Summary

The global graphene market continues to evolve rapidly, driven by advancing manufacturing capabilities and expanding applications across multiple industries. Current production methods are transitioning from laboratory-scale to industrial processes, with companies focusing intensively on quality consistency and cost reduction through methods like chemical vapor deposition (CVD), liquid phase exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, and reduction of graphene oxide.

The electronics sector currently dominates applications, particularly in flexible electronics, sensors, and transparent conductive films, while energy storage applications, especially in supercapacitors and battery materials, show strong growth potential. Asia-Pacific leads market development, particularly China and South Korea, supported by strong government backing and extensive electronics manufacturing infrastructure, followed by North America and Europe with their significant R&D activities.

Despite promising growth prospects, the industry faces ongoing challenges including production scaling, quality consistency, and the need for standardization. The sector continues to attract significant research attention and industrial investment, particularly in electronics and energy storage applications, with future growth expected to be driven by semiconductor manufacturing, lightweight materials demand, energy storage systems, medical devices, and next-generation electronics. As manufacturing challenges are overcome and production scales up, graphene's unique properties position it to potentially transform multiple industries, particularly in electronics, energy storage, and advanced materials applications.

The Global Market for Graphene provides comprehensive coverage of the commercial market for graphene, analyzing key developments, applications, production methods, and market opportunities across multiple industries. This extensive report examines the entire graphene value chain, from raw materials and production to end-user applications and market dynamics through 2035. The report provides detailed insights into graphene types, including graphene nanoplatelets, CVD graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots. It analyzes manufacturing processes, quality control, scalability challenges, and cost considerations that impact commercial adoption. The research includes extensive coverage of production capacities, pricing trends, and competitive landscape analysis across key geographic regions.

Report contents include:

• Current global market size of graphene and projections.
• Growth Trends: Historical growth rates and projected trends for the next 5–10 years.
• Market Segmentation: Segmentation by application.
• Geographic Segmentation: Key regions or countries contributing to market revenue.
• Cost of Production: cost structure of producing graphene, including raw materials, processing and labour costs.
• Key Drivers and Challenges: Factors driving market demand, potential barriers, and risk factors.
• Competitive Landscape: Key players in the market and types of companies (start-ups, SMEs, large corporations).
• Value Chain Analysis: Overview of key stages in the value chain, from raw material suppliers to end-users.
• Innovation Trends: Areas of technological advancement and R&D focus.
• Cost Structure: Average costs involved in production, R&D, distribution, and marketing.
• Pricing Strategies: Typical pricing for different graphene products and factors influencing price variability.
• Investment and Funding: Information on venture capital, government funding, and other sources of investment in the sector.
• Sustainability Metrics: Industry standards or certifications related to environmental performance.
• Environmental Impact Data: Information on carbon footprint, water usage, waste generation, and recycling rates.
• Sustainable Production Technologies: Availability and adoption of environmentally-friendly manufacturing techniques.
• Regulatory Requirements: Applicable regulations and standards for graphene manufacturing and sales (Global and EU)
• End-User Analysis: Key customer types (e.g., manufacturers, electronics companies) and their needs.
• Demand Drivers by Segment: Trends and factors influencing demand in different segments
• Supply Chain Stability: Information on potential disruptions or risks in raw materials or logistics.
• Future Market Opportunities and Risks: Insights into upcoming opportunities or potential threats in the industry.

Key market segments analyzed in depth include:

• Batteries and Energy Storage
• Composites and Polymer Additives
• Electronics and Semiconductors
• Sensors and Biosensors
• Conductive Inks and Coatings
• Thermal Management Materials
• Filtration Membranes
• Construction Materials
• Automotive Applications
• Aerospace Components
• Biomedical Devices
• Photonics and Optoelectronics

The report examines emerging applications across these sectors, providing detailed analysis of technology readiness levels, market opportunities, and commercialization timelines. It includes comprehensive market forecasts with revenue projections and volume estimates through 2035, segmented by application area and geographic region. Production and manufacturing analysis covers:

• Detailed assessment of graphene production methods
• Analysis of quality control and standardization challenges
• Evaluation of manufacturing costs and scalability
• Coverage of key equipment and process technologies
• Assessment of raw material suppliers and supply chain
• Regional manufacturing capabilities and capacity

The competitive landscape section provides detailed profiles of over 400 companies involved in graphene production and product development, including:

• Major graphene producers
• Material suppliers and processors
• Product developers and integrators
• End-users and application developers
• Equipment manufacturers
• Research institutions and technology developers

Companies profiled include BeDimensional, Bio Graphene Solutions, Black Swan Graphene, Black Semiconductor, Concretene, Danish Graphene, Directa Plus, First Graphene, EnGy, GraphEnergyTech, Graphene Manufacturing Group (GMG), Graphjet Technology, Graphmatech, Haydale Graphene Industries, HydroGraph Clean Power, INBRAIN Neuroelectronics, Levidian, Nanotech Energy, NanoXplore, Premier Graphene, Solidion Technology, Sparc Technologies, Talga Group, Versarien, Zentek and more...

Market forecasts include:

• Production volumes by graphene type
• Revenue projections by application
• Regional market analysis and growth trends
• Pricing trends and cost analysis
• Market share analysis of key players
• Growth drivers and market constraints

The report analyzes key trends driving graphene adoption, including:

• Advances in manufacturing technology
• Improvements in material quality and consistency
• Cost reduction and economies of scale
• New application development
• Industry partnerships and collaborations
• Regulatory developments and standardization
• Investment trends and funding

Special focus areas include:

• Analysis of graphene quantum dots market
• Evaluation of graphene in energy storage
• Assessment of electronics applications
• Coverage of biomedical opportunities
• Analysis of construction and building materials
• Review of automotive and aerospace uses

Regional analysis covers:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Rest of World

The report includes detailed coverage of:

• Patents and intellectual property landscape
• Manufacturing processes and technologies
• Material specifications and quality metrics
• Regulatory environment and standards
• Investment and funding trends
• Industry partnerships and collaborations
• Company profiles and competitive analysis
• Market drivers and challenges
• Future market outlook

