Summary
Rare earth elements are used in CMP polishing slurries and as high-k dielectrics in the semiconductor industry. Prices of ceria, used in STI planarization slurries increased 1300% between 2009 and 2010 because of an embargo by China, home to 97% of the rare earth mines. This report analyzes the impact of the embargo on high-tech industries such as semiconductors, HDDs, LCDs, consumer products, and green technology.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1
1.1 Rare Earth Element Characteristics 1-1
1.2 Rare Earth Element Resources 1-4
1.3 Overview of Rare Earth Element Applications 1-9
Chapter 2 Rare Earth Industry 2-1
2.1 China’ Rare Earth Industry 2-1
2.1.1 China’s Production 2-2
2.1.2 China Rare Earth Production Structure 2-5
2.1.3 China Rare Earth Consumption Structure 2-9
2.1.4 China Export of Rare Earths 2-11
2.1.5 Recent Activities Of China’s Rare Earth Industry 2-18
2.1.5.1 Consolidation Of China’s Rare Earth Industry 2-18
2.1.5.2 Export Quotas 2-20
2.2 Rest Of World’s Rare Earth Industry 2-20
2.2.1 UNITED STATES 2-21
2.2.1.1 Mountain Pass 2-21
2.2.1.2 Utah Rare Earth Project 2-25
2.2.1.3 Bear Lodge Rare-Earth Project 2-27
2.2.1.4 Elk Creek 2-30
2.2.1.5 Bokan-Dotson Ridge 2-32
2.2.1.6 Diamond Creek 2-33
2.2.1.7 Lemhi Pass 2-35
2.2.2 CANADA 2-37
2.2.2.1 MacLeod Lake Project 2-37
2.2.2.2 Hoidas Lake 2-37
2.2.2.3 Benjamin River Project 2-38
2.2.2.4 Douglas River Project 2-40
2.2.2.5 Nechalacho Rare Earth Element Project 2-41
2.2.2.6 Archie Lake 2-47
2.2.2.7 Bulstrode Rare Earth Property 2-48
2.2.2.8 Mount Copeland 2-49
2.2.2.9 Cross Hills Newfoundland 2-50
2.2.2.10 Kipawa 2-51
2.2.2.11 Strange Lake 2-52
2.2.2.12 Ytterby 2-52
2.2.2.13 Grevet REE 2-54
2.2.2.14 Turner Falls 2-55
2.2.3 SOUTH AFRICA 2-56
2.2.3.1 Steenkampskraal Mine South Africa 2-56
2.2.4 AUSTRALIA 2-57
2.2.4.1 Nolans Bore 2-57
2.2.4.2 Mount Weld 2-60
2.2.4.3 Jungle Well/ Laverton 2-62
2.2.5 GREENLAND 2-62
2.2.5.1 Kvanefjeld Project 2-62
2.2.6 ARGENTINA 2-65
2.2.6.1 Cueva del Chacho 2-65
2.2.6.2 Susques Property - Jujuy Province 2-67
2.2.6.3 John Galt Project 2-68
2.2.7 INDIA 2-69
2.2.7.1 Indian Rare Earth 2-60
2.2.8 RUSSIA 2-70
2.2.8.1 Kutessay II 2-70
2.3 Profiles of Mining Corporations 2-72
Chapter 3 Rare Earth Market Analysis 3-1
3.1 Overview 3-1
3.2 Rare Earth Market 3-4
3.2.1 Domestic Production and Consumption 3-4
3.2.2 China Production and Consumption 3-10
3.3 Global Rare Earth Market Analysis 3-15
Chapter 4 Impact on Hi-Tech Applications 4-1
4.1 Overview 4-1
4.1.1 Rare Earth Market By Application 4.1
4.1.2 NdPr Magnets 4.4
4.2 Semiconductors 4-10
4.2.1 Technology Impacted 4-10
4.2.1.1 High-k Dielectrics 4-10
4.2.1.2 Polishing Powders 4-13
4.2.2 Rare Earth Material Used 4-16
4.2.3 Market Forecast of Impacted Semiconductor Devices/Materials 4-16
4.3 Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) 4-19
4.3.1 Technology Impacted 4-19
4.3.1.1 Neo Magnets for HDDs 4-21
4.3.1.2 High Strength Glass Substrates 4-23
4.3.1.3 Polishing Materials 4-23
4.3.2 Rare Earth Material Used 4-24
4.3.3 Market Forecast of Impacted HDD Devices/Materials 4-25
4.4 Mobile and Mobile Internet Devices 4-29
4.4.1 Technology Impacted 4-29
4.4.2 Rare Earth Material Used 4-29
4.4.3 Market Forecast of Impacted Mobile Devices/Materials 4-30
4.5 Solid State Lighting – LED/CFL 4-33
4.5.1 Technology Impacted 4-33
4.5.1.1 Phosphors for Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 4-33
4.5.1.2 Phosphors for Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) 4-37
4.5.2 Rare Earth Material Used 4-41
4.5.3 Market Forecast of Impacted LED Devices/Materials 4-41
4.6 Green Technology 4-45
4.6.1 Technology Impacted 4-45
4.6.1.1 Magnets for Hybrid Vehicle Electric Motors and Brakes 4-45
4.6.1.2 Neo Magnets for Wind Turbines 4-47
4.6.1.3 Cerium for Catalytic Converters for Automobiles 4-51
4.6.2 Rare Earth Material Used 4-53
4.6.3 Market Forecast of Impacted Green Devices/Materials 4-56
