|
1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
|
1.1. |
What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
|
1.2. |
Why CCUS and why now? |
|
1.3. |
CCUS could help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors |
|
1.4. |
The CCUS value chain |
|
1.5. |
Carbon capture |
|
1.6. |
Carbon storage |
|
1.7. |
CO₂ Utilization |
|
1.8. |
Carbon pricing importance in the CCUS business model |
|
1.9. |
CCUS business model: The US funding boosting the industry |
|
1.10. |
The momentum behind CCUS is building up |
|
1.11. |
Trends in CO₂ capture sources |
|
1.12. |
Outlook for CCUS by CO₂ source sector |
|
1.13. |
Outlook for CCUS by CO₂ endpoint |
|
1.14. |
Mixed performance from deployed CCUS projects |
|
1.15. |
Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
|
1.16. |
Solid sorbent-based CO₂ capture |
|
1.17. |
Membrane-based CO₂ separation |
|
1.18. |
Emerging CO₂ utilization applications |
|
1.19. |
Is there enough underground capacity to store CO₂? |
|
1.20. |
CO₂ transportation is a bottleneck for CCUS scale-up |
|
1.21. |
CCUS market forecast - Key takeaways |
|
1.22. |
CCUS capacity forecast by capture type - Direct Air Capture (DAC) and point-source |
|
1.23. |
CCUS market forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Storage, utilization, and CO₂-EOR |
|
2. |
INTRODUCTION |
|
2.1. |
What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
|
2.2. |
Why CCUS and why now? |
|
2.3. |
CCUS could help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors |
|
2.4. |
The CCUS value chain |
|
2.5. |
Carbon capture introduction |
|
2.6. |
Carbon utilization introduction |
|
2.7. |
Main emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
|
2.8. |
Carbon storage introduction |
|
2.9. |
Carbon transport introduction |
|
2.10. |
The costs of CCUS |
|
2.11. |
The challenges in CCUS |
|
3. |
STATUS OF THE CCUS INDUSTRY |
|
3.1. |
The momentum behind CCUS is building up |
|
3.2. |
Momentum: Governments' support of CCUS |
|
3.3. |
Global pipeline of CCUS facilities built and announced |
|
3.4. |
Analysis of CCUS development |
|
3.5. |
CO₂ source: From which sectors has CO₂ been captured? |
|
3.6. |
CO₂ source: Planned CCUS capacity by CO₂ source sector |
|
3.7. |
CO₂ fate: Where does/will the captured CO₂ go? |
|
3.8. |
Regional analysis of CCUS facilities |
|
3.9. |
The improved 45Q tax credits scheme (1/2) |
|
3.10. |
The improved 45Q tax credits scheme (2/2) |
|
3.11. |
The UK is betting on CCUS clusters |
|
3.12. |
UK's CCUS clusters: East Coast Cluster |
|
3.13. |
UK's CCUS clusters: HyNet North West Cluster |
|
3.14. |
Major CCUS players |
|
3.15. |
Mixed performance from CCUS projects |
|
3.16. |
Flagship CCUS projects comparison |
|
3.17. |
Boundary Dam - battling capture technical issues |
|
3.18. |
Petra Nova's shutdown: lessons for the industry? |
|
3.19. |
What determines the success or failure of a CCUS project? |
|
3.20. |
Enabling large-scale CCUS |
|
4. |
CARBON PRICING STRATEGIES |
|
4.1. |
Carbon pricing |
|
4.2. |
Carbon pricing across the world |
|
4.3. |
The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) |
|
4.4. |
Has the EU ETS had an impact? |
|
4.5. |
Carbon pricing in the UK |
|
4.6. |
Carbon pricing in the US |
|
4.7. |
Carbon pricing in China |
|
4.8. |
Carbon prices in currently implemented ETS or carbon tax schemes (2022) |
|
4.9. |
Challenges with carbon pricing |
|
5. |
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE |
|
5.1.1. |
Main CO₂ capture systems |
|
5.1.2. |
DAC vs point-source carbon capture |
|
5.1.3. |
Main CO₂ capture technologies |
|
5.1.4. |
Comparison of CO₂ capture technologies |