This comprehensive report also examines other 2D materials, providing comparative analysis and market potential assessment for materials such as:

• Hexagonal boron nitride
• MXenes
• Transition metal dichalcogenides
• Phosphorene
• Other emerging 2D materials

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Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 40

1.1 Advanced carbon materials 40
1.1.1 Types 40
1.2 Graphene and other 2D materials 42
1.3 Commercialization 43
1.4 The graphene market in 2024 44
1.5 Graphene market developments 2020-2024 45
1.6 Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024 55
1.7 Publicly listed graphene companies 57
1.8 Global market in tons and revenues 57
1.8.1 Global demand by graphene material (tons) 57
1.8.2 Global demand by end user market 60
1.8.3 Graphene market, by region 62
1.8.3.1 Asia-Pacific 64
1.8.3.1.1 China 64
1.8.3.1.2 Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific 64
1.8.3.2 North America 65
1.8.3.2.1 Main graphene producers in North America 65
1.8.3.3 Europe 66
1.8.3.3.1 Main graphene producers in Europe 66
1.9 Graphene market growth trends 67
1.10 Graphene products 68
1.11 Key market players and competitive landscape 71
1.12 Industrial collaborations and licence agreements 71
1.13 Value chain 78
1.14 Innovation Trends 80
1.15 Graphene market challenges 80
1.16 Historical growth rates and projected trends for the next 5–10 years 81
1.17 Risks and opportunities 83

2 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE 84

2.1 History 84
2.2 Properties 86
2.3 Types of graphene 87
2.3.1 Graphene materials 89
2.3.1.1 CVD Graphene 89
2.3.1.1.1 Single layer 90
2.3.1.1.2 Bilayer 90
2.3.1.1.3 Few Layer 91
2.3.1.1.4 Multilayer 91
2.3.1.1.5 Applications 91
2.3.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets 92
2.3.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide 93
2.3.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) 94
2.3.1.4.1 Composition 95
2.3.1.4.2 Comparison to quantum dots 95
2.3.1.4.3 Properties 96
2.3.1.4.4 Synthesis 96
2.3.1.4.4.1 Top-down method 96
2.3.1.4.4.2 Bottom-up method 97
2.3.1.4.4.3 Comparison of synthesis methods 97
2.3.1.4.5 Applications 99
2.3.1.4.6 Markets for graphene quantum dots 99
2.3.1.4.6.1 Electronics and photonics 99
2.3.1.4.6.2 Energy storage and conversion 100
2.3.1.4.6.3 Sensors 101
2.3.1.4.6.4 Biomedicine and life sciences 102
2.3.1.4.6.5 Anti-counterfeiting 103
2.3.1.4.7 Challenges 104
2.3.1.4.8 Current and projected revenues 104
2.3.1.4.9 Pricing 105
2.3.1.4.10 Companies 105
2.3.1.4.10.1 American Elements 105
2.3.1.4.10.2 Biographene, Inc. 106
2.3.1.4.10.3 Carbon Upcycling Technologies 106
2.3.1.4.10.4 Dotz Nano Ltd. 107
2.3.1.4.10.5 ENano Tec Co., Ltd. 109
2.3.1.4.10.6 GoLeafe 109
2.3.1.4.10.7 Graphene Square 110
2.3.1.4.10.8 Graphensic AB 111
2.3.1.4.10.9 Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd. 111
2.3.1.4.10.10 KRI, Inc. 113
2.3.1.4.10.11 Quantag Nanotechnologies 113
2.3.1.4.10.12 Qurv Technologies S.L. 114
2.3.1.4.10.13 Shanghai Simbatt Energy Technology Co., Ltd. 115
2.3.1.4.10.14 Sigma-Aldrich 115
2.3.2 Intermediate products 116
2.3.2.1 Graphene masterbatches 116
2.3.2.2 Graphene dispersions 116
2.4 Graphene production 116
2.4.1 Quality 118
2.4.2 Graphene production methods 119
2.4.3 Expanded graphite 122
2.4.4 Reduced graphene oxide 123
2.4.5 Direct liquid phase exfoliation process 123
2.4.6 Electrochemical exfoliation 124
2.4.7 Plasma exfoliation 124
2.4.8 Chemical Vapour Deposited (CVD) Graphene 124
2.4.8.1 Roll to roll (R2R) growth 125
2.4.8.2 Novel strategies 125
2.4.8.3 Epitaxial CVD graphene growth 125
2.5 Cost of production 126
2.6 Regulations 128
2.6.1 Environmental, health and safety regulation 128
2.6.1.1 Europe 128
2.6.1.2 United States 129
2.6.1.3 Asia-Pacific 130
2.6.2 Sustainability metrics 131
2.6.3 Environmental Impact Data 132
2.6.4 Sustainable Production Technologies 133
2.6.5 Workplace exposure 133

3 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS 134

4 PRODUCTION AND PRICING 136

4.1 Commercial production capacities 136
4.2 Graphene production issues and challenges 139
4.2.1 Oversupply 139
4.2.2 Quality 139
4.2.3 Large-volume markets 140
4.2.4 Commoditisation 140
4.2.5 Industrial end-user perspective 141
4.3 Graphene pricing and cost analysis 141
4.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene 141
4.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 143
4.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 144
4.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing 145
4.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 146
4.3.6 Graphene ink 147
4.4 Key graphene market players, by graphene type 147

