1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. |
Introduction to wearable technology |
1.2. |
Wearables allow for efficient and continuous sensor data acquisition |
1.3. |
Overview of wearable sensor types |
1.4. |
Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics (1) |
1.5. |
Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics |
1.6. |
Wearable devices for medical and wellness applications increasingly overlap |
1.7. |
Trends in wearables: from node to network |
1.8. |
Can new wearable sensors persuade mass-market consumers to switch brands? |
1.9. |
Combining wearable health data with environmental and food-safety: An emerging opportunity |
1.10. |
What determines which wearables are adopted and where are the opportunities? |
1.11. |
Industry challenges: wearables are a luxury consumers struggle to afford |
2. |
INTRODUCTION |
2.1. |
Introduction to wearable technology and wearable sensors |
2.1.1. |
Introduction to wearable technology |
2.1.2. |
How can technology be made 'wearable'? |
2.1.3. |
Wearable technology takes many form factors |
2.1.4. |
Sensing is one of four key functions of wearable technology |
2.1.5. |
Wearables allow for efficient and continuous sensor data acquisition |
2.1.6. |
Value proposition of wearable sensors versus non wearable alternatives |
2.1.7. |
Overview of wearable sensor types |
2.1.8. |
Connecting form factors, sensors and metrics |
2.1.9. |
How is wearable sensor data used? |
2.1.10. |
Definitions of sensors within devices |
2.2. |
Market outlook by form-factor |
2.2.1. |
Trends in wearable sensor innovations by form-factor |
2.2.2. |
Roadmap of market trends for wrist-worn wearables broken down by sector (consumer, sport, medical and enterprise) |
2.2.3. |
Outlook and conclusions for wrist-worn wearables |
2.2.4. |
Roadmap of market trends for hearables broken down by sector (consumer, sport, medical and enterprise) |
2.2.5. |
Outlook and conclusions for hearables |
2.2.6. |
AR headsets as a replacement for other smart devices |
2.2.7. |
AR Outlook and conclusions: AR success remains tough to achieve |
2.2.8. |
Roadmap of market trends for skin-patches broken down by sector (consumer, sport, medical and enterprise) |
2.2.9. |
Outlook and conclusions for skin patches |
2.2.10. |
Roadmap of market trends for smart clothing and accessories broken down by sector (consumer, sport, medical and enterprise) |
2.2.11. |
Conclusions for smart clothing: biometric monitoring |
2.2.12. |
Conclusions for wearable accessories |
2.3. |
Global mega-trends impacting the wearable sensor market |
2.3.1. |
Key drivers and global-trends impacting the sensor market |
2.3.2. |
Overview of key for future markets for wearable sensors |
2.3.3. |
Global sensor market roadmap shows wearable sensor market disruption potential is wide-spread |
2.3.4. |
Wearables for Digital Health |
2.4. |
Wearables for Future Mobility |
2.4.1. |
What are the mega trends in future mobility? |
2.4.2. |
Summary and outlook for sensors in future mobility applications |
2.4.3. |
Interior Monitoring System (IMS), Driver-MS and Occupant-MS |
2.4.4. |
Evolution of DMS Sensor Suite from SAE Level 1 to Level 4 |
2.4.5. |
IMS Sensing Technologies: Passive and Active |
2.4.6. |
Software-Defined Vehicle Level Guide |
2.4.7. |
Solar powered wearables offering months of wear time suited to driver monitoring applications |
2.4.8. |
Demand for driver monitoring is anticipated to grow, creating an opportunity for wearables and gas sensors (1) |
2.4.9. |
In-Cabin Sensing Technology Overview |
2.4.10. |
Wearables for XR |
2.4.11. |
Wearable gesture sensors for XR |
2.4.12. |
Wearables for Industrial IoT and Worker Safety |
