices
The study provides detailed insights into major growth drivers including:
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Increasing demand for lightweight materials
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Growing focus on sustainability
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Rising adoption of electric vehicles
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Expansion of renewable energy infrastructure
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Advancements in electronics and computing
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Development of new medical applications
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Environmental regulations and carbon reduction initiatives
Market challenges and opportunities are thoroughly analyzed, including:
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Manufacturing scale-up challenges
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Cost reduction strategies
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Supply chain optimization
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Technology commercialization
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Regulatory compliance
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Competition from traditional materials
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Regional market dynamics
The report includes detailed profiles of over 900 key industry players, covering:
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Product portfolios
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Manufacturing capabilities
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Technology developments
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Strategic initiatives
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Market positioning
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Financial performance
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Growth strategies
Companies profiled include 3D Nano Batteries, 3D Strong, 4M Carbon Fiber Corporation, 9T Labs AG, ADA Carbon Solutions, Adamas Nanotechnologies, Advanced Graphene Products, Aerogel Core, AerNos, Agar Scientific, AIKA Innovative Technology, Air Membrane, Aligned Carbon, Alpha Recyclage, American BioCarbon, Anaphite, Anisoprint, Anovion Technologies, Applied Nanolayers, Applied Sciences, Archer Materials, Arq, Atlas Carbon, Avadain, Aztrong, BASF, Bcircular, Bedimensional, Beijing Grish Hitech, Betterial, BGT Materials, Bikanta, Bio365, Biochar Now, Biochar Supreme, Biographene, Black Bear Carbon, Black Swan Graphene, Bolder Industries, Boston Materials, Bright Day Graphene, C2CNT, Cabot Corporation, Calgon Carbon, Canatu, Carbice, Carbon Conversions, Carbon Mobile, Carbon Revolution, Carbon Waters, CarbonMeta Research, Carbonauten, Carbonfex, Carbonics, Carbonxt, Carborundum Universal, Charm Graphene, Chasm Advanced Materials, Cymaris Labs, Daicel Corporation, DarkBlack Carbon, Desktop Metal, DexMat, Directa Plus, Dotz Nano, Eden Innovations, EOX International, Epic Advanced Materials, Epsilon Carbon, Evercloak, Fairmat, First Graphene, FND Biotech, Frontier Carbon, Fujitsu, G6 Materials, General Graphene, Goodfellow, Graftech International, Graphene Manufacturing Group, Graphene Platform, Graphene Square, Graphene Star, Graphenea, GrapheneX, Graphex Group, Graphite Innovation, Graphjet Technology, Gratomic, Grolltex, Haydale, Hexcel Corporation, Honjo Chemical, Huntsman Corporation, HydroGraph Clean Power, Hyosung Advanced Materials, IBM, INBRAIN Neuroelectronics, Integrated Graphene, John Crane, JSC SINTA, Kureha Corporation, Levidian, Log 9 Materials, Lyten, Mars Materials, Microdiamant, Mitsubishi Chemical, Montefibre Carbon, Nanocarbon Research, NanoGraf, Nanografi, Nanotech Energy, NanoXplore, NAWA Technologies, NDB, NEC Corporation, Nelumbo, NeoGraf Solutions, Nippon Graphite Fiber, Norit Activated Carbon, Novonix, OCSiAl, Orion Engineered Carbons, Osaka Gas Chemicals, Paragraf, Phillips Carbon Black, Planar Tech, PlasmaChem, Pure Life Carbon, Pyrograf Products, Ray Techniques, Real Graphene, Repsol, Sigma Aldrich, SkyNano Technologies, Standard Graphene, Sumitomo Electric, Talga Resources, Teijin Limited, Thomas Swan, Tirupati Graphite, Toray Industries, Universal Matter, Vorbeck Materials, XG Sciences, Zentek, Zeta Energy and more....