5 MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE 156

5.1 BATTERIES 156
5.1.1 Market overview 157
5.1.1.1 Market drivers and trends 158
5.1.1.2 Applications 160
5.1.1.2.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 162
5.1.1.3 SWOT analysis 163
5.1.1.4 Addressable market size 164
5.1.1.5 Global market 164
5.1.1.5.1 Revenues 164
5.1.1.5.2 Tons, 2018-2035 165
5.1.2 Market players 166
5.2 SUPERCAPACITORS 172
5.2.1 Market overview 172
5.2.1.1 Applications 172
5.2.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 175
5.2.1.2 SWOT analysis 176
5.2.1.3 Addressable market size 177
5.2.1.4 Global market 177
5.2.1.4.1 Revenues 177
5.2.1.4.2 Tons 178
5.2.2 Market players 179
5.3 POLYMER ADDITIVES 181
5.3.1 Market overview 181
5.3.1.1 Applications 181
5.3.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 182
5.3.1.2 Fiber-based 182
5.3.1.2.1 Applications 183
5.3.1.3 Metal matrix composites (MMCs) 185
5.3.1.3.1 Applications 186
5.3.1.4 SWOT analysis 186
5.3.1.5 Addressable market size 187
5.3.1.6 Global market 187
5.3.1.6.1 Revenues 187
5.3.1.6.2 Tons 189
5.3.2 Market players 190
5.4 SENSORS 194
5.4.1 Market overview 195
5.4.1.1 Applications 196
5.4.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 199
5.4.1.2 SWOT analysis 200
5.4.1.3 Addressable market size 201
5.4.1.4 Global market 201
5.4.1.4.1 Revenues 201
5.4.1.4.2 Tons 202
5.4.2 Market players 203
5.5 CONDUCTIVE INKS 207
5.5.1 Market overview 208
5.5.1.1 Applications 208
5.5.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 210
5.5.1.2 SWOT analysis 212
5.5.1.3 Addressable market size 213
5.5.1.4 Global market 213
5.5.1.4.1 Revenues 213
5.5.1.4.2 Tons 214
5.5.2 Market players 215
5.6 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS 218
5.6.1 Market outlook 218
5.6.1.1 Applications 219
5.6.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 220
5.6.1.2 SWOT analysis 221
5.6.1.3 Addressable market size 221
5.6.1.4 Global market 222
5.6.1.4.1 Revenues 222
5.6.1.4.2 Tons 223
5.6.2 Market players 224
5.7 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 226
5.7.1 Market overview 226
5.7.1.1 Applications 227
5.7.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 229
5.7.1.2 SWOT analysis 230
5.7.1.3 Addressable market size 230
5.7.1.4 Global market 231
5.7.1.4.1 Revenues 231
5.7.1.4.2 Tons 232
5.7.2 Market players 233
5.8 FILTRATION MEMBRANES 235
5.8.1 Market overview 235
5.8.1.1 Applications 235
5.8.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 238
5.8.1.2 SWOT analysis 239
5.8.1.3 Addressable market size 240
5.8.1.4 Global market 240
5.8.1.4.1 Revenues 240
5.8.1.4.2 Tons 241
5.8.2 Market players 242
5.9 THERMAL MANAGEMENT 245
5.9.1 Market overview 245
5.9.1.1 Applications 245
5.9.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 245
5.9.1.2 SWOT analysis 246
5.9.1.3 Addressable market size 247
5.9.1.4 Global market 247
5.9.1.4.1 Revenues 247
5.9.1.4.2 Tons 248
5.9.2 Market players 249
5.10 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 251
5.10.1 Market overview 251
5.10.1.1 Applications 251
5.10.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 253
5.10.1.2 SWOT analysis 254
5.10.1.3 Addressable market size 255
5.10.1.4 Global market 255
5.10.1.4.1 Revenues 255
5.10.1.4.2 Tons 256
5.10.2 Market players 258
5.11 ADHESIVES 259
5.11.1 Market overview 260
5.11.1.1 Applications 260
5.11.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 262
5.11.1.2 SWOT analysis 263
5.11.1.3 Addressable market size 264
5.11.1.4 Global market 264
5.11.1.4.1 Revenues 264
5.11.1.4.2 Tons 265
5.11.2 Market players 267
5.12 AEROSPACE 268
5.12.1 Market overview 268
5.12.1.1 Applications 268
5.12.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 271
5.12.1.2 SWOT analysis 272
5.12.1.3 Addressable market size 273
5.12.1.4 Global market 273
5.12.1.4.1 Revenues 273
5.12.1.4.2 Tons 274
5.12.2 Market players 276
5.13 AUTOMOTIVE 278
5.13.1 Market overview 278
5.13.1.1 Applications 279
5.13.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 281
5.13.1.2 SWOT analysis 282
5.13.1.3 Addressable market size 283
5.13.1.4 Global market 283
5.13.1.4.1 Revenues 283
5.13.1.4.2 Tons 284
5.13.2 Market players 286
5.14 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS 290
5.14.1 Market overview 290
5.14.1.1 Applications 290
5.14.1.1.1 Cement 292
5.14.1.1.2 Asphalt bitumen 293
5.14.1.1.3 Aerogels 293
5.14.1.1.3.1 3D printed aerogels 294
5.14.1.1.3.2 Carbon-based aerogel composites 294
5.14.1.1.4 Applications roadmap to 2035 295
5.14.1.2 SWOT analysis 295
5.14.1.3 Addressable market size 296
5.14.1.4 Global market 297
5.14.1.4.1 Revenues 297