|
5.1.5. |
The challenges in carbon capture |
|
5.1.6. |
CO₂ capture: Technological gaps |
|
5.1.7. |
Metrics for CO₂ capture agents |
|
5.2. |
Point-source Carbon Capture |
|
5.2.1. |
Point-source carbon capture (PSCC) |
|
5.2.2. |
Post-combustion CO₂ capture |
|
5.2.3. |
Pre-combustion CO₂ capture |
|
5.2.4. |
Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
|
5.2.5. |
Comparison of point-source CO₂ capture systems |
|
5.2.6. |
Post-combustion: Equipment space requirements |
|
5.2.7. |
Going beyond CO₂ capture rates of 90% |
|
5.2.8. |
99% capture rate: Suitability of different PSCC technologies |
|
5.2.9. |
CO₂ capture partnership: Linde and BASF |
|
5.3. |
Solvent-based CO₂ Capture |
|
5.3.1. |
Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
|
5.3.2. |
Chemical absorption solvents |
|
5.3.3. |
Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption |
|
5.3.4. |
Hot Potassium Carbonate (HPC) process |
|
5.3.5. |
Chilled ammonia process (CAP) |
|
5.3.6. |
Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (1/3) |
|
5.3.7. |
Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (2/3) |
|
5.3.8. |
Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (3/3) |
|
5.3.9. |
Chemical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (1/2) |
|
5.3.10. |
Chemical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (2/2) |
|
5.3.11. |
Physical absorption solvents |
|
5.3.12. |
Comparison of key physical absorption solvents |
|
5.3.13. |
Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects |
|
5.3.14. |
Innovation addressing solvent-based CO₂ capture drawbacks |
|
5.3.15. |
Innovation in carbon capture solvents |
|
5.3.16. |
Next generation solvent technologies for point-source carbon capture |
|
5.4. |
Sorbent-based CO₂ Capture |
|
5.4.1. |
Solid sorbent-based CO₂ separation |
|
5.4.2. |
Solid sorbents for CO₂ capture (1/3) |
|
5.4.3. |
Solid sorbents for CO₂ capture (2/3) |
|
5.4.4. |
Solid sorbents for CO₂ capture (3/3) |
|
5.4.5. |
Comparison of key solid sorbent systems |
|
5.4.6. |
Solid sorbents in post-combustion applications |
|
5.4.7. |
Solid sorbents in pre-combustion applications |
|
5.4.8. |
Solid sorbents show promising results for pre-combustion CO₂ capture applications |
|
5.5. |
Membrane-based CO₂ capture |
|
5.5.1. |
Membrane-based CO₂ separation |
|
5.5.2. |
Membranes: Operating principles |
|
5.5.3. |
Membranes for pre-combustion capture (1/2) |
|
5.5.4. |
Membranes for pre-combustion capture (2/2) |
|
5.5.5. |
Membranes for post-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion capture |
|
5.5.6. |
Developments in membrane capture technologies |
|
5.5.7. |
Technical advantages and challenges for membrane-based CO₂ separation |
|
5.5.8. |
Organic vs inorganic catalytic membranes |
|
5.5.9. |
Comparison of membranes applied to CCUS |
|
5.6. |
Novel CO₂ Capture Technologies |
|
5.6.1. |
Novel concepts for CO₂ separation |
|
5.6.2. |
Capture technology innovation (1/2) |
|
5.6.3. |
Capture technology innovation (2/2) |
|
5.6.4. |
Cryogenic CO₂ capture: an emerging alternative |
|
5.6.5. |
Chemical looping combustion (CLC) |
|
5.6.6. |
LEILAC process: Direct CO₂ capture in cement plants |
|
5.6.7. |
LEILAC process: Configuration options |
|
5.6.8. |
Calcium Looping (CaL) |
|
5.6.9. |
Calcium Looping (CaL) configuration options |
|
5.6.10. |
CO₂ capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) |
|
5.6.11. |
CO₂ capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) |
|
5.6.12. |
The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle |
|
5.7. |
Point-source Carbon Capture in Key Industrial Sectors |
|
5.7.1. |
