Summary

The global market for advanced bio-based and sustainable materials is experiencing rapid growth driven by increasing environmental concerns, regulatory pressure for sustainable solutions, and growing consumer demand for eco-friendly products. These materials are being developed to replace petroleum-based and other non-sustainable materials across multiple industries while offering improved environmental performance and circularity.

Key drivers include:

• Push to reduce carbon emissions and environmental impact
• Government regulations promoting sustainable materials
• Corporate sustainability commitments
• Consumer preference for eco-friendly products
• Need for alternatives to petroleum-based materials
• Advancement in production technologies
• Investment in bio-based manufacturing

The market encompasses multiple material categories including bio-based chemicals, polymers, composites, and advanced materials for construction, packaging, textiles, and electronics applications. Current market size is estimated at over $100 billion and growing at 10-15% annually, with bio-based polymers and sustainable packaging representing the largest segments.

Significant opportunities exist in:

• Drop-in replacements for petroleum-based chemicals
• Novel bio-based polymers with enhanced properties
• Natural fiber composites for automotive and construction
• Sustainable building materials and green steel
• Bio-based packaging solutions
• Next-generation sustainable textiles
• Electronics from renewable materials

The outlook remains highly positive as technologies mature and costs decrease. Growth is expected to accelerate as manufacturers increase adoption of sustainable materials to meet environmental goals and consumer demands. Asia Pacific represents the fastest growing market, while Europe leads in technology development and adoption.

This extensive 2200+ page report provides detailed market data and analysis of the rapidly growing advanced bio-based and sustainable materials market, covering bio-based chemicals, polymers, composites, construction materials, packaging, textiles, adhesives, and electronics applications. The report includes granular 10-year forecasts, competitive analysis of over 1,000 companies, and in-depth assessment of technologies, manufacturing processes, and end-use markets.

Key Report Features:

• Comprehensive analysis of bio-based chemicals and intermediates including starch, glucose, lignin, and plant-based feedstocks
• Detailed market sizing and forecasts for bio-based polymers and plastics including PLA, PHA, bio-PE, bio-PET
• Assessment of natural fiber composites and wood composites market opportunities
• Analysis of sustainable construction materials including bio-concrete, green steel, and thermal materials
• Deep dive into bio-based packaging applications and markets
• Coverage of sustainable textiles and bio-based leather alternatives
• Evaluation of bio-based adhesives, coatings and electronic materials
• Company profiles of over 1,000 companies developing advanced sustainable materials. Companies profiled include ADBioplastics, AlgiKnit, Allbirds Materials, Ananas Anam, Anellotech, Avantium, Basilisk, BASF, Blue Planet, Bluepha, Bolt Threads, Borealis, Braskem, Carbios, CarbonCure, Cargill, Cathay Biotech, CJ Biomaterials, Danimer Scientific, DuPont, Ecologic Brands, Ecovative, FlexSea, Futamura, Genomatica, GRECO, Helian Polymers BV, Huitong Biomaterials, Interface, Kaneka, Kingfa Science and Technology, Lactips, Loliware, MarinaTex, Modern Meadow, Mogu, Mushroom Packaging, MycoWorks, Natural Fiber Welding, NatureWorks, Newlight Technologies, Notpla, Novamont, Novozymes, Orange Fiber, Origin Materials, Ourobio, Paptic, Plantic Technologies, PlantSea, Prometheus Materials, Roquette, RWDC Industries, Solidia Technologies, Spinnova, Succinity, Sulapac, Sulzer, TerraVerdae Bioworks, Tipa Corp, Total Corbion, TotalEnergies Corbion, Trinseo, UPM, Vitrolabs, Wear Once, Xampla, Yield10 Bioscience, Zoa BioFabrics and more....

Detailed Coverage Includes:

• Raw material sourcing and feedstock analysis
• Production processes and manufacturing methods
• Material properties and performance characteristics
• End-use applications and market opportunities
• Competitive landscape and company strategies
• Technology roadmaps and future outlook
• Regional market analysis
• Regulatory considerations
• Sustainability metrics and environmental impact

The report segments the market by:

• Material Type:
  • Bio-based chemicals and intermediates
  • Bio-based polymers and plastics
  • Natural fiber composites
  • Sustainable construction materials
  • Bio-based packaging
  • Sustainable textiles
  • Bio-based adhesives and coatings
  • Sustainable electronics
• End-Use Markets:
  • Packaging
  • Construction
  • Automotive
  • Textiles & Apparel
  • Electronics
  • Consumer Products
  • Industrial Applications
• Geographic Regions:
  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Rest of World

The report provides essential market intelligence for:

• Chemical and materials companies
• Packaging manufacturers
• Construction companies
• Textile and apparel brands
• Electronics manufacturers
• Investment firms and VCs
• R&D organizations