5.14.1.4.2 Tons 298
5.14.2 Market players 299
5.15 MEMORY DEVICES 302
5.15.1 Market overview 302
5.15.1.1 Applications 302
5.15.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 304
5.15.1.2 SWOT analysis 304
5.15.1.3 Addressable market size 305
5.15.1.4 Global market 305
5.15.1.4.1 Revenues 305
5.15.1.4.2 Tons 307
5.15.2 Market players 308
5.16 FUEL CELLS 309
5.16.1 Market overview 310
5.16.1.1 Applications 310
5.16.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 313
5.16.1.2 SWOT analysis 314
5.16.1.3 Addressable market size 314
5.16.1.4 Global market 315
5.16.1.4.1 Revenues 315
5.16.1.4.2 Tons 316
5.16.2 Market players 317
5.17 BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE 318
5.17.1 Market overview 319
5.17.1.1 Applications 319
5.17.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 323
5.17.1.2 Drug delivery 323
5.17.1.3 Imaging and diagnostics 323
5.17.1.4 Implants 324
5.17.1.5 Medical biosensors 324
5.17.1.6 Woundcare 325
5.17.1.7 Medical wearables 325
5.17.1.8 Gene delivery 326
5.17.1.9 SWOT analysis 327
5.17.1.10 Addressable market size 328
5.17.1.11 Global market 328
5.17.1.11.1 Revenues 328
5.17.1.11.2 Tons 329
5.17.2 Market players 331
5.18 LIGHTING 334
5.18.1 Market overview 334
5.18.1.1 Applications 335
5.18.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 336
5.18.1.2 SWOT analysis 337
5.18.1.3 Addressable market size 338
5.18.1.4 Global market 338
5.18.1.4.1 Revenues 338
5.18.1.4.2 Tons 339
5.18.2 Market players 341
5.19 LUBRICANTS 342
5.19.1 Market overview 343
5.19.1.1 Applications 343
5.19.1.2 SWOT analysis 345
5.19.1.3 Addressable market size 346
5.19.1.4 Global market 347
5.19.1.4.1 Revenues 347
5.19.1.4.2 Tons 348
5.19.2 Market players 349
5.20 OIL AND GAS 351
5.20.1 Market overview 351
5.20.1.1 Applications 352
5.20.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 354
5.20.1.2 SWOT analysis 355
5.20.1.3 Addressable market size 356
5.20.1.4 Global market 356
5.20.1.4.1 Revenues 356
5.20.1.4.2 Tons 357
5.20.2 Market players 358
5.21 PAINTS AND COATINGS 359
5.21.1 Market overview 360
5.21.1.1 Applications 360
5.21.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 363
5.21.1.2 SWOT analysis 364
5.21.1.3 Addressable market size 365
5.21.1.4 Global market 366
5.21.1.4.1 Revenues 366
5.21.1.4.2 Tons 367
5.21.2 Market players 368
5.22 PHOTONICS 373
5.22.1 Market overview 373
5.22.1.1 Applications 374
5.22.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 375
5.22.1.2 SWOT analysis 377
5.22.1.3 Addressable market size 378
5.22.1.4 Global market 378
5.22.1.4.1 Revenues 378
5.22.1.4.2 Tons 379
5.22.2 Market players 380
5.23 PHOTOVOLTAICS 381
5.23.1 Market overview 382
5.23.1.1 Applications 382
5.23.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 385
5.23.1.2 SWOT analysis 386
5.23.1.3 Addressable market size 387
5.23.1.4 Global market 387
5.23.1.4.1 Revenues 387
5.23.1.4.2 Tons 388
5.23.2 Market players 390
5.24 RUBBER AND TYRES 391
5.24.1 Market overview 391
5.24.1.1 Applications 391
5.24.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 394
5.24.1.2 SWOT analysis 394
5.24.1.3 Addressable market size 395
5.24.1.4 Global market 395
5.24.1.4.1 Revenues 395
5.24.1.4.2 Tons 396
5.24.2 Market players 398
5.25 TEXTILES AND APPAREL 400
5.25.1 Market outlook 401
5.25.1.1 Applications 401
5.25.1.1.1 Applications roadmap to 2035 405
5.25.1.2 Addressable market size 406
5.25.1.3 SWOT analysis 406
5.25.1.4 Global market 407
5.25.1.4.1 Revenues 407
5.25.1.4.2 Tons 409
5.25.2 Market players 410
5.26 OTHER MARKETS 415
5.26.1 Audio equipment 415
5.26.2 Sporting goods and apparel 416
5.26.3 Carbon capture and utilization 417
5.26.3.1 CO2 utilization pathways 418
5.26.3.2 Carbon storage 418
5.26.3.2.1.1 Passive storage 418
5.26.3.2.1.2 Enhanced oil recovery 419
5.26.3.3 Transporting CO2 419
5.26.3.3.1 Methods of CO2 transport 419
5.26.3.3.1.1 Pipeline 421
5.26.3.3.1.2 Ship 421
5.26.3.3.1.3 Road 421
5.26.3.3.1.4 Rail 422
5.26.3.3.1.5 Safety 422
5.26.3.4 Costs 422
5.26.3.5 Market map 424
5.26.3.6 Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen 426
5.26.3.6.1 Transportation 427
5.26.3.6.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities 427
5.26.3.6.3 By source 428
5.26.3.6.4 By endpoint 429
5.26.3.6.5 Main carbon capture processes 430
5.26.3.6.5.1 Materials 430
5.26.3.6.5.2 Post-combustion 432
5.26.3.6.5.3 Oxy-fuel combustion 433
5.26.3.6.5.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 434
5.26.3.6.5.5 Pre-combustion 435
5.26.3.7 Carbon utilization 436
5.26.3.7.1 Benefits of carbon utilization 440
5.26.3.7.2 Market challenges 441
5.26.3.7.3 Co2 utilization pathways 442