Power plants with CCUS generate less energy |
|
5.7.2. |
The impact of PSCC on power plant efficiency |
|
5.7.3. |
Is a zero-emissions fossil power plant possible? |
|
5.7.4. |
CO₂ capture for blue hydrogen production (1/2) |
|
5.7.5. |
CO₂ capture for blue hydrogen production (2/2) |
|
5.7.6. |
CO₂ capture retrofit options for blue hydrogen |
|
5.7.7. |
Status of carbon capture in the cement industry |
|
5.7.8. |
Pipeline of CCUS projects in development in the cement industry |
|
5.7.9. |
Carbon capture technologies demonstrated in the cement sector |
|
5.7.10. |
SkyMine® chemical absorption: The largest CCU demonstration in the cement sector |
|
5.7.11. |
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) in the cement sector: Fortera's ReCarb™ |
|
5.7.12. |
Algae CO₂ capture from cement plants |
|
5.7.13. |
Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector |
|
5.7.14. |
Carbon capture in marine vessels |
|
5.7.15. |
Summary: PSCC technology readiness and providers (1/2) |
|
5.7.16. |
Summary: PSCC technology readiness and providers (2/2) |
|
5.8. |
Direct Air Capture |
|
5.8.1. |
What is direct air capture (DAC)? |
|
5.8.2. |
Why direct air capture (DAC)? |
|
5.8.3. |
The state of the DAC market |
|
5.8.4. |
Momentum: private investments in DAC |
|
5.8.5. |
Momentum: public investment and policy support for DAC |
|
5.8.6. |
Momentum: DAC-specific regulation |
|
5.8.7. |
Direct air capture technologies |
|
5.8.8. |
Liquid solvent-based DAC and alkali looping regeneration |
|
5.8.9. |
DAC solid sorbent swing adsorption processes (1/2) |
|
5.8.10. |
DAC solid sorbent swing adsorption processes (2/2) |
|
5.8.11. |
Electro-swing adsorption of CO₂ for DAC |
|
5.8.12. |
Solid sorbents in DAC |
|
5.8.13. |
Emerging solid sorbent materials for DAC |
|
5.8.14. |
Solid sorbent- vs liquid solvent-based DAC |
|
5.8.15. |
Direct air capture companies |
|
5.8.16. |
Direct air capture company landscape |
|
5.8.17. |
A comparison of the DAC leaders |
|
5.8.18. |
Challenges associated with DAC technology (1/2) |
|
5.8.19. |
Challenges associated with DAC technology (2/2) |
|
5.8.20. |
DACCS co-location with geothermal energy |
|
5.8.21. |
Will DAC be deployed in time to make a difference? |
|
5.8.22. |
What is needed for DAC to achieve the gigatonne capacity by 2050? |
|
5.8.23. |
DAC land requirement is an advantage |
|
5.8.24. |
DAC SWOT analysis |
|
5.8.25. |
DAC: key takeaways |
|
5.9. |
Carbon Capture Cost Analysis |
|
5.9.1. |
The factors influencing CO₂ capture costs |
|
5.9.2. |
How does CO₂ partial pressure influence cost? |
|
5.9.3. |
PSCC technologies: Cost, energy demand, and CO₂ recovery |
|
5.9.4. |
Techno-economic comparison of CO₂ capture technologies (1/2) |
|
5.9.5. |
Techno-economic comparison of CO₂ capture technologies (2/2) |
|
5.9.6. |
Economic comparison between amine- and membrane-based CO₂ capture |
|
5.9.7. |
The cost of increasing the rate of CO₂ capture in the power sector |
|
5.9.8. |
The economics of DAC |
|
5.9.9. |
The CAPEX of DAC |
|
5.9.10. |
The CAPEX of DAC: sub-system contribution |
|
5.9.11. |
The OPEX of DAC |
|
5.9.12. |
Levelized cost of DAC |
|
5.9.13. |
Financing DAC |
|
6. |
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL (CDR) |
|
6.1. |
What is carbon dioxide removal (CDR)? |
|
6.2. |
What is the difference between CDR and CCUS? |
|
6.3. |
Why carbon dioxide removal (CDR)? |
|
6.4. |
The state of CDR in the voluntary carbon market |
|
6.5. |
Direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) |
|
6.6. |
Afforestation and reforestation (A/R) |
|
6.7. |
Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) |
|
6.8. |