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Table of Contents

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 106

2 INTRODUCTION 107

2.1 Definition of Sustainable and Bio-based Materials 107
2.2 Importance and Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 108

3 BIOBASED CHEMICALS AND INTERMEDIATES 109

3.1 BIOREFINERIES 109
3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE 110
3.3 PLANT-BASED 113
3.3.1 STARCH 113
3.3.1.1 Overview 113
3.3.1.2 Sources 113
3.3.1.3 Global production 114
3.3.1.4 Lysine 115
3.3.1.4.1 Source 115
3.3.1.4.2 Applications 116
3.3.1.4.3 Global production 116
3.3.1.5 Glucose 117
3.3.1.5.1 HMDA 118
3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview 118
3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources 119
3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications 119
3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production 119
3.3.1.5.2 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5) 120
3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview 120
3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources 120
3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications 121
3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production 121
3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol 122
3.3.1.5.3.1 Isosorbide 122
3.3.1.5.3.1.1 Overview 122
3.3.1.5.3.1.2 Sources 123
3.3.1.5.3.1.3 Applications 123
3.3.1.5.3.1.4 Global production 123
3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid 124
3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview 124
3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid 124
3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid 125
3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide 125
3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid 127
3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview 127
3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources 127
3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications 128
3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production 128
3.3.1.5.6 3-HP 129
3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview 129
3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources 129
3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications 130
3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production 130
3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid 131
3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview 131
3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications 131
3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production 132
3.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) 133
3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview 133
3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications 133
3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production 133
3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid 134
3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview 134
3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources 134
3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications 135
3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production 135
3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) 136
3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview 136
3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications 136
3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Global production 137
3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF) 138
3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview 138
3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications 138
3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production 138
3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid 139
3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview 139
3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications 140
3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame 140
3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview 140
3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications 141
3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production 141
3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol 142
3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview 142
3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources 143
3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications 143
3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production 143
3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene 144
3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview 144
3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources 144
3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications 145
3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production 145
3.3.1.5.9.5.5 Terephthalic acid 146
3.3.1.5.9.5.6 Overview 146
3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol 147
3.3.1.5.10.1.1 Overview 147
3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources 147
3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications 148
3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production 148
3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG) 149
3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview 149
3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources 149
3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications 149
3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production 150
3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol 150
3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview 150
3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources 151
3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications 151
3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production 152
3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene 152
3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview 152
3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications 153
3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production 153
3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene 154
3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride 155
3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate 157