6 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES 444 (370 company profiles)

7 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS 686

7.1 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials 689
7.2 2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 690
7.2.1 Top-down exfoliation 690
7.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method 691
7.2.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method 692
7.2.2 Bottom-up synthesis 693
7.2.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution 693
7.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition 693
7.3 TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS 694
7.3.1 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 694
7.3.1.1 Properties 695
7.3.1.2 Applications and markets 696
7.3.1.2.1 Electronics 696
7.3.1.2.2 Fuel cells 696
7.3.1.2.3 Adsorbents 696
7.3.1.2.4 Photodetectors 697
7.3.1.2.5 Textiles 697
7.3.1.2.6 Biomedical 697
7.3.2 MXenes 698
7.3.2.1 Properties 698
7.3.2.2 Applications 699
7.3.2.2.1 Catalysts 699
7.3.2.2.2 Hydrogels 699
7.3.2.2.3 Energy storage devices 699
7.3.2.2.3.1 Supercapacitors 700
7.3.2.2.3.2 Batteries 700
7.3.2.2.3.3 Gas Separation 700
7.3.2.2.4 Liquid Separation 700
7.3.2.2.5 Antibacterials 700
7.3.3 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 700
7.3.3.1 Properties 701
7.3.3.1.1 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) 701
7.3.3.1.2 Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 703
7.3.3.2 Applications 703
7.3.3.2.1 Electronics 703
7.3.3.2.2 Optoelectronics 704
7.3.3.2.3 Biomedical 704
7.3.3.2.4 Piezoelectrics 704
7.3.3.2.5 Sensors 704
7.3.3.2.6 Filtration 705
7.3.3.2.7 Batteries and supercapacitors 705
7.3.3.2.8 Fiber lasers 705
7.3.4 Borophene 705
7.3.4.1 Properties 705
7.3.4.2 Applications 706
7.3.4.2.1 Energy storage 706
7.3.4.2.2 Hydrogen storage 707
7.3.4.2.3 Sensors 707
7.3.4.2.4 Electronics 707
7.3.5 Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus 707
7.3.5.1 Properties 708
7.3.5.2 Applications 709
7.3.5.2.1 Electronics 709
7.3.5.2.2 Field effect transistors 709
7.3.5.2.3 Thermoelectrics 709
7.3.5.2.4 Batteries 709
7.3.5.2.4.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 710
7.3.5.2.4.2 Sodium-ion batteries 710
7.3.5.2.4.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries 710
7.3.5.2.5 Supercapacitors 710
7.3.5.2.6 Photodetectors 710
7.3.5.2.7 Sensors 710
7.3.6 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) 711
7.3.6.1 Properties 711
7.3.6.2 C2N 711
7.3.6.3 Applications 712
7.3.6.3.1 Electronics 712
7.3.6.3.2 Filtration membranes 712
7.3.6.3.3 Photocatalysts 712
7.3.6.3.4 Batteries 712
7.3.6.3.5 Sensors 713
7.3.7 Germanene 713
7.3.7.1 Properties 713
7.3.7.2 Applications 714
7.3.7.2.1 Electronics 714
7.3.7.2.2 Batteries 714
7.3.8 Graphdiyne 715
7.3.8.1 Properties 715
7.3.8.2 Applications 716
7.3.8.2.1 Electronics 716
7.3.8.2.2 Batteries 716
7.3.8.2.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) 716
7.3.8.2.2.2 Sodium ion batteries 716
7.3.8.2.3 Separation membranes 717
7.3.8.2.4 Water filtration 717
7.3.8.2.5 Photocatalysts 717
7.3.8.2.6 Photovoltaics 717
7.3.8.2.7 Gas separation 717
7.3.9 Graphane 717
7.3.9.1 Properties 718
7.3.9.2 Applications 718
7.3.9.2.1 Electronics 718
7.3.9.2.2 Hydrogen storage 718
7.3.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) 719
7.3.10.1 Properties 719
7.3.10.2 Applications 719
7.3.11 Silicene 719
7.3.11.1 Properties 720
7.3.11.2 Applications 720
7.3.11.2.1 Electronics 721
7.3.11.2.2 Thermoelectrics 721
7.3.11.2.3 Batteries 721
7.3.11.2.4 Sensors 721
7.3.11.2.5 Biomedical 722
7.3.12 Stanene/tinene 722
7.3.12.1 Properties 722
7.3.12.2 Applications 723
7.3.12.2.1 Electronics 723
7.3.13 Antimonene 724
7.3.13.1 Properties 724
7.3.13.2 Applications 724
7.3.14 Indium selenide 725
7.3.14.1 Properties 725
7.3.14.2 Applications 725
7.3.14.2.1 Electronics 725
7.3.15 Layered double hydroxides (LDH) 725
7.3.15.1 Properties 726
7.3.15.2 Applications 726
7.3.15.2.1 Adsorbents 726
7.3.15.2.2 Catalyst 726
7.3.15.2.3 Sensors 726
7.3.15.2.4 Electrodes 727
7.3.15.2.5 Flame Retardants 727
7.3.15.2.6 Biosensors 727
7.3.15.2.7 Tissue engineering 727
7.3.15.2.8 Anti-Microbials 727
7.3.15.2.9 Drug Delivery 727
7.4 2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES 728 (19 company profiles)