2.4.13. |
Edge sensing and AI |
3. |
MARKET FORECASTS |
3.1. |
Forecasting: introduction and definitions |
3.2. |
Definitions and categorisation for sensor types |
3.3. |
Wearable Sensors, Overall Annual Revenue Forecast (USD, M), 2025-2035 (1) |
3.4. |
Wearable Sensors, Overall Annual Revenue Forecast (USD, M), 2025-2035 (2) |
3.5. |
Wearable Sensors, Overall Annual Revenue Forecast (USD, M), 2025-2035 (excluding disposable electrodes) |
3.6. |
Wearable Sensors, Sales Volume Forecast (units, millions), 2025-2035 |
4. |
MOTION SENSORS |
4.1. |
Introduction to Wearable Motion Sensors |
4.1.1. |
Introduction to wearable motion sensors |
4.2. |
Wearables Motion Sensors: Technology (Inertial Measurement Units) |
4.2.1. |
Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): An introduction |
4.2.2. |
MEMS: The manufacturing method for IMUs |
4.2.3. |
IMU packages: MEMs accelerometers |
4.2.4. |
IMU Packages: MEMS Gyroscopes |
4.2.5. |
IMUs for smart-watches: major players and industry dynamic |
4.2.6. |
Limitations and common errors with MEMS sensors |
4.2.7. |
MEMS IMUs are becoming a commodity |
4.2.8. |
Impact of the chip shortage on MEMS |
4.2.9. |
IMU Packages: magnetometers (digital compasses) |
4.2.10. |
IMU Packages: magnetometer types |
4.2.11. |
Magnetometer suppliers and industry dynamic |
4.2.12. |
Introduction to tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
4.2.13. |
Operating principle and advantages of tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
4.2.14. |
Commercial applications and market opportunities for TMRs include within wearables |
4.2.15. |
TMR sensors primarily adopted for 'wake-up' functions as opposed to motion detection or navigation |
4.2.16. |
TMRs: SWOT analysis |
4.3. |
Wearable Motion Sensors: Applications and Market Trends |
4.3.1. |
Wearable Motion Sensors for Consumer Electronics |
4.3.2. |
Wearable Motion Sensors for Healthcare |
4.4. |
Wearable Motion Sensors: Summary |
4.4.1. |
MEMS-based IMUs for wearable motion sensing: SWOT |
4.4.2. |
Wearable motion sensors: Conclusions |
5. |
OPTICAL SENSORS |
5.1. |
Introduction to Optical Sensors |
5.1.1. |
Optical sensors: introduction |
5.2. |
Optical Sensors: PPG and Spectroscopy |
5.2.1. |
Sensing principle of photoplethysmography (PPG) |
5.2.2. |
Leading manufacturers of optical components for wearables |
5.2.3. |
Applications of photoplethysmography (PPG) |
5.2.4. |
Pros and cons of transmission and reflectance modes |
5.2.5. |
Key players in PPG hardware and algorithm development |
5.2.6. |
SWOT: PPG sensors |
5.2.7. |
Introduction to wearable spectroscopy |
5.2.8. |
Near-infrared spectroscopy faces challenges from overlapping bands |
5.2.9. |
Key players and potential customers for wearable spectroscopy as 'clinic on the wrist' |
5.2.10. |
Brief introduction to PICs and Silicon Photonics? |
5.2.11. |
Wearable Spectroscopy is one example of many emerging Photonic Integrated Circuits Applications |
5.2.12. |
The growth of the PIC industry for data-center demand could aid adoption into wearables applications |
5.2.13. |
Printed photodetectors in healthcare and wearables |
5.2.14. |
Market overview and commercial maturity of printed photodetector applications |
5.2.15. |
Readiness level snapshot of printed photodetectors |
5.3. |
Optical Sensors: Heart Rate |
5.3.1. |
How is heart rate obtained from optical PPG sensors? |
5.3.2. |
Wearable heart-rate: Use cases, opportunities and sample players |
5.3.3. |
Comparing the remaining opportunities for wearable heart-rate between insurers, clinicians and consumers |
5.3.4. |
Specific opportunity for integrated heart-rate sensors within the prosumer market |