3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS 158
3.3.2.1 Saccharose 158
3.3.2.1.1 Aniline 159
3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview 159
3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications 159
3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production 160
3.3.2.1.2 Fructose 160
3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview 160
3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications 160
3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production 161
3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) 161
3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview 161
3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications 162
3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production 162
3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF) 163
3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview 163
3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications 163
3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production 164
3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid 164
3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview 164
3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications 164
3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production 165
3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME 166
3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview 166
3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications 166
3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production 166
3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA 167
3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview 167
3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications 167
3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production 168
3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 168
3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone 168
3.3.3.1.1 Overview 168
3.3.3.1.2 Applications 168
3.3.3.1.3 Global production 169
3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose 169
3.3.3.2.1 Overview 169
3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose 170
3.3.3.2.3 Global production 171
3.3.3.2.4 Furfural 171
3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview 171
3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications 172
3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production 172
3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol 173
3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview 173
3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications 173
3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production 173
3.3.3.3 Lignin 174
3.3.3.3.1 Overview 174
3.3.3.3.2 Sources 174
3.3.3.3.3 Applications 176
3.3.3.3.3.1 Aromatic compounds 176
3.3.3.3.3.1.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene 176
3.3.3.3.3.1.2 Phenol and phenolic resins 177
3.3.3.3.3.1.3 Vanillin 177
3.3.3.3.3.2 Polymers 178
3.3.3.3.4 Global production 179
3.3.4 PLANT OILS 180
3.3.4.1 Overview 180
3.3.4.2 Glycerol 180
3.3.4.2.1 Overview 180
3.3.4.2.2 Applications 181
3.3.4.2.3 Global production 181
3.3.4.2.4 MPG 182
3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview 182
3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications 182
3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production 183
3.3.4.2.5 ECH 183
3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview 183
3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications 183
3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production 184
3.3.4.3 Fatty acids 185
3.3.4.3.1 Overview 185
3.3.4.3.2 Applications 185
3.3.4.3.3 Global production 185
3.3.4.4 Castor oil 186
3.3.4.4.1 Overview 186
3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid 186
3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview 186
3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications 186
3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production 187
3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA) 187
3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview 187
3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications 188
3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production 188
3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) 189
3.3.4.5.1 Overview 189
3.3.4.5.2 Applications 189
3.3.4.5.3 Global production 190
3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate 190
3.3.4.6.1 Overview 190
3.3.4.6.2 Applications 191
3.3.4.6.3 Global production 191
3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK 192
3.3.5.1 Casein 192
3.3.5.1.1 Overview 192
3.3.5.1.2 Applications 192
3.3.5.1.3 Global production 193
3.4 WASTE 194
3.4.1 Food waste 194
3.4.1.1 Overview 194
3.4.1.2 Products and applications 194
3.4.1.2.1 Global production 195
3.4.2 Agricultural waste 195
3.4.2.1 Overview 195
3.4.2.2 Products and applications 195
3.4.2.3 Global production 196
3.4.3 Forestry waste 196
3.4.3.1 Overview 197
3.4.3.2 Products and applications 197
3.4.3.3 Global production 197
3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste 198
3.4.4.1 Overview 198
3.4.4.2 Products and applications 198
3.4.4.3 Global production 198
3.4.5 Municipal solid waste 199
3.4.5.1 Overview 199
3.4.5.2 Products and applications 199
3.4.5.3 Global production 200
3.4.6 Industrial waste 200
3.4.6.1 Overview 201
3.4.7 Waste oils 201
3.4.7.1 Overview 201
3.4.7.2 Products and applications 201
3.4.7.3 Global production 201
3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES 202
3.5.1 Microalgae 202
3.5.1.1 Overview 202
3.5.1.2 Products and applications 202
3.5.1.3 Global production 203
3.5.2 Macroalgae 203
3.5.2.1 Overview 204
3.5.2.2 Products and applications 204
3.5.2.3 Global production 204
3.5.3 Mineral sources 205
3.5.3.1 Overview 205
3.5.3.2 Products and applications 206
3.6 GASEOUS 206
3.6.1 Biogas 207
3.6.1.1 Overview 207
3.6.1.2 Products and applications 207
3.6.1.3 Global production 208
3.6.2 Syngas 208
3.6.2.1 Overview 209
3.6.2.2 Products and applications 210
3.6.2.3 Global production 210
3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO 210
3.6.3.1 Overview 211
3.6.3.2 Products and applications 211
3.7 COMPANY PROFILES 211 (128 company profiles)