8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 743

8.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 743

9 REFERENCES 745

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List of Tables/Graphs

List of Tables

Table 1. Types of advanced carbon materials, properties and applications. 40
Table 2. Graphene market developments 2020-2024. 45
Table 3. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2024. 55
Table 4. Publicly listed graphene companies. 57
Table 5. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons). 58
Table 6. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 60
Table 7. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 62
Table 8. Main graphene producers in North America. 65
Table 9. Main graphene producers in Europe. 66
Table 10. Graphene market growth trends 67
Table 11. Commercial products incorporating graphene. 68
Table 12. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets. 72
Table 13. Graphene market challenges. 80
Table 14. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 86
Table 15. Different Types of Graphene and Use Cases. 88
Table 16. Applications of GO and rGO. 93
Table 17. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 95
Table 18. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs. 98
Table 19. Applications of graphene quantum dots. 99
Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics. 99
Table 21. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion. 100
Table 22. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors. 101
Table 23. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences. 102
Table 24. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics. 103
Table 25. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots. 104
Table 26. Prices for graphene quantum dots. 105
Table 27. Assessment of graphene production methods. 120
Table 28. Methods for reducing graphene oxide. 123
Table 29. Cost Structure for Graphene Production. 126
Table 30. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe. 128
Table 31. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America. 129
Table 32. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific. 130
Table 33. Sustainability Metrics and Standards. 131
Table 34. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2022. 135
Table 35. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell into 2023. 137
Table 36. Types of graphene and typical prices. 141
Table 37. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. 142
Table 38. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. 144
Table 39. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. 144
Table 40. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. 145
Table 41. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer. 146
Table 42. Graphene ink pricing by producer. 147
Table 43. Graphene producers and types produced. 148
Table 44. Graphene producers target market matrix. 151
Table 45. Graphene product developers target market matrix. 153
Table 46. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries. 157
Table 47. Market outlook for graphene in batteries. 157
Table 48. Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries. 158
Table 49. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof. 160
Table 50. Market and applications for graphene in batteries. 160
Table 51. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 164
Table 52. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035. 165
Table 53. Markets players in graphene batteries. 166
Table 54. Market overviewfor graphene in supercapacitors. 172
Table 55: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 172
Table 56. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors. 173
Table 57. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 177
Table 58. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035. 178
Table 59. Market players in graphene supercapacitors. 179
Table 60. Market outlook for graphene in polymer additives. 182
Table 61. Market and applications for graphene fiber-based polymer additives. 183
Table 62. Market and applications for graphene metal matrix composites. 186
Table 63. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 187
Table 64. Global market demand for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035, tons. 189
Table 65. Market players in graphene polymer additives. 190
Table 66. Market overview for graphene in sensors. 195
Table 67. Market and applications for graphene in sensors. 196
Table 68. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 201
Table 69. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035. 202
Table 70. Market players in graphene sensors. 203
Table 71. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks. 208
Table 72. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks. 208
Table 73. Comparative properties of conductive inks. 210
Table 74. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 213
Table 75. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035. 214
Table 76. Product developers in graphene conductive inks. 216
Table 77. Market outlook for graphene in transparent conductive films. 218
Table 78. Market and applications for graphene in transparent conductive films. 219
Table 79. Comparison of ITO replacements. 220
Table 80. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 222
Table 81. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035. 223
Table 82. Market players in graphene transparent conductive films. 224
Table 83. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors. 226
Table 84. Market outlook for graphene in transistors. 227
Table 85. Market and applications for graphene transistors. 227
Table 86. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 231
Table 87. Global demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035. 232
Table 88. Market players in graphene transistors and integrated circuits. 233
Table 89. Market outlook for graphene in filtration membranes. 235
Table 90. Market and applications for graphene in filtration membranes. 236
Table 91. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 240
Table 92. Global demand for graphene in filtration membranes (tons), 2018-2035. 241
Table 93. Market players in filtration. 242
Table 94. Market and applications for thermal management. 245
Table 95. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 247
Table 96. Global demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035. 248
Table 97. Market players in graphene thermal management. 249
Table 98. Market outlook for graphene in additive manufacturing. 251
Table 99. Market and applications for graphene in additive manufacturing. 252
Table 100. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 255
Table 101. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035. 256
Table 102. Market players in additive manufacturing. 258
Table 103. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives. 260
Table 104. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives. 260
Table 105. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 264
Table 106. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035. 266
Table 107. Market players in graphene adhesives. 267
Table 108. Market assessment for graphene in aerospace. 268
Table 109. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace. 269
Table 110. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 273
Table 111. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030. 274
Table 112: Market players in graphene for aerospace. 276
Table 113. Market outlook for graphene in automotive. 279
Table 114. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 279
Table 115. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 282
Table 116. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 283
Table 117. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035. 285
Table 118. Market players in the graphene automotive market. 286
Table 119. Market outlook for graphene in construction. 290
Table 120. Applications of graphene in construction and buildings. 290
Table 121. Graphene for concrete and cement. 292
Table 122. Graphene for asphalt bitumen. 293
Table 123. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 297
Table 124. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035. 298
Table 125: Market players in graphene in construction. 300
Table 126. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices. 302
Table 127. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices. 302
Table 128. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 305
Table 129. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons). 307
Table 130. Market players in graphene memory devices. 308
Table 131. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells. 310
Table 132. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells. 310
Table 133. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 315
Table 134. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035. 316
Table 135. Market players in graphene fuel cells. 318
Table 136. Market and applications for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 319
Table 137. Market overview for graphene in drug delivery. 323
Table 138. Market overview for graphene in imaging and diagnostics. 323
Table 139. Market overview for graphene in medical implants. 324
Table 140. Market overview for graphene in medical biosensors. 324
Table 141. Market overview for graphene in woundcare. 325
Table 142. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 328
Table 143. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035. 329
Table 144. Market players in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 331
Table 145. Market overview for graphene in lighting. 334
Table 146. Market and applications for graphene in lighting. 335
Table 147. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 338
Table 148. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons). 339
Table 149. Market players in graphene lighting. 341
Table 150. Nanomaterial lubricant products. 342
Table 151. Market overview for graphene in lubricants. 343
Table 152. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants. 343
Table 153. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 347
Table 154. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035. 348
Table 155. Market players in graphene lubricants. 349
Table 156. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas. 351
Table 157. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas. 352
Table 158. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 356
Table 159. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035. 357
Table 160. Market players in graphene oil and gas. 359
Table 161. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings. 360
Table 162. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings. 360
Table 163. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 366
Table 164. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035. 367
Table 165. Market players in graphene paints and coatings. 369
Table 166. Market overview for graphene in photonics. 373
Table 167. Market and applications for graphene in photonics. 374
Table 168. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 378
Table 169. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035. 379
Table 170. Market players in graphene photonics. 380
Table 171. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics. 382
Table 172. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics. 382
Table 173. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 387
Table 174. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035. 388
Table 175. Marker players in graphene solar. 390
Table 176. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tyres. 391
Table 177. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tyres. 391
Table 178. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 395
Table 179. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035. 396
Table 180. Market players in rubber and tyres. 398
Table 181. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 401
Table 182. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 401
Table 183. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 407
Table 184. Global demand for graphene in textiles & apparel (tons), 2018-2035. 409
Table 185. Market players in smart textiles and apparel. 410
Table 186. Graphene audio equipment producers and products. 415
Table 187. Graphene sporting goods producers and products. 416
Table 188. Methods of CO2 transport. 420
Table 189. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2 422
Table 190. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture. 423
Table 191. Point source examples. 426
Table 192. Assessment of carbon capture materials 430
Table 193. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 433
Table 194. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 436
Table 195. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$). 440
Table 196. CO2 utilization and removal pathways. 440
Table 197. Market challenges for CO2 utilization. 442
Table 198. Example CO2 utilization pathways. 442
Table 199. Performance criteria of energy storage devices. 682
Table 200. 2D materials types. 688
Table 201. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 689
Table 202. Comparison of top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials. 691
Table 203. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials. 693
Table 204. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 696
Table 205. Markets and applications for 2D molybdenum disulphide. 702
Table 206. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 708
Table 207. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene. 714
Table 208. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs 716
Table 209. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene. 723
Table 210. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples. 744