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Table of Contents
1 THE ADVANCED CARBON MATERIALS MARKET 51
1.1 Market overview 51
1.2 Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition 51
2 CARBON FIBERS 53
2.1 Properties of carbon fibers 53
2.1.1 Types by modulus 54
2.1.2 Types by the secondary processing 55
2.2 Precursor material types 56
2.2.1 PAN: Polyacrylonitrile 56
2.2.1.1 Spinning 57
2.2.1.2 Stabilizing 57
2.2.1.3 Carbonizing 58
2.2.1.4 Surface treatment 58
2.2.1.5 Sizing 58
2.2.1.6 Pitch-based carbon fibers 58
2.2.1.7 Isotropic pitch 58
2.2.1.8 Mesophase pitch 59
2.2.1.9 Viscose (Rayon)-based carbon fibers 60
2.2.2 Bio-based and alternative precursors 60
2.2.2.1 Lignin 60
2.2.2.2 Polyethylene 63
2.2.2.3 Vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) 64
2.2.2.4 Textile PAN 64
2.2.3 Recycled carbon fibers (r-CF) 64
2.2.3.1 Recycling processes 65
2.2.3.2 Companies 67
2.2.4 Carbon Fiber 3D Printing 68
2.2.5 Plasma oxidation 70
2.2.6 Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) 70
2.2.6.1 Applications 71
2.3 Markets and applications 72
2.3.1 Aerospace 72
2.3.2 Wind energy 72
2.3.3 Sports & leisure 73
2.3.4 Automotive 74
2.3.5 Pressure vessels 75
2.3.6 Oil and gas 76
2.4 Market analysis 77
2.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 77
2.4.2 Regulations 78
2.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis 78
2.4.4 Supply Chain 79
2.4.5 Competitive Landscape 79
2.4.5.1 Annual capacity, by producer 79
2.4.5.2 Market share, by capacity 80
2.4.6 Future Outlook 81
2.4.7 Addressable Market Size 81
2.4.8 Risks and Opportunities 81
2.4.9 Global market 82
2.4.9.1 Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2035, by industry (MT) 83
2.4.9.2 Global carbon fiber revenues 2016-2035, by industry (billions USD) 84
2.4.9.3 Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2035, by region (MT) 84
2.5 Company profiles 85
2.5.1 Carbon fiber producers 85 (29 company profiles)
2.5.2 Carbon Fiber composite producers 102 (62 company profiles)
2.5.3 Carbon fiber recyclers 137 (16 company profiles)
3 CARBON BLACK 149
3.1 Commercially available carbon black 149
3.2 Properties 150
3.2.1 Particle size distribution 151
3.2.2 Structure-Aggregate size 151
3.2.3 Surface chemistry 152
3.2.4 Agglomerates 153
3.2.5 Colour properties 153
3.2.6 Porosity 154
3.2.7 Physical form 154
3.3 Manufacturing processes 155
3.4 Markets and applications 155
3.4.1 Tires and automotive 155
3.4.2 Non-Tire Rubber (Industrial rubber) 158
3.4.3 Other markets 159
3.5 Specialty carbon black 159
3.5.1 Global market size for specialty CB 161
3.6 Recovered carbon black (rCB) 162
3.6.1 Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires (ELT) 164
3.6.2 Discontinuous (“batch”) pyrolysis 165
3.6.3 Semi-continuous pyrolysis 165
3.6.4 Continuous pyrolysis 165
3.6.5 Key players 165
3.6.6 Global market size for Recovered Carbon Black 166
3.7 Market analysis 167
3.7.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 167
3.7.2 Regulations 167
3.7.3 Supply chain 167
3.7.4 Price and Costs Analysis 169
3.7.4.1 Feedstock 169
3.7.4.2 Commercial carbon black 169
3.7.5 Competitive Landscape 170
3.7.5.1 Production capacities 170
3.7.6 Future Outlook 171
3.7.7 Customer Segmentation 171
3.7.8 Addressable Market Size 171
3.7.9 Risks and Opportunities 172
3.7.10 Global market 172
3.7.10.1 By market (tons) 172
3.7.10.2 By market (revenues) 173
3.7.10.3 By region (Tons) 173
3.8 Company profiles 174 (51 company profiles)
4 GRAPHITE 196
4.1 Types of graphite 196
4.1.1 Natural vs synthetic graphite 197
4.2 Natural graphite 199
4.2.1 Classification 199
4.2.2 Processing 200
4.2.3 Flake 201
4.2.3.1 Grades 201
4.2.3.2 Applications 202
4.2.3.3 Spherical graphite 203
4.2.3.4 Expandable graphite 203
4.2.4 Amorphous graphite 204
4.2.4.1 Applications 204
4.2.5 Crystalline vein graphite 204
4.2.5.1 Applications 205
4.3 Synthetic graphite 205
4.3.1 Classification 206
4.3.1.1 Primary synthetic graphite 206
4.3.1.2 Secondary synthetic graphite 206
4.3.2 Processing 207
4.3.2.1 Processing for battery anodes 207
4.3.3 Issues with synthetic graphite production 208
4.3.4 Isostatic Graphite 208
4.3.4.1 Description 208
4.3.4.2 Markets 209
4.3.4.3 Producers and production capacities 209
4.3.5 Graphite electrodes 210
4.3.6 Extruded Graphite 211
4.3.7 Vibration Molded Graphite 211
4.3.8 Die-molded graphite 212
4.4 New technologies 212
4.5 Recycling of graphite materials 212
4.6 Green graphite 213
4.7 Markets and applications for graphite 213
4.8 Market analysis 215
4.8.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 215
4.8.2 Regulations 215
4.8.3 Price and Costs Analysis 216
4.8.4 Supply Chain 218
4.8.5 Competitive Landscape 219
4.8.6 Future Outlook 219
4.8.7 Addressable Market Size 219
4.8.8 Risks and Opportunities 220
4.9 Global market 220
4.9.1 Global mine production and reserves of natural graphite 220
4.9.2 Global graphite production in tonnes, 2016-2022 221
4.9.3 Estimated global graphite production in tonnes, 2023-2035 222
4.9.4 Synthetic graphite supply 222
4.9.5 Global market demand for graphite by end use market 2016-2035, tonnes 222
4.9.5.1 Natural graphite 222
4.9.5.2 Synthetic graphite 223
4.9.6 Demand for graphite by end use markets, 2022 223
4.9.7 Demand for graphite by end use markets, 2033 224
4.9.8 Demand by region 225
4.9.9 Main market players 226
4.9.9.1 Natural graphite 226
4.9.9.2 Synthetic graphite 227
4.9.10 Market supply chain 228
4.10 Company profiles 231 (96 company profiles)
5 BIOCHAR 294
5.1 What is biochar? 294
5.2 Carbon sequestration 295
5.3 Properties of biochar 296
5.4 Markets and applications 298
5.5 Biochar production 303
5.6 Feedstocks 303
5.7 Production processes 304
5.7.1 Sustainable production 305
5.7.2 Pyrolysis 306
5.7.2.1 Slow pyrolysis 306
5.7.2.2 Fast pyrolysis 307
5.7.3 Gasification 308
5.7.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) 308
5.7.5 Torrefaction 309
5.7.6 Equipment manufacturers 309