4 BIOBASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS 294

4.1 Overview 294
4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics 294
4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics 295
4.2 Biodegradable and compostable plastics 295
4.2.1 Biodegradability 296
4.2.2 Compostability 297
4.3 Types 297
4.4 Key market players 299
4.5 Synthetic biobased polymers 300
4.5.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 300
4.5.1.1 Market analysis 300
4.5.1.2 Production 302
4.5.1.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned 302
4.5.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities 302
4.5.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities 302
4.5.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 304
4.5.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) 304
4.5.2.1 Market analysis 304
4.5.2.2 Producers and production capacities 305
4.5.2.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 306
4.5.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) 306
4.5.3.1 Market analysis 306
4.5.3.2 Producers and production capacities 307
4.5.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 307
4.5.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) 308
4.5.4.1 Market analysis 308
4.5.4.2 Comparative properties to PET 309
4.5.4.3 Producers and production capacities 310
4.5.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities 310
4.5.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 311
4.5.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA) 311
4.5.5.1 Market analysis 311
4.5.5.2 Producers and production capacities 312
4.5.5.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 313
4.5.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) 313
4.5.6.1 Market analysis 313
4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities 314
4.5.6.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 315
4.5.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers 315
4.5.7.1 Market analysis 316
4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities 316
4.5.7.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 316
4.5.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) 317
4.5.8.1 Market analysis 317
4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities 318
4.5.8.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 319
4.5.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 319
4.5.9.1 Market analysis 319
4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities 320
4.5.9.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes) 320
4.6 Natural biobased polymers 321
4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 321
4.6.1.1 Technology description 321
4.6.1.2 Types 322
4.6.1.2.1 PHB 324
4.6.1.2.2 PHBV 325
4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes 326
4.6.1.4 Market analysis 328
4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs 329
4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs 330
4.6.1.6.1 Packaging 331
4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics 333
4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres 333
4.6.1.6.3 Medical 333
4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering 333
4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery 333
4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture 333
4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film 333
4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags 334
4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities 334
4.6.2 Cellulose 335
4.6.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 335
4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis 335
4.6.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities 336
4.6.2.2 Nanocellulose 337
4.6.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals 337
4.6.2.2.1.1 Synthesis 337
4.6.2.2.1.2 Properties 339
4.6.2.2.1.3 Production 340
4.6.2.2.1.4 Applications 340
4.6.2.2.1.5 Market analysis 341
4.6.2.2.1.6 Producers and production capacities 343
4.6.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers 343
4.6.2.2.2.1 Applications 344
4.6.2.2.2.2 Market analysis 345
4.6.2.2.2.3 Producers and production capacities 346
4.6.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 347
4.6.2.2.3.1 Production 347
4.6.2.2.3.2 Applications 349
4.6.3 Protein-based bioplastics 350
4.6.3.1 Types, applications and producers 351
4.6.4 Algal and fungal 352
4.6.4.1 Algal 352
4.6.4.1.1 Advantages 352
4.6.4.1.2 Production 353
4.6.4.1.3 Producers 354
4.6.4.2 Mycelium 354
4.6.4.2.1 Properties 354
4.6.4.2.2 Applications 355
4.6.4.2.3 Commercialization 356
4.6.5 Chitosan 357
4.6.5.1 Technology description 357
4.7 Bio-rubber 358
4.7.1 Overview 358
4.7.2 Applications 358
4.7.3 Importance of Recycling and Residue Utilization 359
4.7.4 Raw Material Sourcing and Selection 360
4.7.5 Production Methods and Processing Techniques 360
4.7.6 Environmental Impact and Benefits 361
4.7.7 Material Properties and Testing 362
4.7.8 Comparison with Conventional Rubber 363