List of Figures

Figure 1. Asus ROG Swift OLED PG49WCD gaming monitor. 52
Figure 2. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2035 (tons), conservative estimate. 59
Figure 3. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2035 (tons). 61
Figure 4. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2035 (tons). 63
Figure 5. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific. 64
Figure 6. TONE Free T90S model. 70
Figure 7. Graphene Market Value Chain. 79
Figure 8. Graphene layer structure schematic. 85
Figure 9. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG. 85
Figure 10. Graphite and graphene. 86
Figure 11. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 88
Figure 12. Types of CVD methods. 90
Figure 13. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite. 93
Figure 14. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. 94
Figure 15. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1?4). 95
Figure 16. Graphene quantum dots. 97
Figure 17. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods. 98
Figure 18. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2035, millions USD 105
Figure 19. Dotz Nano GQD products. 108
Figure 20. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 112
Figure 21. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 114
Figure 22. Fabrication methods of graphene. 117
Figure 23. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANFR HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 118
Figure 24. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 119
Figure 25. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods. 120
Figure 26. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2023. 136
Figure 27. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil. 142
Figure 28. Applications of graphene in batteries. 162
Figure 29. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in batteries. 163
Figure 30. SWOT analysis for graphene in batteries. 164
Figure 31. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 165
Figure 32. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2035. 166
Figure 33. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank. 167
Figure 34. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery. 168
Figure 35. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries. 169
Figure 36. Real Graphene Powerbank. 170
Figure 37. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH. 171
Figure 38. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors. 175
Figure 39. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in supercapacitors. 176
Figure 40. SWOT analysis for graphene in supercapacitors. 176
Figure 41. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 178
Figure 42. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2035. 179
Figure 43. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors. 180
Figure 44. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor. 181
Figure 45. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. 181
Figure 46. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in polymer additives. 182
Figure 47. Applications of graphene in polymer additives. 185
Figure 48. SWOT analysis for graphene in polymer additives. 187
Figure 49. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 188
Figure 50. Demand for graphene in polymer additives (tons), 2018-2035. 190
Figure 51. Graphene bike. 191
Figure 52. Graphene lacrosse equipment. 191
Figure 53. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic. 192
Figure 54. Aros Create. 193
Figure 55. Grays graphene hockey sticks. 194
Figure 56. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring. 195
Figure 57. Applications of graphene in sensors. 199
Figure 58. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in sensors. 200
Figure 59. SWOT analysis for graphene in sensors. 200
Figure 60. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 202
Figure 61. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2035. 203
Figure 62. AGILE R100 system. 204
Figure 63. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector. 205
Figure 64. GFET sensors. 205
Figure 65. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light. 207
Figure 66. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in conductive inks. 211
Figure 67. Applications of graphene in conductive inks. 211
Figure 68. SWOT analysis for graphene in conductive inks. 212
Figure 69. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 214
Figure 70. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2035. 215
Figure 71. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 216
Figure 72. Printed graphene conductive ink. 217
Figure 73. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink. 217
Figure 74. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays. 220
Figure 75. SWOT analysis for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays. 221
Figure 76. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 223
Figure 77. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2035. 224
Figure 78. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application. 225
Figure 79. Applications of graphene transistors. 229
Figure 80. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene transistors. 230
Figure 81. SWOT analysis for graphene in transistors. 230
Figure 82. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 232
Figure 83. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2035. 233
Figure 84. Graphene IC in wafer tester. 234
Figure 85. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). 234
Figure 86. Applications of graphene in filtration membranes. 238
Figure 87. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene filtration membranes. 239
Figure 88. SWOT analysis for graphene in filtration membranes. 240
Figure 89. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 241
Figure 90. Global demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2035. 242
Figure 91. Graphene anti-smog mask. 243
Figure 92. Graphene filtration membrane. 243
Figure 93. Graphene water filer cartridge. 244
Figure 94. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in thermal management. 246
Figure 95. SWOT analysis for graphene in thermal management. 247
Figure 96. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 248
Figure 97. Demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2035. 249
Figure 98. Graphene IC in wafer tester. 250
Figure 99. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). 250
Figure 100. Applications of graphene in additive manufacturing 253
Figure 101. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing. 254
Figure 102. SWOT analysis for graphene in additive manufacturing. 255
Figure 103. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 256
Figure 104. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2035. 257
Figure 105. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling. 258
Figure 106. Applications of graphene in adhesives. 262
Figure 107. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in adhesives. 263
Figure 108. SWOT analysis for graphene in adhesives. 264
Figure 109. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 265
Figure 110. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2035. 266
Figure 111. Graphene Adhesives. 267
Figure 112. Applications of graphene in aerospace. 271
Figure 113. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in aerospace. 272
Figure 114. SWOT analysis for graphene in aerospace. 272
Figure 115. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 274
Figure 116. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2035. 275
Figure 117. Orbex Prime rocket. 277
Figure 118: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container. 277
Figure 119: Graphene aircraft. 277
Figure 120. Applications of graphene in automotive. 281
Figure 121. SWOT analysis for graphene in automotive. 282
Figure 122. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 284
Figure 123. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2035. 286
Figure 124. Supercar incorporating graphene. 287
Figure 125. Graphene anti-corrosion primer. 288
Figure 126. Graphene-R Brake pads. 288
Figure 127. Antistatic graphene tire. 289
Figure 128. Graphene engine oil additives. 290
Figure 129. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 291
Figure 130. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in construction. 295
Figure 131. SWOT analysis for graphene in construction. 296
Figure 132. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 298
Figure 133. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2035. 299
Figure 134. Graphene asphalt additives. 300
Figure 135. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus. 301
Figure 136. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in memory devices. 304
Figure 137. SWOT analysis for graphene in memory devices. 305
Figure 138. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 306
Figure 139. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2035 (tons). 308
Figure 140. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM). 309
Figure 141. Applications of graphene in fuel cells. 313
Figure 142. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in fuel cells. 313
Figure 143. SWOT analysis for graphene in fuel cells. 314
Figure 144. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 316