5.8 Carbon credits 310
5.8.1 Overview 310
5.8.2 Removal and reduction credits 310
5.8.3 The advantage of biochar 311
5.8.4 Price 311
5.8.5 Buyers of biochar credits 311
5.8.6 Competitive materials and technologies 311
5.8.6.1 Geologic carbon sequestration 312
5.8.6.2 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) 312
5.8.6.3 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) 313
5.8.6.4 Enhanced mineral weathering with mineral carbonation 313
5.8.6.5 Ocean alkalinity enhancement 314
5.8.6.6 Forest preservation and afforestation 314
5.9 Markets for biochar 315
5.9.1 Agriculture & livestock farming 315
5.9.1.1 Market drivers and trends 315
5.9.1.2 Applications 315
5.9.2 Construction materials 319
5.9.2.1 Market drivers and trends 319
5.9.2.2 Applications 319
5.9.3 Wastewater treatment 322
5.9.3.1 Market drivers and trends 322
5.9.3.2 Applications 323
5.9.4 Filtration 324
5.9.4.1 Market drivers and trends 324
5.9.4.2 Applications 324
5.9.5 Carbon capture 325
5.9.5.1 Market drivers and trends 325
5.9.5.2 Applications 325
5.9.6 Cosmetics 326
5.9.6.1 Market drivers and trends 326
5.9.6.2 Applications 326
5.9.7 Textiles 327
5.9.7.1 Market drivers and trends 327
5.9.7.2 Applications 327
5.9.8 Additive manufacturing 328
5.9.8.1 Market drivers and trends 328
5.9.8.2 Applications 328
5.9.9 Ink 328
5.9.9.1 Market drivers and trends 328
5.9.9.2 Applications 328
5.9.10 Polymers 329
5.9.10.1 Market drivers and trends 329
5.9.10.2 Applications 329
5.9.11 Packaging 330
5.9.11.1 Market drivers and trends 330
5.9.11.2 Applications 330
5.9.12 Steel and metal 332
5.9.12.1 Market drivers and trends 332
5.9.12.2 Applications 332
5.9.13 Energy 333
5.9.13.1 Market drivers and trends 333
5.9.13.2 Applications 333
5.10 Market analysis 336
5.10.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 336
5.10.2 Regulations 337
5.10.3 Price and Costs Analysis 337
5.10.4 Supply Chain 338
5.10.5 Competitive Landscape 338
5.10.6 Future Outlook 338
5.10.7 Customer Segmentation 339
5.10.8 Addressable Market Size 339
5.10.9 Risks and Opportunities 339
5.11 Global market 340
5.11.1 By market 340
5.11.2 By region 343
5.11.3 By feedstocks 345
5.11.3.1 China and Asia-Pacific 345
5.11.3.2 North America 349
5.11.3.3 Europe 351
5.11.3.4 South America 352
5.11.3.5 Africa 353
5.11.3.6 Middle East 354
5.12 Company profiles 356 (129 company profiles)
6 GRAPHENE 429
6.1 Types of graphene 429
6.2 Properties 430
6.3 Market analysis 431
6.3.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 431
6.3.2 Regulations 432
6.3.3 Price and Costs Analysis 433
6.3.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 436
6.3.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 436
6.3.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 437
6.3.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 438
6.3.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 439
6.3.3.6 Graphene ink 439
6.3.4 Supply Chain 440
6.3.5 Future Outlook 442
6.3.6 Addressable Market Size 442
6.3.7 Risks and Opportunities 443
6.3.8 Global demand 2018-2035, tons 444
6.3.8.1 Global demand by graphene material (tons) 444
6.3.8.2 Global demand by end user market 446
6.3.8.3 Graphene market, by region 449
6.4 Company profiles 451 (368 company profiles)
7 CARBON NANOTUBES 695
7.1 Properties 695
7.1.1 Comparative properties of CNTs 696
7.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 697
7.2.1 Properties 697
7.2.2 Markets and applications 697
7.3 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 701
7.3.1 Properties 701
7.3.2 Markets and applications 702
7.3.3 Company profiles 703 (152 company profiles)
7.4 Other types 813
7.4.1 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) 813
7.4.1.1 Properties 813
7.4.1.2 Applications 814
7.4.2 Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) 815
7.4.2.1 Properties 815
7.4.2.2 Applications 815
7.4.3 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs) 816
7.4.3.1 Properties 816
7.4.3.2 Applications 817
7.4.4 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs) 817
7.4.4.1 Properties 817
7.4.4.2 Applications 818
7.4.5 Carbon Onions 819
7.4.5.1 Properties 819
7.4.5.2 Applications 820
7.4.6 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) 820
7.4.6.1 Properties 820
7.4.6.2 Applications 821
7.4.6.3 Production 822
7.4.7 Companies 822 (6 company profiles)
8 CARBON NANOFIBERS 826
8.1 Properties 826
8.2 Synthesis 826
8.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition 826
8.2.2 Electrospinning 826
8.2.3 Template-based 827
8.2.4 From biomass 827
8.3 Markets 827
8.3.1 Energy storage 827
8.3.1.1 Batteries 827
8.3.1.2 Supercapacitors 828
8.3.1.3 Fuel cells 828
8.3.2 CO2 capture 828
8.3.3 Composites 829
8.3.4 Filtration 829
8.3.5 Catalysis 829
8.3.6 Sensors 829
8.3.7 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding 830
8.3.8 Biomedical 830
8.3.9 Concrete 830
8.4 Market analysis 831
8.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 831
8.4.2 Price and Costs Analysis 831
8.4.3 Supply Chain 832
8.4.4 Future Outlook 832
8.4.5 Addressable Market Size 833
8.4.6 Risks and Opportunities 834
8.5 Global market revenues 834
8.6 Companies 835 (12 company profiles)
9 FULLERENES 843
9.1 Properties 843
9.2 Markets and applications 844
9.3 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 845
9.4 Market analysis 846
9.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 846
9.4.2 Price and Costs Analysis 846
9.4.3 Supply Chain 847
9.4.4 Future Outlook 847
9.4.5 Customer Segmentation 847
9.4.6 Addressable Market Size 848
9.4.7 Risks and Opportunities 848
9.4.8 Global market demand 849
9.5 Producers 850 (20 company profiles)
10 NANODIAMONDS 860
10.1 Introduction 860
10.2 Types 860
10.2.1 Detonation Nanodiamonds 860
10.2.2 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) 863
10.3 Markets and applications 864
10.4 Market analysis 867
10.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 867
10.4.2 Regulations 868