4.7.9 Applications in Construction 363
4.7.9.1 Bio-Rubber Use in Building Panels 364
4.7.9.2 Thermal and Acoustic Insulation 364
4.7.10 Applications in the Automotive Industry 364
4.7.10.1 Automotive Parts and Components 365
4.7.11 Applications in Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 366
4.7.11.1 Gloves, Boots, and Safety Equipment 367
4.7.11.2 Enhancing Durability and Comfort 367
4.7.11.3 2 Standards Compliance and Health Implications 367
4.7.11.4 Challenges and Limitations 368
4.7.12 Technological Challenges in Bio-Rubber Production 368
4.7.13 Cost and Economic Viability 369
4.7.14 Regulatory and Safety Concerns 369
4.7.15 Sustainability and Environmental Impact Analysis 370
4.7.16 Growth Prospects in Construction, Automotive, and PPE Sectors 370
4.8 Bio-plastic from residues 371
4.8.1 Overview 371
4.8.2 Production and Properties 373
4.8.3 Manufacturing Processes and Techniques 374
4.8.4 Material Properties: Biodegradability, Food-Safe, and Recyclability 374
4.8.5 Applications 375
4.8.5.1 Caps and Closures 375
4.8.5.1.1 Bottle Caps and Sealing Solutions 375
4.8.5.1.2 Compatibility with Food and Beverage Standards 376
4.8.5.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 376
4.8.5.2.1 Bio-Plastic in Face Shields, Gloves, and Masks 377
4.8.5.2.2 Biodegradability and Safety Standards 377
4.8.5.2.3 Market Trends in Eco-Friendly PPE 378
4.8.5.3 Healthcare and Medical Products 378
4.8.5.3.1 Disposable Medical Tools, Packaging, and Devices 378
4.8.5.3.2 Sterility, Safety, and Bio-Compatibility Standards 379
4.8.5.3.3 Adoption by Healthcare Providers 379
4.8.5.4 Agriculture 380
4.8.5.4.1 Mulch Films, Plant Pots, and Seed Coatings 380
4.8.5.5 Cosmetics and Food 382
4.8.5.5.1 Bio-Plastic in Cosmetic Jars, Food Containers, and Wraps 382
4.8.5.5.2 Food Contact Safety and Aesthetic Appeal 382
4.8.5.5.3 Demand Trends for Sustainable Cosmetic and Food Packaging 383
4.8.5.6 Automotive Interior Components 384
4.8.5.6.1 Bio-Plastic in Dashboards, Panels, and Upholstery 384
4.8.5.6.2 Performance and Durability Standards 385
4.8.5.6.3 Market Adoption in Eco-Friendly Automotive Solutions 385
4.9 Production by region 386
4.9.1 North America 387
4.9.2 Europe 387
4.9.3 Asia-Pacific 388
4.9.3.1 China 388
4.9.3.2 Japan 388
4.9.3.3 Thailand 388
4.9.3.4 Indonesia 388
4.9.4 Latin America 389
4.10 End use markets 390
4.10.1 Packaging 391
4.10.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging 392
4.10.1.2 Applications 392
4.10.1.3 Flexible packaging 393
4.10.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2035 395
4.10.1.4 Rigid packaging 396
4.10.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2035 397
4.10.2 Consumer products 398
4.10.2.1 Applications 398
4.10.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2035 398
4.10.3 Automotive 399
4.10.3.1 Applications 399
4.10.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2035 400
4.10.4 Construction 400
4.10.4.1 Applications 400
4.10.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2035 401
4.10.5 Textiles 401
4.10.5.1 Apparel 402
4.10.5.2 Footwear 402
4.10.5.3 Medical textiles 403
4.10.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2035 404
4.10.6 Electronics 404
4.10.6.1 Applications 404
4.10.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2035 405
4.10.7 Agriculture and horticulture 405
4.10.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2035 406
4.11 Lignin 407
4.11.1 Introduction 407
4.11.1.1 What is lignin? 407
4.11.1.1.1 Lignin structure 407
4.11.1.2 Types of lignin 408
4.11.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin 411
4.11.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process 411
4.11.1.3 Properties 411
4.11.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery 413
4.11.1.5 Markets and applications 414
4.11.1.6 Challenges for using lignin 415
4.11.2 Lignin production processes 416
4.11.2.1 Lignosulphonates 417
4.11.2.2 Kraft Lignin 418
4.11.2.2.1 LignoBoost process 418
4.11.2.2.2 LignoForce method 419
4.11.2.2.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification 419
4.11.2.2.4 A-Recovery+ 420
4.11.2.3 Soda lignin 421
4.11.2.4 Biorefinery lignin 421
4.11.2.4.1 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 423
4.11.2.5 Organosolv lignins 425
4.11.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin 425
4.11.3 Markets for lignin 426
4.11.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin 426
4.11.3.2 Production capacities 427
4.11.3.2.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y) 427
4.11.3.2.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery) 428
4.11.3.3 Global consumption of lignin 428
4.11.3.3.1 By type 429
4.11.3.3.2 By market 431
4.11.3.4 Prices 433
4.11.3.5 Heat and power energy 433
4.11.3.6 Pyrolysis and syngas 433
4.11.3.7 Aromatic compounds 433
4.11.3.7.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene 433
4.11.3.7.2 Phenol and phenolic resins 434
4.11.3.7.3 Vanillin 434
4.11.3.8 Plastics and polymers 435
4.12 COMPANY PROFILES 436 (526 company profiles)