Figure 145. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2035. 317
Figure 146. Graphene-based E-skin patch. 319
Figure 147. Applications of graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 322
Figure 148. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 323
Figure 149. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc. 326
Figure 150. SWOT analysis for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare. 327
Figure 151. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 329
Figure 152. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2035. 330
Figure 153. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing. 332
Figure 154. Hememics' handheld reader with a disposable test chip containing a 32-plex graphene-based biosensor. 332
Figure 155. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor. 333
Figure 156. BioStamp nPoint. 333
Figure 157. Applications of graphene in lighting. 336
Figure 158. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in lighting. 337
Figure 159. SWOT analysis for graphene in lighting. 338
Figure 160. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 339
Figure 161. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2035 (tons). 340
Figure 162. Graphene LED bulbs. 341
Figure 163. Applications of graphene in lubricants. 345
Figure 164. SWOT analysis for graphene in lubricants. 346
Figure 165. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 348
Figure 166. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2035. 349
Figure 167. Tricolit spray coating. 350
Figure 168. Graphenoil products. 350
Figure 169. Applications of graphene in oil and gas. 354
Figure 170. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in oil and gas. 355
Figure 171. SWOT analysis for graphene in oil and gas. 355
Figure 172. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 357
Figure 173. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2035. 358
Figure 174. Directa Plus Grafysorber. 359
Figure 175. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings. 363
Figure 176. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in paints and coatings. 364
Figure 177. SWOT analysis for graphene in paints and coatings. 365
Figure 178. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 367
Figure 179. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2035. 368
Figure 180. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating. 369
Figure 181. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate. 370
Figure 182. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint. 370
Figure 183. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand. 371
Figure 184. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings. 372
Figure 185. Schematic of graphene heat film. 372
Figure 186. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in photonics. 376
Figure 187. Applications of graphene in photonics. 376
Figure 188. SWOT analysis for graphene in photonics. 377
Figure 189. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 379
Figure 190. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2035. 380
Figure 191. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel. 381
Figure 192. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics. 384
Figure 193. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in in photovoltaics. 385
Figure 194. SWOT analysis for graphene in photovoltaics. 386
Figure 195. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 388
Figure 196. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2035. 389
Figure 197. Graphene coated glass. 390
Figure 198. Applications of graphene in rubber and tyres. 393
Figure 199. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in rubber and tyres. 394
Figure 200. SWOT analysis for graphene in rubber and tyres. 394
Figure 201. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 396
Figure 202. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2035. 398
Figure 203. Eagle F1 graphene tyre. 398
Figure 204. Graphene floor mats. 399
Figure 205. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire. 400
Figure 206. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel. 405
Figure 207. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in textiles and apparel. 406
Figure 208. SWOT analysis for graphene in textiles and apparel. 407
Figure 209. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2035 (Millions USD). 408
Figure 210. Global demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2035. 410
Figure 211. 878 Project One jacket display. 411
Figure 212. Colmar graphene ski jacket. 411
Figure 213. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing. 412
Figure 214. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey. 412
Figure 215. Inov-8 graphene shoes. 413
Figure 216. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM. 414
Figure 217. Graphene jacket. 414
Figure 218. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls. 416
Figure 219. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle. 418
Figure 220. Various pathways for CO2 utilization. 418
Figure 221. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage. 419
Figure 222. Transport of CCS technologies. 420
Figure 223. Railroad car for liquid CO? transport 422
Figure 224. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector. 424
Figure 225. CCUS market map. 426
Figure 226. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities. 428
Figure 227. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2022. 429
Figure 228. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030. 429
Figure 229. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2030. 430
Figure 230. Post-combustion carbon capture process. 432
Figure 231. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 433
Figure 232. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process. 434
Figure 233. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process. 435
Figure 234. Pre-combustion carbon capture process. 436
Figure 235. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages. 436
Figure 236. Applications for CO2. 439
Figure 237. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector. 439
Figure 238. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services. 441
Figure 239. Co2 utilization pathways and products. 444
Figure 240. Graphene heating films. 445
Figure 241. Graphene flake products. 450
Figure 242. AIKA Black-T. 454
Figure 243. Printed graphene biosensors. 461
Figure 244. Prototype of printed memory device. 465
Figure 245. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 480
Figure 246. Graphene battery schematic. 503
Figure 247. Dotz Nano GQD products. 504
Figure 248. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 511
Figure 249. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production. 521
Figure 250. Wearable sweat sensor. 552
Figure 251. InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 558
Figure 252. Sensor surface. 572
Figure 253. BioStamp nPoint. 588
Figure 254. Nanotech Energy battery. 605
Figure 255. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept. 608
Figure 256. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 609
Figure 257. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 610
Figure 258. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 611
Figure 259. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445. 627
Figure 260. Quantag GQDs and sensor. 629
Figure 261. The Sixth Element graphene products. 643
Figure 262. Thermal conductive graphene film. 643
Figure 263. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 656
Figure 264. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO. 659
Figure 265. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions. 687
Figure 266. Schematic of 2-D materials. 688
Figure 267. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method. 692
Figure 268. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method 693
Figure 269. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride. 695
Figure 270. BN nanosheet textiles application. 697
Figure 271. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx. 699
Figure 272. Types and applications of 2D TMDCs. 701
Figure 273. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) 701
Figure 274. SEM image of MoS2. 702
Figure 275. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 704
Figure 276. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. 705
Figure 277. Borophene schematic. 706
Figure 278. Black phosphorus structure. 707
Figure 279. Black Phosphorus crystal. 708
Figure 280. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. 709
Figure 281: Graphitic carbon nitride. 711
Figure 282. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 712
Figure 283. Schematic of germanene. 713
Figure 284. Graphdiyne structure. 715
Figure 285. Schematic of Graphane crystal. 718
Figure 286. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide. 719
Figure 287. Silicene structure. 720
Figure 288. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. 720
Figure 289. Silicene transistor. 721
Figure 290. Crystal structure for stanene. 722
Figure 291. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). 723
Figure 292. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). 725
Figure 293. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor. 726
Figure 294. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell. 734