5.3.5. |
A closer look at wearable heart-rate in clinical trials |
5.3.6. |
Roadmap for wearable optical heart-rate sensors |
5.3.7. |
Wearable heart-rate sensors (optical): SWOT |
5.3.8. |
Wearable heart-rate sensors (optical): key conclusions |
5.4. |
Optical Sensors: Pulse Oximetry |
5.4.1. |
Obtaining blood oxygen from PPG |
5.4.2. |
Differences in wellness and medical applications of wearable blood oxygen |
5.4.3. |
Early adopters of pulse-oximetry in smart-watches |
5.4.4. |
Impact of COVID-19 on interest in blood oxygen |
5.4.5. |
In 2024 most popular consumer wearables integrate pulse oximetry as standard - with some now FDA cleared for sleep apnea detection |
5.4.6. |
Blood oxygen contributing to 'in-house' metrics on performance and sleep |
5.4.7. |
Wearable pulse oximetry can offer less invasive monitoring of babies and children |
5.4.8. |
Future of pulse oximetry could come in the form of skin patches |
5.4.9. |
Wearable blood oxygen sensors: conclusions and SWOT |
5.5. |
Optical Sensors: Blood Pressure |
5.5.1. |
Many health conditions are associated with blood pressure generating a large total addressable market |
5.5.2. |
Classifying blood pressure |
5.5.3. |
Breakdown of wearable brands used for cardiovascular clinical research |
5.5.4. |
How do requirements vary for stakeholders in wearable blood pressure technology |
5.5.5. |
Incumbent sensor technology: blood pressure cuffs and the oscillometric method |
5.5.6. |
Combining pulse metrics to access blood pressure using wearable PPG and ECG |
5.5.7. |
PPG Waveform/Pulse Wave Analysis |
5.5.8. |
Progress of non-invasive blood pressure sensing |
5.5.9. |
Overview of technologies for cuff-less blood pressure |
5.5.10. |
Case Study: Valencell - cuff-less, cal-free blood pressure |
5.5.11. |
Advantages and limitations for bless pressure hearables. |
5.5.12. |
Market outlook and technology readiness of wearable blood pressure |
5.5.13. |
Outlook from Valencell: no FDA cleared solution yet offers an alternative to the auto-cuff. |
5.5.14. |
Wearable blood pressure : SWOT Analysis |
5.5.15. |
Wearable blood pressure : key conclusions |
5.6. |
Optical Sensors: Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring |
5.6.1. |
Scale of the diabetes management industry continues to incentivize development of optical glucose sensors |
5.6.2. |
FDA requirements for glucose monitoring |
5.6.3. |
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy - Recent academic studies on glucose monitoring |
5.6.4. |
Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Mid Infrared and Terahertz Spectroscopy |
5.6.5. |
Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Raman spectroscopy and optical rotation |
5.6.6. |
Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Dielectric spectroscopy |
5.6.7. |
Non-invasive glucose monitoring: approaches |
5.6.8. |
Notable Quotes on Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring |
5.6.9. |
Optical glucose sensors: SWOT |
5.6.10. |
A niche form of quantum imaging for glucose monitoring is in the early stages of commercialization |
5.6.11. |
Optical glucose sensors: conclusions |
5.7. |
Optical Sensors: fNIRS |
5.7.1. |
Background and context of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) |
5.7.2. |
Basic principles of fNIRS (1) |
5.7.3. |
Basic principles of fNIRS (2) |
5.7.4. |
fNIRS: Disruption or coexistence with EEG? |
5.7.5. |
Key players in fNIRS |
5.7.6. |
NIRS application areas, BCI in context |
5.7.7. |
How can fNIRS be utilized for brain computer interfacing |
5.7.8. |
Comparing fNIRS to other non-invasive brain imaging methods |
5.7.9. |
fNIRS: SWOT analysis |
5.7.10. |