Ocean-based Negative Emissions Technologies |
|
6.9. |
Biochar and bio-oil |
|
6.10. |
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) |
|
6.11. |
Opportunities in BECCS: heat generation |
|
6.12. |
Opportunities in BECCS: waste-to-energy |
|
6.13. |
BECCUS current status |
|
6.14. |
Trends in BECCUS projects (1/2) |
|
6.15. |
Trends in BECCUS projects (2/2) |
|
6.16. |
The challenges of BECCS |
|
6.17. |
What is the business model for BECCS? |
|
6.18. |
The energy and carbon efficiency of BECCS |
|
6.19. |
Is BECCS sustainable? |
|
6.20. |
BECCS for hydrogen production and carbon removal |
|
6.21. |
CDR technologies: key takeaways |
|
7. |
CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION |
|
7.1.1. |
CO₂ Utilization as a climate mitigation solution |
|
7.1.2. |
How is CO₂ used and sourced today? |
|
7.1.3. |
CO₂ Utilization pathways |
|
7.1.4. |
Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications (1/2) |
|
7.1.5. |
Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications (2/2) |
|
7.1.6. |
Factors driving future market potential |
|
7.1.7. |
Carbon utilization potential and climate benefits |
|
7.1.8. |
Cost effectiveness of CO₂ utilization applications |
|
7.1.9. |
Carbon pricing is needed for most CO₂U applications to break even |
|
7.1.10. |
Traction in CO₂U: Funding worldwide |
|
7.1.11. |
Technology readiness and climate benefits of CO₂U pathways |
|
7.1.12. |
CO₂ Utilization: General pros and cons |
|
7.2. |
CO₂-derived building materials |
|
7.2.1. |
The Basic Chemistry: CO₂ Mineralization |
|
7.2.2. |
CO₂ use in the cement and concrete supply chain |
|
7.2.3. |
CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
|
7.2.4. |
CO₂ utilization in carbonates |
|
7.2.5. |
CO₂-derived carbonates from waste (1/2) |
|
7.2.6. |
CO₂-derived carbonates from waste (2/2) |
|
7.2.7. |
The market potential of CO₂ use in the construction industry |
|
7.2.8. |
Supplying CO₂ to a decentralized concrete industry |
|
7.2.9. |
Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets |
|
7.2.10. |
Market dynamics of cement and concrete |
|
7.2.11. |
CO₂U business models in building materials |
|
7.2.12. |
CO₂ utilization players in mineralization |
|
7.2.13. |
Concrete carbon footprint of key CO₂U companies |
|
7.2.14. |
Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials |
|
7.3. |
CO₂-derived chemicals and polymers |
|
7.3.1. |
CO₂ can be converted into a giant range of chemicals |
|
7.3.2. |
Using CO₂ as a feedstock is energy-intensive |
|
7.3.3. |
The basics: Types of CO₂ utilization reactions |
|
7.3.4. |
CO₂ may need to be first converted into CO or syngas |
|
7.3.5. |
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Syngas to hydrocarbons |
|
7.3.6. |
Electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
|
7.3.7. |
Low-temperature electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
|
7.3.8. |
High-temperature solid oxide electrolyzers |
|
7.3.9. |
Cost parity has been a challenge for CO₂-derived methanol |
|
7.3.10. |
Thermochemical methods: CO₂-derived methanol |
|
7.3.11. |
Aromatic hydrocarbons from CO₂ |
|
7.3.12. |
Artificial photosynthesis |
|
7.3.13. |
CO₂ in polymer manufacturing |
|
7.3.14. |
Commercial production of polycarbonate from CO₂ |
|
7.3.15. |
Carbon nanostructures made from CO₂ |
|
7.3.16. |
Players in CO₂-derived chemicals by end-product |
|
7.3.17. |
CO₂-derived chemicals: Market potential |
|
7.3.18. |
Are CO₂-derived chemicals climate beneficial? |
|
7.3.19. |
CO₂-derived chemicals manufacturing: Centralized or distributed? |
|
7.3.20. |
What would it take for the chemical industry to run on CO₂? |
|
7.3.21. |