5 NATURAL FIBER PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES 809

5.1 Introduction 809
5.1.1 What are natural fiber materials? 809
5.1.2 Benefits of natural fibers over synthetic 811
5.1.3 Markets and applications for natural fibers 812
5.1.4 Commercially available natural fiber products 814
5.1.5 Market drivers for natural fibers 817
5.1.6 Market challenges 818
5.1.7 Wood flour as a plastic filler 819
5.2 Types of natural fibers in plastic composites 819
5.2.1 Plants 821
5.2.1.1 Seed fibers 821
5.2.1.1.1 Kapok 821
5.2.1.1.2 Luffa 822
5.2.1.2 Bast fibers 823
5.2.1.2.1 Jute 823
5.2.1.2.2 Hemp 824
5.2.1.2.3 Flax 826
5.2.1.2.4 Ramie 827
5.2.1.2.5 Kenaf 828
5.2.1.3 Leaf fibers 828
5.2.1.3.1 Sisal 828
5.2.1.3.2 Abaca 829
5.2.1.4 Fruit fibers 830
5.2.1.4.1 Coir 830
5.2.1.4.2 Banana 831
5.2.1.4.3 Pineapple 832
5.2.1.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues 833
5.2.1.5.1 Rice fiber 833
5.2.1.5.2 Corn 834
5.2.1.6 Cane, grasses and reed 835
5.2.1.6.1 Switchgrass 835
5.2.1.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues) 836
5.2.1.6.3 Bamboo 837
5.2.1.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery) 838
5.2.1.7 Modified natural polymers 838
5.2.1.7.1 Mycelium 838
5.2.1.7.2 Chitosan 840
5.2.1.7.3 Alginate 841
5.2.2 Animal (fibrous protein) 842
5.2.2.1 Silk fiber 842
5.2.3 Wood-based natural fibers 844
5.2.3.1 Cellulose fibers 844
5.2.3.1.1 Market overview 844
5.2.3.1.2 Producers 844
5.2.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 845
5.2.3.2.1 Market overview 845
5.2.3.2.2 Producers 846
5.2.3.3 Cellulose nanocrystals 847
5.2.3.3.1 Market overview 847
5.2.3.3.2 Producers 848
5.2.3.4 Cellulose nanofibers 849
5.2.3.4.1 Market overview 849
5.2.3.4.2 Producers 850
5.3 Processing and Treatment of Natural Fibers 851
5.4 Interface and Compatibility of Natural Fibers with Plastic Matrices 852
5.4.1 Adhesion and Bonding 852
5.4.2 Moisture Absorption and Dimensional Stability 852
5.4.3 Thermal Expansion and Compatibility 853
5.4.4 Dispersion and Distribution 853
5.4.5 Matrix Selection 853
5.4.6 Fiber Content and Alignment 853
5.4.7 Manufacturing Techniques 853
5.5 Manufacturing processes 853
5.5.1 Injection molding 855
5.5.2 Compression moulding 856
5.5.3 Extrusion 857
5.5.4 Thermoforming 857
5.5.5 Thermoplastic pultrusion 858
5.5.6 Additive manufacturing (3D printing) 858
5.6 Global market for natural fibers 859
5.6.1 Automotive 861
5.6.1.1 Applications 862
5.6.1.2 Commercial production 862
5.6.1.3 SWOT analysis 865
5.6.2 Packaging 866
5.6.2.1 Applications 866
5.6.2.2 SWOT analysis 868
5.6.3 Construction 869
5.6.3.1 Applications 869
5.6.3.2 SWOT analysis 870
5.6.4 Appliances 871
5.6.4.1 Applications 871
5.6.4.2 SWOT analysis 872
5.6.5 Consumer electronics 874
5.6.5.1 Applications 874
5.6.5.2 SWOT analysis 876
5.6.6 Furniture 877
5.6.6.1 Applications 877
5.6.6.2 SWOT analysis 877
5.7 Wood composites 878
5.7.1 Applications 878
5.7.2 Importance of Wood Composite in Sustainable Manufacturing 879
5.7.3 Market Overview and Dynamics of Wood Composite Market 880
5.7.4 Production and Material Properties 880
5.7.5 Types of Wood Composite Materials 880
5.7.6 Performance Characteristics 882
5.7.7 Applications 882
5.7.7.1 Tools and Appliances 882
5.7.7.1.1 Wood Composite Use in Industrial Tools 883
5.7.7.1.2 Bearings, Including Sliding Bearings 883
5.7.7.1.3 Advantages of Wood Composite Bearings in Load-Bearing Applications 883
5.7.7.1.4 Case Studies 884
5.7.7.1.5 Industry Trends 884
5.7.7.2 Construction and Building Materials 884
5.7.7.2.1 Wood Composite in Floor Plates, Panels, and Walls 885
5.7.7.2.2 Benefits in Construction: Strength, Insulation, and Aesthetics 885
5.7.7.2.3 Case Studies 886
5.7.7.3 Engine Components 886
5.7.7.3.1 Benefits of Wood Composite in Weight Reduction and Insulation 887
5.7.7.3.2 Analysis of Wood Composite Performance in High-Stress Environments 887
5.7.8 Technological Barriers 888
5.7.9 Environmental an