10.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis 869
10.4.4 Supply Chain 872
10.4.5 Future Outlook 873
10.4.6 Risks and Opportunities 873
10.4.7 Global demand 2018-2035, tonnes 874
10.5 Company profiles 875 (30 company profiles)
11 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 901
11.1 Comparison to quantum dots 902
11.2 Properties 903
11.3 Synthesis 903
11.3.1 Top-down method 903
11.3.2 Bottom-up method 903
11.4 Applications 906
11.5 Graphene quantum dots pricing 906
11.6 Graphene quantum dot producers 907 (9 company profiles)
12 CARBON FOAM 915
12.1 Types 915
12.1.1 Carbon aerogels 915
12.1.1.1 Carbon-based aerogel composites 916
12.2 Properties 916
12.3 Applications 917
12.4 Company profiles 918 (9 company profiles)
13 DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON (DLC) COATINGS 925
13.1 Properties 925
13.2 Applications and markets 927
13.3 Global market size 927
13.4 Company profiles 929 (9 company profiles)
14 ACTIVATED CARBON 935
14.1 Overview 935
14.2 Types 935
14.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) 937
14.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) 937
14.2.3 Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC) 937
14.2.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon 937
14.2.5 Bead Activated Carbon (BAC 937
14.2.6 Polymer Coated Carbon 937
14.3 Production 938
14.3.1 Coal-based Activated Carbon 938
14.3.2 Wood-based Activated Carbon 938
14.3.3 Coconut Shell-based Activated Carbon 938
14.3.4 Fruit Stone and Nutshell-based Activated Carbon 938
14.3.5 Polymer-based Activated Carbon 938
14.3.6 Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs) 938
14.4 Markets and applications 939
14.4.1 Water Treatment 939
14.4.2 Air Purification 939
14.4.3 Food and Beverage Processing 940
14.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 940
14.4.5 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 940
14.4.6 Mining and Precious Metal Recovery 940
14.4.7 Environmental Remediation 940
14.5 Market analysis 941
14.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 941
14.5.2 Regulations 942
14.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis 942
14.5.4 Supply Chain 943
14.5.5 Future Outlook 943
14.5.6 Customer Segmentation 944
14.5.7 Addressable Market Size 944
14.5.8 Risks and Opportunities 947
14.6 Global market revenues 2020-2035 947
14.7 Companies 948 (22 company profiles)
15 CARBON AEROGELS AND XEROGELS 961
15.1 Overview 961
15.2 Types 961
15.2.1 Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (RF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 961
15.2.2 Phenolic-Furfural (PF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 961
15.2.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 962
15.2.4 Biomass-derived Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 962
15.2.5 Doped Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 962
15.2.6 Composite Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 962
15.3 Markets and applications 962
15.3.1 Energy Storage 963
15.3.2 Thermal Insulation 963
15.3.3 Catalysis 963
15.3.4 Environmental Remediation 964
15.3.5 Other Applications 964
15.4 Market analysis 964
15.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 964
15.4.2 Regulations 965
15.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis 965
15.4.4 Supply Chain 966
15.4.5 Future Outlook 967
15.4.6 Customer Segmentation 967
15.4.7 Addressable Market Size 968
15.4.8 Risks and Opportunities 968
15.5 Global market 969
15.6 Companies 969 (10 company profiles)
16 CARBON MATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION 981
16.1 CO2 capture from point sources 982
16.1.1 Transportation 983
16.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities 984
16.1.3 By source 984
16.1.4 By endpoint 986
16.2 Main carbon capture processes 986
16.2.1 Materials 986
16.2.2 Post-combustion 988
16.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion 990
16.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 990
16.2.5 Pre-combustion 991
16.3 Carbon separation technologies 992
16.3.1 Absorption capture 993
16.3.2 Adsorption capture 997
16.3.3 Membranes 999
16.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture 1001
16.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture 1001
16.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner 1002
16.3.7 Other technologies 1003
16.3.7.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 1004
16.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies 1005
16.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2 1005
16.3.9.1 Process overview 1006
16.4 Direct air capture (DAC) 1008
16.4.1 Description 1008
16.5 Companies 1010 (4 company profiles)
17 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1014
18 REFERENCES 1015
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List of Tables/Graphs
List of Tables
Table 1. The advanced carbon materials market. 51
Table 2. Classification and types of the carbon fibers. 53
Table 3. Summary of carbon fiber properties. 54
Table 4. Modulus classifications of carbon fiber. 54
Table 5. Comparison of main precursor fibers. 56
Table 6. Properties of lignins and their applications. 62
Table 7. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries. 63
Table 8. Fiber properties of polyolefin-based CFs. 64
Table 9. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages. 65
Table 10. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes. 67
Table 11. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity. 67
Table 12. Methods for direct fiber integration. 68
Table 13. Continuous fiber 3D printing producers. 68
Table 14. Summary of markets and applications for CFRPs. 71
Table 15. Comparison of CFRP to competing materials. 72
Table 16. The market for carbon fibers in wind energy-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 73
Table 17. The market for carbon fibers in sports & leisure-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 73