Which CO₂U technologies are more suitable to which products? |
|
7.3.22. |
Technical feasibility of main CO₂-derived chemicals |
|
7.3.23. |
Key takeaways in CO₂-derived chemicals and polymers |
|
7.4. |
CO₂-derived fuels |
|
7.4.1. |
What are CO₂-derived fuels? |
|
7.4.2. |
CO₂ can be converted into a variety of energy carriers |
|
7.4.3. |
Summary of main routes to CO₂-fuels |
|
7.4.4. |
The challenge of energy efficiency |
|
7.4.5. |
CO₂-fuels market: Legacy vehicles and long-haul transportation |
|
7.4.6. |
CO₂-fuels in shipping |
|
7.4.7. |
CO₂-fuels in aviation |
|
7.4.8. |
Synthetic natural gas - thermocatalytic pathway |
|
7.4.9. |
Biological fermentation of CO₂ into methane |
|
7.4.10. |
Drivers and barriers for power-to-gas technology adoption |
|
7.4.11. |
Power-to-gas projects worldwide - current and announced |
|
7.4.12. |
Can CO₂-fuels achieve cost parity with fossil-fuels? |
|
7.4.13. |
CO₂-fuels rollout is linked to electrolyzer capacity |
|
7.4.14. |
Low-carbon hydrogen is crucial to CO₂-fuels |
|
7.4.15. |
CO₂-derived fuels projects announced |
|
7.4.16. |
CO₂-derived fuels projects worldwide over time - current and announced |
|
7.4.17. |
CO₂-fuels from solar power |
|
7.4.18. |
Companies in CO₂-fuels by end-product |
|
7.4.19. |
Are CO₂-fuels climate beneficial? |
|
7.4.20. |
CO₂-derived fuels SWOT analysis |
|
7.4.21. |
CO₂-derived fuels: Market potential |
|
7.4.22. |
Key takeaways |
|
7.5. |
CO₂ utilization in biological processes |
|
7.5.1. |
CO₂ utilization in biological processes |
|
7.5.2. |
Main companies using CO₂ in biological processes |
|
7.5.3. |
CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses |
|
7.5.4. |
CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: Market potential |
|
7.5.5. |
CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: Pros and cons |
|
7.5.6. |
CO₂-enhanced algae or cyanobacteria cultivation |
|
7.5.7. |
CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: Open vs closed systems |
|
7.5.8. |
Algae has multiple market applications |
|
7.5.9. |
The algae-based fuel market has been rocky |
|
7.5.10. |
Algae-based fuel for aviation |
|
7.5.11. |
CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: Pros and cons |
|
7.5.12. |
CO₂ utilization in biomanufacturing |
|
7.5.13. |
CO₂-consuming microorganisms |
|
7.5.14. |
Food and feed from CO₂ |
|
7.5.15. |
CO₂-derived food and feed: Market |
|
7.5.16. |
Carbon fermentation: Pros and cons |
|
8. |
CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE |
|
8.1.1. |
The case for carbon dioxide storage or sequestration |
|
8.1.2. |
Technology status of CO₂ storage |
|
8.1.3. |
Storing supercritical CO₂ underground |
|
8.1.4. |
Mechanisms of subsurface CO₂ trapping |
|
8.1.5. |
Estimates of global CO₂ storage space |
|
8.1.6. |
CO₂ leakage is a small risk |
|
8.1.7. |
Monitoring, measurement, and verification (MMV) in CO₂ storage |
|
8.1.8. |
Carbon storage: Technical challenges |
|
8.2. |
CO₂ Dedicated Storage |
|
8.2.1. |
Storage types for geologic CO₂ storage (1/3) |
|
8.2.2. |
Storage types for geologic CO₂ storage (2/3) |
|
8.2.3. |
Storage types for geologic CO₂ storage (2/3) |
|
8.2.4. |
Can CO₂ storage be monetized? |
|
8.2.5. |
CCS as a Service in the North Sea: The Longship Project |
|
8.2.6. |
CCS as a Service in the North Sea: The Porthos Project |
|
8.2.7. |
The cost of carbon sequestration (1/2) |
|
8.2.8. |
The cost of carbon sequestration (1/2) |
|
8.3. |
CO₂ Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) |
|
8.3.1. |
What is CO₂ Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)? |
|
8.3.2. |
What happens to the injected CO₂? |
|
8.3.3. |