Summary and outlook for wearable fNIRS in BCI applications |
6. |
ELECTRODES |
6.1. |
Introduction to wearable electrodes |
6.1.1. |
Introduction to wearable electrodes |
6.2. |
Wearable electrodes: overview and key players |
6.2.1. |
Overview of wearable electrode types |
6.2.2. |
Applications and product types |
6.2.3. |
Key requirements of wearable electrodes |
6.2.4. |
Key players in wearable electrodes |
6.2.5. |
Skin patch and e-textile electrode supply chain |
6.2.6. |
Material suppliers collaboration has enabled large scale trials of wearable skin patches |
6.2.7. |
Supplier overview: printed electrodes for skin patches and e-textiles (I) |
6.2.8. |
Supplier overview: printed electrodes for skin patches and e-textiles (2) |
6.3. |
Wearable electrodes: overview and key players |
6.3.1. |
Wet vs dry electrodes |
6.3.2. |
Wet electrodes: The incumbent technology |
6.3.3. |
The role of adhesive in wet electrodes |
6.3.4. |
Dry electrodes: A more durable emerging solution |
6.3.5. |
Skin patches use both wet and dry electrodes depending on the use-case |
6.3.6. |
E-textiles integrate dry electrodes and conductive inks |
6.3.7. |
Key players in wearable electrodes in e-textiles, skin patches and watches |
6.3.8. |
Material innovations in dry electrodes for EEG |
6.3.9. |
SWOT analysis and key conclusions for wet and dry electrodes |
6.4. |
Wearable electrodes: Microneedles |
6.4.1. |
Microneedle electrodes |
6.4.2. |
Evaluating materials and manufacturing methods for microneedle electrode arrays |
6.4.3. |
Researchers are investigating microneedle manufacture via micromolding |
6.4.4. |
Flexible microneedle arrays possible with PET substrates |
6.4.5. |
Microneedle electrodes less susceptible to noise |
6.4.6. |
Global distribution of microneedle array patch developers |
6.4.7. |
Outlook for microneedle electrodes |
6.5. |
Wearable electrodes: Electronic Skins |
6.5.1. |
Electronic skins (also known as 'epidermal electronics') |
6.5.2. |
Materials and manufacturing approaches to electronic skins |
6.5.3. |
Skin-inspired electronics in academia (Stanford University) |
6.5.4. |
Skin-inspired electronics in academia (VTT/Tampere University) |
6.5.5. |
Skin-inspired electronics in academia (Northwestern University) |
6.5.6. |
Skin-inspired electronics in academia (University of Tokyo) (I) |
6.5.7. |
Skin-inspired electronics in academia (University of Tokyo) (II) |
6.5.8. |
Outlook for electronic skins |
6.6. |
Wearable electrodes: Application Trends |
6.6.1. |
Wearable electrodes: Applications and product types |
6.6.2. |
Wearable electrodes: Application Trends - ECG |
6.6.3. |
Wearable electrodes: Application Trends - EEG |
6.6.4. |
Wearable electrodes: Application Trends - EMG |
6.6.5. |
Wearable electrodes: Application Trends - Bioimpedance |
6.7. |
Wearable electrodes: Conclusions |
6.7.1. |
Consolidated SWOT of wearable electrodes |
6.7.2. |
Wearable electrodes: conclusions and outlook |
7. |
FORCE AND STRAIN SENSORS |
7.1. |
Introduction to wearable force and strain sensing |
7.2. |
Force Sensors |
7.2.1. |
Force sensing with piezoresistive materials |
7.2.2. |
Thin film pressure sensor architectures |
7.2.3. |
Smart insoles are the main application for printed pressure sensors |
7.2.4. |
Smart insoles target both fitness and medical applications |
7.2.5. |
Movesole outlines durability challenges for smart insoles |
7.2.6. |
Sensoria integrates pressure sensors into a sock rather than an insole |
7.2.7. |
Medical market roadmap for printed piezoresistive sensors |
7.2.8. |
More medical applications of printed FSR sensors |
7.2.9. |
Other applications in industrial markets for FSRs include wearable exoskeletons |
7.2.10. |