4.6.4 Other Green Technologies 4-63
Chapter 5. U.S Strategic Metal Perspective 5-1
5.1 The Application of Rare Earth Metals in National Defense 5-1
5.2 Rare Earth Resources and Production Potential 5-2
5.3 Supply Chain Issues 5-7
5.4 Rare Earth Legislation 5-9
Chapter 6 European Strategic Metal Perspective 6-1
6.1 Assessing Criticality 6-1
6.2 The 2020 EU Critical Raw Materials List 6-3
6.3 Current And Past Initiatives 6-5
Chapter 7 Rebuilding a U.S. Supply Chain 7-1
7.1 Materials Supply Chain Challenges And Opportunities 7-1
7.2 Impact of Price Hikes by Application 7-7
7.2.1 REE/REO Recycling In U.S. 7.7
7.2.1.1 Overall Process 7.7
7.2.1.2 Recycling RE Magnets 7-8
7.2.1.3 Recycling Phosphors 7-9
7.2.1.4 Company Programs 7.11
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List of Tables/Graphs
TABLES
1.1 Selected Rare Earth Element Bearing Products 1-11
1.2 Rare Earths Elements And Some Of Their End Uses 1-13
2.1 World Mine Production and Reserves 2-8
2.2 Global Rare Earth Supply/Demand 2-10
2.3 China's Rare Earth Export Volume And Export Amount 2-12
2.4 Rare Earth Projects Outside China 2-16
3.1 U.S. Rare Earth Statistics 3-5
3.2 Rare Earth Prices 3-9
3.3 Rare Earth Elements: World Production 3-12
3.4 Rare Earth Oxide Demand-Supply 3-16
3.5 Rare Earth Composition By End Use 3-23
4.1 NdPr Oxide Supply Market Forecast 4-8
4.2 NdPr Oxide Demand Market Forecast 4-9
4.3 Forecast of Ceria CMP Slurry for Semiconductors 4-17
4.4 Market Forecast for Hard Disk Drives 4-26
4.5 Neodymium Consumption For Hard Disk Drives 4-27
4.6 Market Forecast For Ceria Slurry For Glass Disks 4-28
4.7 Shipment Forecast of Smartphones 4-31
4.8 Neodymium Consumption For Smartphones 4-32
4.9 Market Forecast of LEDs by Application 4-39
4.10 Demand of Rare Earths in LEDs 4-44
4.11 Shipment Forecast Of Electric Vehicles 4-57
4.12 Neodymium Consumption For Electric Vehicles 4-58
4-13 Shipment Forecast Of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles 4-59
4-14 Ceria Consumption For Catalytic Converters 4-60
4-15 Shipment Forecast Of Wind Turbines 4-61
4-16 Neodymium Consumption For Wind Turbines 4-62
5.1 Rare Earth Elements: World Production And Reserves 5-5
7.1 NdFeB Permanent Magnet Supply Chain Steps 7-5
FIGURES
1.1 Periodic Table Of Rare Earth Elements 1-2
1.2 Abundance Of The Rare Earth Elements 1-5
1.3 Rare Earth Production Since 1950 1-8
1.4 China’s Rare Earth Dominance 1-10
2.1 Rare Earth Proportion And Distribution In China 2-3
2.2 Production Of Rare Earth Concentrates Since 1987 2-6
2.3 Production Of Rare Earth Oxides Since 1994 2-7
2.4 China Mining Quota By Company 2-13
2.5 China Rare Earth Oxide Exports By Destination 2-14
2.6 China Rare Earth Metal Exports By Destination 2-15
2.7 China’s Rare-Earth Exports 2-16
3.1 U.S. Distribution Of Refined Rare Earth Products 3-6
3.2 Rare-Earth Price Index 3-8
3.3 Comparison Of Rare Earth Consumption Between China And The World 3-14
3.4 Global Supply-Demand Forecast 3-17
3.5 REE Demand By Volume 3-18
3.6 REE Demand By Value 3-19
3.7 REE Applications Global 3-20
3.8 REE Applications U.S. 3-21
3.9 REE Composition By End Use 3-24
3.10 Approximate % Content Of Current And Prospective Ores 3-25
4.1 Application Market Share by Volume 4-3
4.2 High-Performance Magnet Share by Application 4-6
4.3 High-Performance Magnet Share by Application - 2030 4-7
4.4 Illustration of MOSFET and Gate Oxide 4-11
4.5 STI CMP Using Ceria 4-15
4.6 Hafnium Demand for Semiconductors 4-18
4.7 HDD Drive and Neo Magnets 4-22
4.8 REE Usage in Phosphors 4-35
4.9 Scattered Photon Extraction white LED 4-36
4.10 Supply Chain for Fluorescent Lighting 4-40
4.11 EV Rare Earths Applications 4-46
4.12 Wind Turbine Motor 4-48
4.13 Supply Chain for Permanent Magnets 4-50
4.14 Catalytic Converter for Automobiles 4-52
5.1 Global Rare Earth Reserves 5-6
6.1 Supply Of Strategic Metals To The European Union 6-4