Types of CO₂-EOR designs |
|
8.3.4. |
Global status of CO₂-EOR: US dominates but other regions arise |
|
8.3.5. |
Operational anthropogenic CO₂-EOR facilities worldwide |
|
8.3.6. |
CO₂-EOR potential |
|
8.3.7. |
Most CO₂ in the US is still naturally sourced |
|
8.3.8. |
CO₂-EOR main players in the US |
|
8.3.9. |
CO₂-EOR main players in North America |
|
8.3.10. |
CO₂-EOR in China |
|
8.3.11. |
The economics of promoting CO₂ storage through CO₂-EOR |
|
8.3.12. |
The impact of oil prices on CO₂-EOR feasibility |
|
8.3.13. |
Climate considerations in CO₂-EOR |
|
8.3.14. |
The climate impact of CO₂-EOR varies over time |
|
8.3.15. |
CO₂-EOR: An on-ramp for CCS and DACCS? |
|
8.3.16. |
CO₂-EOR in shale: The next frontier? |
|
8.3.17. |
CO₂-EOR SWOT analysis |
|
8.3.18. |
CO₂-EOR: Key market takeaways |
|
8.3.19. |
CO₂-EOR: Key environmental takeaways |
|
9. |
CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION |
|
9.1. |
CO₂ transportation |
|
9.2. |
CO₂ transportation is a bottleneck |
|
9.3. |
Technical challenges in CO₂ transport |
|
9.4. |
Technology status of CO₂ transport |
|
9.5. |
Cost considerations in CO₂ transport (1/2) |
|
9.6. |
Cost considerations in CO₂ transport (2/2) |
|
9.7. |
Potential for cost reduction in transport and storage |
|
9.8. |
CO₂ Infrastructure in Europe |
|
9.9. |
CO₂ transport and storage business model |
|
10. |
MARKET FORECASTS |
|
10.1. |
CCUS forecast methodology and assumptions |
|
10.2. |
CCUS forecast breakdown |
|
10.3. |
CCUS market forecast - Overall discussion |
|
10.4. |
CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
10.5. |
CCUS forecast by capture type - Direct Air Capture (DAC) capacity forecast |
|
10.6. |
Point-source carbon capture capacity forecast by CO₂ source sector, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
10.7. |
Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Industry and hydrogen |
|
10.8. |
Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Gas, power, and bioenergy |
|
10.9. |
CCUS capacity forecast by CO₂ endpoint, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
10.10. |
CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Discussion |
|
10.11. |
CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ storage |
|
10.12. |
CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ enhanced oil recovery (EOR) |
|
10.13. |
CO₂ utilization capacity forecast by CO₂ end-use, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
10.14. |
CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ utilization |
|
11. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
|
11.1. |
8Rivers |
|
11.2. |
Cambridge Carbon Capture |
|
11.3. |
Carbicrete |
|
11.4. |
Carboclave |
|
11.5. |
Carbon Engineering |
|
11.6. |
Carbon Recycling International |
|
11.7. |
Carbon Upcycling Technologies |
|
11.8. |
CarbonCure |
|
11.9. |
CarbonFree |
|
11.10. |
CarbonWorks |
|
11.11. |
Cemvita Factory |
|
11.12. |
CERT |
|
11.13. |
Charm Industrial |
|
11.14. |
Chiyoda Corporation |
|
11.15. |
Climeworks |
|
11.16. |
Coval Energy |
|
11.17. |
Denbury |
|
11.18. |
Dimensional Energy |
|
11.19. |
Econic |
|
11.20. |
Electrochaea |
|
11.21. |
Evonik |
|
11.22. |
Fortera |
|
11.23. |
Global Thermostat |
|
11.24. |
LanzaTech |
|
11.25. |
Liquid Wind |
|
11.26. |
Mars Materials |
|
11.27. |
Mercurius Biorefining |
|
11.28. |
Newlight Technologies |
|
11.29. |
OBRIST Group |
|
11.30. |
Planetary Technologies |
|
11.31. |
SkyNano LLC |
|
11.32. |
Solar Foods |
|
11.33. |
Sunfire |
|
11.34. |
Sustaera |
|
11.35. |
Synhelion |
|
11.36. |
Twelve |
|
11.37. |
UP Catalyst |
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