Key players |
7.2.11. |
Force sensing with piezoelectric materials |
7.2.12. |
Piezoelectric pressure sensors restricted to niche applications |
7.2.13. |
Alternative piezoelectric polymers |
7.2.14. |
Wearable and in-cabin monitoring applications for piezoelectric sensors |
7.2.15. |
Key players |
7.2.16. |
Novel wearable pressure sensor technologies struggle to gain traction |
7.2.17. |
Intervention pathways depend on temperature sensors and RPM integration |
7.2.18. |
Mapping the wearable force sensor landscape |
7.2.19. |
Outlook for wearable force/pressure sensors |
7.3. |
Strain Sensors |
7.3.1. |
Capacitive strain sensors |
7.3.2. |
Use of dielectric electroactive polymers (EAPs) |
7.3.3. |
Emerging opportunities for strain sensors in motion capture for AR/VR |
7.3.4. |
Emerging applications for strain sensors in healthcare |
7.3.5. |
SWOT analysis of printed strain sensors |
7.3.6. |
Key players |
7.3.7. |
Outlook for wearable strain sensors |
7.3.8. |
Two main roles for temperature sensors in wearables |
7.3.9. |
Incumbent methods for measuring core body temperature are invasive |
7.3.10. |
Key players, form factors and applications for wearable body temperature sensors |
7.3.11. |
Types of temperature sensor |
7.3.12. |
Success for wearable temperature requires both accuracy and continuous monitoring capabilities. |
7.3.13. |
Emerging approaches utilising NIR spectroscopy |
7.3.14. |
Printed temperature monitors in wearables struggle to compete with incumbent sensing technologies |
7.3.15. |
Conclusions for printed and flexible temperature sensors |
7.3.16. |
Wearable temperature sensor utilized as route to market for flexible batteries |
7.3.17. |
Printed temperature sensors: overall market outlook |
7.3.18. |
Technology readiness level snapshot of printed temperature sensors |
7.3.19. |
Mapping the wearable temperature sensor landscape |
7.3.20. |
Wearable temperature sensors: SWOT analysis |
7.3.21. |
Summary of key conclusions for wearable temperature sensors |
8. |
CHEMICAL SENSORS |
8.1. |
Introduction to Chemical Sensors |
8.1.1. |
Chemical sensors: Chapter overview |
8.1.2. |
Chemical sensing: An introduction |
8.1.3. |
Selectivity and signal transduction |
8.1.4. |
Analyte selection and availability |
8.1.5. |
Optical chemical sensors |
8.2. |
Chemical Sensors: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (Interstitial CGM) |
8.2.1. |
Introduction to diabetes |
8.2.2. |
Diabetes is on the rise |
8.2.3. |
Continuous glucose monitoring |
8.2.4. |
Anatomy of a typical CGM device |
8.2.5. |
CGM technology |
8.2.6. |
CGM sensor chemistry: Abbott, Dexcom, Medtronic |
8.2.7. |
Sensing principle of commercial CGM |
8.2.8. |
CGM sensor anatomy and manufacturing |
8.2.9. |
CGM sensor filament structure |
8.2.10. |
Foreign body response to CGM devices |
8.2.11. |
CGMs move to factory calibration |
8.2.12. |
Interference of medication with CGM accuracy |
8.2.13. |
Comparison of recently launched CGM devices |
8.2.14. |
CGM: overview of key players |
8.2.15. |
Accuracy of CGM devices over time |
8.2.16. |
SWOT analysis of interstitial sensors for CGM |
8.3. |
Chemical Sensors: Interstitial alternatives |
8.3.1. |
Measuring glucose in sweat (1) |
8.3.2. |
Measuring glucose in sweat (2) |
8.3.3. |
Measuring glucose in tears |
8.3.4. |
Measuring glucose in saliva |
8.3.5. |
Measuring glucose in breath |
8.3.6. |
Measuring glucose in urine |
8.3.7. |
SWOT analysis of chemical sensors: interstitial alternatives |
9. |
NOVEL BIOSENSORS |
9.1. |
Introduction to novel biometrics and methods |
9.2. |
Novel Biosensors: Emerging Biometrics |
9.3. |
Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable alcohol sensors |