Table 18. The market for carbon fibers in automotive-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 74
Table 19. The market for carbon fibers in pressure vessels-market drivers, desirable properties of CF, applications, pricing, key players. 76
Table 20. The market for carbon fibers in oil and gas-market drivers, desirable properties, applications, pricing and key players. 76
Table 21. Market drivers and trends in carbon fibers. 77
Table 22. Regulations pertaining to carbon fibers 78
Table 23. Price and costs analysis for carbon fibers. 78
Table 24. Carbon fibers supply chain. 79
Table 25. Key players, carbon fiber supplied, manufacturing methods and target markets. 79
Table 26. Production capacities of carbon fiber producers, in metric tonnes, current and planned. 79
Table 27. Future Outlook by End-Use Market. 81
Table 28. Addressable market size for carbon fibers by market. 81
Table 29. Market challenges in the CF and CFRP market. 82
Table 30. Global market revenues for carbon fibers 2020-2025 (MILLIONS USD), by market. 82
Table 31. Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2035, by industry (MT). 83
Table 32. Global carbon fiber revenues 2016-2035, by industry (MT). 84
Table 33. Global carbon fiber revenues 2016-2035, by region (MT). 84
Table 34. Main Toray production sites and capacities. 100
Table 35. Commercially available carbon black grades. 149
Table 36. Properties of carbon black and influence on performance. 150
Table 37. Carbon black compounds. 154
Table 38. Carbon black manufacturing processes, advantages and disadvantages. 155
Table 39: Market drivers for carbon black in the tire industry. 157
Table 40. Global market for carbon black in tires (Million metric tons), 2018 to 2033. 157
Table 41. Carbon black non-tire applications. 158
Table 42. Specialty carbon black demand, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market. 161
Table 43. Categories for recovered carbon black (rCB) based on key properties and intended applications. 162
Table 44. rCB post-treatment technologies. 163
Table 45. Recovered carbon black producers. 165
Table 46. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market. 166
Table 47. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Black. 167
Table 48. Regulations pertaining to carbon black. 167
Table 49. Market supply chain for carbon black. 168
Table 50 Pricing of carbon black. 169
Table 51. Carbon black capacities, by producer. 170
Table 52. Future outlook for carbon black by end use market. 171
Table 53. Customer Segmentation: Carbon Black. 171
Table 54. Addressable market size for carbon black by market. 171
Table 55. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Black. 172
Table 56. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (100,000 tons). 172
Table 57. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by end user market (billion USD). 173
Table 58. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by region (100,000 tons). 173
Table 59. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite. 197
Table 60. Classification of natural graphite with its characteristics. 199
Table 61. Characteristics of synthetic graphite. 206
Table 62: Main markets and applications of isostatic graphite. 209
Table 63. Current or planned production capacities for isostatic graphite. 209
Table 64. Main graphite electrode producers and capacities (MT/year). 210
Table 65. Markets and applications by types of graphite. 213
Table 66. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Graphite. 215
Table 67. Regulations pertaining to Graphite. 215
Table 68. Price and costs analysis for Graphite. 216
Table 69. Classification, application and price of graphite as a function of size. 216
Table 70. Graphite supply chain. 218
Table 71. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets. 219
Table 72. Addressable market size for graphite by market. 219
Table 73. Risks and Opportunities Analysis. 220
Table 74. Estimated global mine Production of natural graphite 2020-2022, by country (tons). 221
Table 75. Global production of graphite 2016-2022 MT. 221
Table 76. Estimated global graphite production in tonnes, 2023-2035. 222
Table 77.Global market demand for natural graphite by end use market 2016-2035, tonnes. 222
Table 78. Global market demand for synthetic graphite by end use market 2016-2035, tonnes. 223
Table 79. Main natural graphite producers. 226
Table 80. Main synthetic graphite producers. 227
Table 81. Next Resources graphite flake products. 270
Table 82. Summary of key properties of biochar. 296
Table 83. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties 296
Table 84. Markets and applications for biochar. 298
Table 85. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics. 303
Table 86. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages. 305
Table 87. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass. 308
Table 88. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production. 309
Table 89. Biochar production equipment manufacturers. 309
Table 90. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits. 311
Table 91. Biochar applications in agriculture and livestock farming. 315
Table 92. Effect of biochar on different soil properties. 316
Table 93. Fertilizer products and their associated N, P, and K content. 317
Table 94. Application of biochar in construction. 319
Table 95. Process and benefits of biochar as an amendment in cement . 320
Table 96. Application of biochar in asphalt. 322
Table 97. Biochar applications for wastewater treatment. 323
Table 98. Biochar in carbon capture overview. 325
Table 99. Biochar in cosmetic products. 326
Table 100. Biochar in textiles. 327
Table 101. Biochar in additive manufacturing. 328
Table 102. Biochar in ink. 329
Table 103. Biochar in packaging. 331
Table 104. Companies using biochar in packaging. 331
Table 105. Biochar in steel and metal. 332