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List of Tables/Graphs

List of Tables

Table 1. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 110
Table 2. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 111
Table 3. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 112
Table 4. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals. 114
Table 5. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals. 116
Table 6. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals. 116
Table 7. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals. 119
Table 8. Applications of bio-based HDMA. 119
Table 9. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5). 121
Table 10. Applications of DN5. 121
Table 11. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide. 123
Table 12. Applications of bio-based isosorbide. 123
Table 13. Lactide applications. 126
Table 14. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid. 127
Table 15. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid. 128
Table 16. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP. 130
Table 17. Applications of 3-HP. 130
Table 18. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid. 132
Table 19. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO). 133
Table 20. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid. 135
Table 21. Applications of succinic acid. 135
Table 22. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO). 136
Table 23. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF). 138
Table 24. Applications of bio-based adipic acid. 140
Table 25. Applications of bio-based caprolactam. 141
Table 26. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol. 143
Table 27. Applications of bio-based isobutanol. 143
Table 28. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene. 144
Table 29. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene. 145
Table 30. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA). 146
Table 31. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol. 147
Table 32. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol. 148
Table 33. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG. 149
Table 34. Applications of bio-based MEG. 149
Table 35. Biobased MEG producers capacities. 150
Table 36. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol. 151
Table 37. Applications of bio-based ethanol. 151
Table 38. Applications of bio-based ethylene. 153
Table 39. Applications of bio-based propylene. 154
Table 40. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride. 155
Table 41. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate. 157
Table 42. Applications of bio-based aniline. 159
Table 43. Applications of biobased fructose. 160
Table 44. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). 162
Table 45. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF). 163
Table 46. Applications of Levulinic acid. 165
Table 47. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME. 166
Table 48. Applications of FDCA. 167
Table 49. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone. 169
Table 50. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose 170
Table 51. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose 170
Table 52. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol. 173
Table 53. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 174
Table 54. Lignin aromatic compound products. 176
Table 55. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives. 176
Table 56. Lignin products in polymeric materials. 178
Table 57. Application of lignin in plastics and composites. 178
Table 58. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol. 181
Table 59. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG. 182
Table 60. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH. 184
Table 61. Mineral source products and applications. 206
Table 62. Type of biodegradation. 296
Table 63. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics. 297
Table 64. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications. 297
Table 65. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types. 299
Table 66. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 300
Table 67. Lactic acid producers and production capacities. 302
Table 68. PLA producers and production capacities. 302
Table 69. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China. 303
Table 70. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 305
Table 71. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities, 305
Table 72. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 306
Table 73. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers. 307
Table 74. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 308
Table 75. PEF vs. PET. 309
Table 76. FDCA and PEF producers. 310
Table 77. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 311
Table 78. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities. 312
Table 79. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 313
Table 80. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands. 314
Table 81. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 316
Table 82. Leading PBS producers and production capacities. 316
Table 83. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 317
Table 84. Leading Bio-PE producers. 318
Table 85. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 319
Table 86. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities. 320
Table 87.Types of PHAs and properties. 323
Table 88. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers. 325
Table 89. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods. 327
Table 90. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 328
Table 91. Commercially available PHAs. 329
Table 92. Markets and applications for PHAs. 330
Table 93. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging. 331
Table 94. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers. 334
Table 95. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 335
Table 96. Leading MFC producers and capacities. 336
Table 97. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). 338
Table 98. CNC sources, size and yield. 338
Table 99. CNC properties. 339
Table 100. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials. 339
Table 101. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). 341
Table 102. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis. 341
Table 103: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer. 343
Table 104. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). 344
Table 105. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis. 345
Table 106. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes. 346
Table 107. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). 349
Table 108. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies. 351
Table 109. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies. 352
Table 110. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 352
Table 111. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics. 354
Table 112. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 354
Table 113. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics. 356
Table 114. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 357
Table 115. Applications of Bio-rubber. 358
Table 116. Production of Bio-Rubber from Residues and Recycled Materials. 359
Table 117. Raw Material Sourcing and Selection. 360
Table 118. Production Methods and Processing Techniques. 361
Table 119. Material Properties and Testing. 362
Table 120. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bio-Rubber. 363
Table 121. Comparison with Conventional Rubber. 363
Table 122. Implemented Projects in Construction. 364
Table 123. Applications of Bio-Rubber in Automotive Industry. 364
Table 124. Performance Analysis in Vehicle Durability and Safety. 365
Table 125.Automotive Bio-Rubber Market Analysis 366
Table 126. Applications of Bio-rubber in Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 366
Table 127. Standards Compliance and Health Implications. 367
Table 128. Challenges and Limitations. 368
Table 129. Technological Challenges in Bio-Rubber Production. 368
Table 130. Regulatory and Safety Concerns. 370
Table 131. Bio-rubber Sustainability and Environmental Impact Analysis 370
Table 132. Innovations and Emerging Technologies in Bio-Rubber. 371
Table 133. Summary of Applications and Industry Impact 372
Table 134. Production and Properties. 373
Table 135. Raw Material Sourcing. 373
Table 136. Manufacturing Processes and Techniques. 374