9.4. |
Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable lactate/lactic acid sensors |
9.5. |
Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable hydration sensors |
9.6. |
Novel Biosensors: Emerging Sensing Methods |
9.7. |
Urine sensors in smart diapers seeking orders from elderly care providers |
9.8. |
Ultrasound imaging could provide longer term competition to optical imaging. |
9.9. |
Wearable sensing potential of microneedles for fluid sampling depends on scale up of manufacturing methods |
9.10. |
'Clinic on the Wrist' and 'Lab on Skin' competing to replace multiple diagnostic tests and monitor vital signs |
9.11. |
Novel Biosensors: Conclusions |
9.12. |
Market readiness of wearable sensors for novel biometrics |
9.13. |
Conclusions and outlook: Wearable sensors for novel biometrics |
10. |
WEARABLE QUANTUM SENSORS |
10.1. |
Wearable Quantum Sensors: Chapter Overview |
10.2. |
Magnetometry |
10.2.1. |
Quantum magnetic field sensors offer very high-sensitivity with applications in biomagnetic imaging |
10.2.2. |
Operating principles of Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs) |
10.2.3. |
Fabricating miniaturized OPMs for wearables (1) |
10.2.4. |
Fabricating miniaturized OPMs for wearables (2) |
10.2.5. |
Applications of wearable OPMs: MEG |
10.2.6. |
Summary of key players developing wearable OPM hardware |
10.2.7. |
Conclusions and Outlook for Wearable OPMs |
10.2.8. |
Introduction to tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
10.2.9. |
Operating principle and advantages of tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
10.2.10. |
Commercial applications and market opportunities for TMRs |
10.2.11. |
TMR sensors for 'wake-up' function in wearables |
10.2.12. |
TMR manufacturers are supplying in high volumes to the diabetes management market |
10.2.13. |
Conclusions and Outlook for Wearable TMR sensors |
10.3. |
Chip-scale atomic clocks |
10.3.1. |
Atomic clocks offer more precise timing |
10.3.2. |
More accurate clocks = more accurate navigation |
10.3.3. |
Atomic clocks self-calibrate for clock drift |
10.3.4. |
Chip Scale Atomic Clocks for portable precision time-keeping |
10.3.5. |
A challenge remains to miniaturize atomic clocks without compromising on accuracy, stability and cost |
10.3.6. |
Drivers for growth? |
10.3.7. |
Conclusions and Outlook for Wearable Chip-Scale Atomic Clocks |
10.3.8. |
Wearable Quantum Sensors: Conclusions and Outlook |
11. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
11.1. |
Abbott Diabetes Care |
11.2. |
Artinis Medical Systems |
11.3. |
Biobeat Technologies |
11.4. |
Biosency |
11.5. |
Bosch Sensortec (Wearable Sensors) |
11.6. |
Cerca Magnetics |
11.7. |
Cosinuss |
11.8. |
Datwyler (Dry Electrodes) |
11.9. |
Dexcom |
11.10. |
Doublepoint |
11.11. |
EarSwitch (2023) |
11.12. |
EarSwitch (2024) |
11.13. |
Emteq Limited |
11.14. |
Epicore Biosystems |
11.15. |
Equivital |
11.16. |
Ferroperm Piezoceramics |
11.17. |
IDUN Technologies |
11.18. |
Infi-Tex |
11.19. |
Know Labs |
11.20. |
Kokoon |
11.21. |
Liquid Wire |
11.22. |
Mateligent GmbH |
11.23. |
Nanoleq |
11.24. |
Nanusens |
11.25. |
NeuroFusion |
11.26. |
NIQS Technology Ltd |
11.27. |
Orpyx |
11.28. |
PKVitality |
11.29. |
PragmatIC |
11.30. |
PROPHESEE |
11.31. |
Raynergy Tek |
11.32. |
Rhaeos Inc |
11.33. |
Sefar |
11.34. |
Segotia |
11.35. |
STMicroelectronics and Augmented Reality |
11.36. |
StretchSense |
11.37. |
Tacterion |
11.38. |
Teveri |
11.39. |
Valencell |
11.40. |
Vitality |
11.41. |
Wearable Devices Ltd. |
11.42. |
WHOOP |
11.43. |
Wisear |
11.44. |
Withings Health Solutions |
11.45. |
XSensio |
11.46. |
Zimmer and Peacock |