Table 106. Summary of applications of biochar in energy. 333
Table 107. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biochar. 336
Table 108. Regulations pertaining to biochar. 337
Table 109. Biochar supply chain. 338
Table 110. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets. 338
Table 111. Future outlook for biochar by end use market. 338
Table 112. Customer Segmentation for Biochar. 339
Table 113. Addressable market size for biochar by market. 339
Table 114. Risk and opportunities in Biochar. 339
Table 115. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (1,000 tons), by market. 341
Table 116. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (1,000 tons), by region. 343
Table 117. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 345
Table 118. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 346
Table 119. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 349
Table 120. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 351
Table 121. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 430
Table 122. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in graphene. 431
Table 123. Regulations pertaining to graphene. 432
Table 124. Types of graphene and typical prices. 434
Table 125. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 436
Table 126. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 436
Table 127. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 437
Table 128. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 438
Table 129. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 439
Table 130. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 439
Table 131. Graphene supply chain. 440
Table 132. Future outlook for graphene by end use market. 442
Table 133. Addressable market size for graphene by market. 442
Table 134. Risks and Opportunities in Graphene. 443
Table 135. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons). 444
Table 136. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 447
Table 137. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 449
Table 138. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 690
Table 139. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT. 695
Table 140. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 696
Table 141. Applications of MWCNTs. 697
Table 142. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT. 701
Table 143. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. 702
Table 144. Chasm SWCNT products. 726
Table 145. Thomas Swan SWCNT production. 799
Table 146. Properties of carbon nanotube paper. 802
Table 147. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes. 814
Table 148. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs). 815
Table 149. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs). 817
Table 150. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns. 818
Table 151. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs. 820
Table 152. Applications of BNNTs. 821
Table 153. Carbon Nanofibers from Biomass Analysis. 827
Table 154. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers. 831
Table 155. Price and Cost Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers. 831
Table 156. Carbon nanofibers supply chain. 832
Table 157. Future outlook for CNFs by end use market. 832
Table 158. Addressable market size for CNFs by market. 833
Table 159. Risks and Opportunities Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers. 834
Table 160. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2035 (MILLIONS USD), by market. 834
Table 161. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications. 843
Table 162. Types of fullerenes and applications. 844
Table 163. Products incorporating fullerenes. 844
Table 164. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes. 844
Table 165. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Fullerenes. 846
Table 166. Price and costs analysis for Fullerenes. 846
Table 167. Fullerenes supply chain. 847
Table 168. Future outlook for Fullerenes by end use market. 847
Table 169. Addressable market size for Fullerenes by market. 848
Table 170. Risks and Opportunities Analysis. 848
Table 171. Global market demand for fullerenes, 2018-2035 (tons). 849
Table 172. Properties of nanodiamonds. 862
Table 173. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages. 863
Table 174. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds. 864
Table 175. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Nanodiamonds. 867
Table 176. Regulations pertaining to Nanodiamonds. 868
Table 177. Price and costs analysis for Nanodiamonds. 869
Table 178. Nanodiamonds supply chain. 872
Table 179. Future outlook for Nanodiamonds by end use market. 873
Table 180. Risks and Opportunities in Nanodiamonds. 873
Table 181. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2035. 874
Table 182. Production methods, by main ND producers. 875
Table 183. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list. 877
Table 184. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list. 881
Table 185. Daicel nanodiamond product list. 883
Table 186. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list. 885
Table 187. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list. 889
Table 188. Plasmachem product list and applications. 896
Table 189. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list. 898
Table 190. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis. 898
Table 191. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 902
Table 192. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 905
Table 193. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 906
Table 194. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 907
Table 195. Properties of carbon foam materials. 917
Table 196. Applications of carbon foams. 917
Table 197. Properties of Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 926
Table 198. Applications and markets for Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 927
Table 199. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2035 (Billion USD). 928
Table 200. Markets and Applications for Activated Carbon. 939
Table 201. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Activated Carbon. 941
Table 202. Regulations pertaining to Activated Carbon. 942
Table 203. Price and costs analysis for Activated Carbon. 942
Table 204. Activated Carbon supply chain. 943
Table 205. Future outlook for Activated Carbon by end use market. 943
Table 206. Addressable market size for Activated Carbon by market. 944
Table 207. Risks and Opportunities in Activated Carbon. 947
Table 208. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 947
Table 209. Markets and Applications for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 962
Table 210. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 964
Table 211. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 965
Table 212. Price and costs analysis for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels. 966
Table 213. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels supply chain. 966
Table 214. Future outlook for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by end use market. 967
Table 215. Addressable market size for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by market. 968
Table 216. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Aerogels. 968
Table 217. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2035 (millions USD), by market. 969
Table 218. Point source examples. 983
Table 219. Assessment of carbon capture materials 987
Table 220. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 989
Table 221. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 992
Table 222. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 992
Table 223. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 993
Table 224. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 995
Table 225. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview. 997
Table 226. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview. 999
Table 227. Comparison of main separation technologies. 1005
Table 228. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages. 1006
Table 229. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 1010
List of Figures
Figure 1. Manufacturing process of PAN type carbon fibers. 57
Figure 2. Production processes for pitch-based carbon fibers. 59
Figure 3. Lignin/celluose precursor. 60
Figure 4. Process of preparing CF from lignin. 61
Figure 5. Carbon fiber manufacturing capacity in 2023, by company (metric tonnes) 81
Figure 6. Neustark modular plant. 94
Figure 7. CR-9 carbon fiber wheel. 112
Figure 8. The Continuous Kinetic Mixing system. 117
Figure 9. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam. 144
Figure 10. Electron microscope image of carbon black. 150
Figure 11. Different shades of black, depending on the surface of Carbon Black. 151
Figure 12. Structure- Aggregate Size/Shape Distribution. 152
Figure 13. Surface Chemistry ? Surface Functionality Distribution. 152
Figure 14. Sequence of structure development of Carbon Black. 153
Figure 15. Carbon Black pigment in Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer. 154
Figure 16 Break-down of raw materials (by weight) used in a tire. 156
Figure 17. Applications of specialty carbon black. 159
Figure 18. Specialty carbon black market volume, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market. 162
Figure 19. Pyrolysis process: from ELT to rCB, oil, and syngas, and applications thereof. 164
Figure 20. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018-2035 (000s Tons), by market. 166
Figure 21. Global market for carbon black 2018-2035, by region (100,000 tons). 174
Figure 22. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee. 186
Figure 23. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG). 197
Figure 24. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications. 199
Figure 25. Flake graphite. 201
Figure 26. Applications of flake graphite. 202
Figure 27. Amorphous graphite. 204
Figure 28. Vein graphite. 205
Figure 29: Isostatic pressed graphite. 208
Figure 30. Global market for graphite EAFs, 2018-2035 (MT). 210
Figure 31. Extruded graphite rod. 211
Figure 32. Vibration Molded Graphite. 211
Figure 33. Die-molded graphite products. 212
Figure 34. Price of fine flake graphite 2022-2023. 217
Figure 35. Price of spherical graphite, 2022-2023. 218
Figure 36. Consumption of graphite by end use markets, 2023. 224
Figure 37. Demand for graphite by end use markets, 2035. 225
Figure 38. Global consumption of graphite by type and region, 2023. 226
Figure 39. Graphite market supply chain (battery market). 230
Figure 40. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures. 294
Figure 41. Compressed biochar. 298
Figure 42. Biochar production diagram. 305
Figure 43. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture. 307
Figure 44. Perennial ryegrass plants grown in clay soil with (Right) and without (Left) biochar. 318
Figure 45. Biochar bricks. 321
Figure 46. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (tons), by market. 342
Figure 47. Global demand for biochar 2018-2035 (1,000 tons), by region. 344
Figure 48. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 346
Figure 49. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 348
Figure 50. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 350
Figure 51. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 352
Figure 52. Biochar production by feedstocks in South America (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 353
Figure 53. Biochar production by feedstocks in Africa (1,000 tons), 2023-2035. 354
Figure 54. Biochar production by feedstocks in the Middle East (tons), 2023-2035. 355
Figure 55. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln. 371
Figure 56. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 404
Figure 57. Takavator. 422
Figure 58. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 429
Figure 59. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons). 446
Figure 60. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 448
Figure 61. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 450
Figure 62. Graphene heating films. 451
Figure 63. Graphene flake products. 456
Figure 64. AIKA Black-T. 461
Figure 65. Printed graphene biosensors. 468
Figure 66. Prototype of printed memory device. 472
Figure 67. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 486
Figure 68. Graphene battery schematic. 509
Figure 69. Dotz Nano GQD products. 511
Figure 70. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 517
Figure 71. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 528
Figure 72. Wearable sweat sensor. 560
Figure 73. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 565
Figure 74. Sensor surface. 580
Figure 75. BioStamp nPoint. 595
Figure 76. Nanotech Energy battery. 613
Figure 77. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 615
Figure 78. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 616
Figure 79. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 617
Figure 80. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 618
Figure 81. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 634
Figure 82. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 637
Figure 83. The Sixth Element graphene products. 651
Figure 84. Thermal conductive graphene film. 652
Figure 85. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 664
Figure 86. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 667
Figure 87. AWN Nanotech water harvesting prototype. 707
Figure 88. Large transparent heater for LiDAR. 718
Figure 89. Carbonics, Inc.’s carbon nanotube technology. 720
Figure 90. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process. 727
Figure 91. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 734
Figure 92. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic. 737
Figure 93. CSCNT composite dispersion. 737
Figure 94. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays. 741
Figure 95. Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co. Ltd CNT product. 748
Figure 96. Carbon nanotube paint product. 751
Figure 97. MEIJO eDIPS product. 757
Figure 98. NAWACap. 768
Figure 99. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 769
Figure 100. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 770
Figure 101. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 771
Figure 102. CNT film. 773
Figure 103. HiPCOR Reactor. 775
Figure 104. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product. 789
Figure 105. Smell iX16 multi-channel gas detector chip. 792
Figure 106. The Smell Inspector. 793
Figure 107. Toray CNF printed RFID. 803
Figure 108. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model. 814
Figure 109. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment. 816
Figure 110. TEM image of FWNTs. 816
Figure 111. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns. 818
Figure 112. TEM image of carbon onion. 819
Figure 113. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red. 820
Figure 114. Conceptual diagram of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (A) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (B) showing typical dimensions of length, width, and separation distance between graphene layers in MWCNTs (Source: JNM). 821
Figure 115. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet. 824
Figure 116. Solid Carbon produced by UP Catalyst. 841
Figure 117. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes. 845
Figure 118. Detonation Nanodiamond. 861
Figure 119. DND primary particles and properties. 861
Figure 120. Functional groups of Nanodiamonds. 862
Figure 121. NBD battery. 891
Figure 122. Neomond dispersions. 893
Figure 123. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points). 895
Figure 124. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 901
Figure 125. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1?4). 902
Figure 126. Graphene quantum dots. 904
Figure 127. Top-down and bottom-up methods. 905
Figure 128. Dotz Nano GQD products. 908
Figure 129. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 911
Figure 130. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 912
Figure 131. Schematic of typical microstructure of carbon foam: (a) open-cell, (b) closed-cell. 915
Figure 132. Classification of DLC coatings. 925
Figure 133. SLENTEXR roll (piece). 972
Figure 134. CNF gel. 978
Figure 135. Block nanocellulose material. 979
Figure 136. CO2 capture and separation technology. 982
Figure 137. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities. 984
Figure 138. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2023. 985
Figure 139. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2035. 985
Figure 140. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2033. 986
Figure 141. Post-combustion carbon capture process. 988
Figure 142. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 989
Figure 143. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process. 990
Figure 144. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process. 991
Figure 145. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 992
Figure 146. Amine-based absorption technology. 995
Figure 147. Pressure swing absorption technology. 999
Figure 148. Membrane separation technology. 1000
Figure 149. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation. 1001
Figure 150. Process schematic of chemical looping. 1002
Figure 151. Calix advanced calcination reactor. 1003
Figure 152. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram. 1004
Figure 153. Electrochemical CO? reduction products. 1006
Figure 154. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 1009
Figure 155. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 1010