Table 137. Material Properties Analysis. 374
Table 138. Case Studies in Sustainable Packaging. 376
Table 139. Bio-Plastic in Face Shields, Gloves, and Masks. 377
Table 140. Biodegradability and Safety Standards. 377
Table 141. Market Trends in Eco-Friendly PPE. 378
Table 142. Sterility, Safety, and Bio-Compatibility Standards. 379
Table 143.Bio-Plastic in Mulch Films, Plant Pots, and Seed Coatings. 380
Table 144. Biodegradable Solutions in Agriculture and Environmental Impact. 381
Table 145. Case Studies of Bio-Plastic Adoption in Farming. 381
Table 146. Bio-Plastic in Cosmetic Jars, Food Containers, and Wraps. 382
Table 147. Demand Trends for Sustainable Cosmetic and Food Packaging. 383
Table 148. Bio-Plastic Automotive Interior Components. 384
Table 149. Performance and Durability Standards. 385
Table 150. Global production of bioplastics in 2019-2035, by region, 1,000 tonnes. 387
Table 151. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America. 387
Table 152. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe. 387
Table 153. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific. 389
Table 154. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America. 389
Table 155. Processes for bioplastics in packaging. 392
Table 156. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging. 393
Table 157. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging. 394
Table 158. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging. 396
Table 159. Technical lignin types and applications. 409
Table 160. Classification of technical lignins. 411
Table 161. Lignin content of selected biomass. 411
Table 162. Properties of lignins and their applications. 412
Table 163. Example markets and applications for lignin. 414
Table 164. Processes for lignin production. 416
Table 165. Biorefinery feedstocks. 422
Table 166. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 422
Table 167. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 423
Table 168. Market drivers and trends for lignin. 427
Table 169. Production capacities of technical lignin producers. 427
Table 170. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers. 428
Table 171. Estimated consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2035 (000 MT). 429
Table 172. Estimated consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2034 (000 MT). 431
Table 173. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives. 434
Table 174. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers. 435
Table 175. Lactips plastic pellets. 622
Table 176. Oji Holdings CNF products. 687
Table 177. Types of natural fibers. 809
Table 178. Markets and applications for natural fibers. 812
Table 179. Commercially available natural fiber products. 814
Table 180. Market drivers for natural fibers. 817
Table 181. Typical properties of natural fibers. 820
Table 182. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 821
Table 183. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 822
Table 184. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 824
Table 185. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 825
Table 186. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 826
Table 187. Overview of ramie fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 827
Table 188. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 828
Table 189. Overview of sisal fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 829
Table 190. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 830
Table 191. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 831
Table 192. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 832
Table 193. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 832
Table 194. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 834
Table 195. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 834
Table 196. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications. 835
Table 197. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size. 836
Table 198. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 837
Table 199. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 839
Table 200. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 841
Table 201. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 842
Table 202. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size. 843
Table 203. Next-gen silk producers. 844
Table 204. Companies developing cellulose fibers for application in plastic composites. 844
Table 205. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis. 846
Table 206. Leading MFC producers and capacities. 846
Table 207. Cellulose nanocrystals market overview. 847
Table 208. Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer. 848
Table 209. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis. 849
Table 210. CNF production capacities and production process, by producer, in metric tons. 850
Table 211. Processing and treatment methods for natural fibers used in plastic composites. 851
Table 212. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers. 853
Table 213. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds. 855
Table 214. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites. 855
Table 215. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites. 856
Table 216. Applications of natural fibers in plastics. 859
Table 217. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry. 862
Table 218. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market. 863
Table 219. Applications of natural fibers in packaging. 866
Table 220. Applications of natural fibers in construction. 869
Table 221. Applications of natural fibers in the appliances market. 871
Table 222. Applications of natural fibers in the consumer electronics market. 874
Table 223. Key Applications and Market Potential in Wood Composites. 878
Table 224. Wood Composite Production and Material Properties. 880
Table 225. Types of Wood Composite Materials. 881
Table 226. Production Technologies 881
Table 227. Performance Characteristics: Durability, Strength, and Cost-Efficiency. 882
Table 228. Performance in Sliding Bearing Applications. 883
Table 229. Case studies of wood composites in tools and applicances. 884
Table 230. Industry Trends in Wood Composite Tool Components. 884
Table 231. Benefits in Construction: Strength, Insulation, and Aesthetics. 885
Table 232. Fire Resistance and Weather Durability for Exterior Applications. 885
Table 233. Case Studies in Commercial and Residential Construction. 886
Table 234. Trends and Innovations in Wood Composite for Automotive and Machinery Engines. 888
Table 235. Technological Barriers in Wood Composite Production. 888
Table 236. Environmental impact and sustainability. 889
Table 237. Emerging Technologies in Wood Composite Manufacturing. 889
Table 238. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by end use sector (Billion USD). 892
Table 239. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by material type (Billion USD). 893
Table 240. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by plastic type (Billion USD). 894
Table 241. Global market for natural fiber based plastics, 2018-2035, by region (Billion USD). 895
Table 242. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 930
Table 243. Oji Holdings CNF products. 948
Table 244. Global trends and drivers in sustainable construction materials. 966
Table 245. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2035 (millions USD). 968
Table 246. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2035 (millions USD). 971
Table 247. Established bio-based construction materials. 974
Table 248. Types of self-healing concrete. 981
Table 249. General properties and value of aerogels. 992
Table 250. Key properties of silica aerogels. 994
Table 251. Chemical precursors used to synthesize silica aerogels. 994
Table 252. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets. 998
Table 253. Main manufacturers of silica aerogels and product offerings. 1001
Table 254. Typical structural properties of metal oxide aerogels. 1003
Table 255. Polymer aerogels companies. 1005
Table 256. Types of biobased aerogels. 1006
Table 257. Carbon aerogel companies. 1013
Table 258. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials. 1018
Table 259. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector 1022
Table 260. Carbonation of recycled concrete companies. 1027
Table 261. Current and projected costs for some key CO2 utilization applications in the construction industry. 1028
Table 262. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials. 1028
Table 263. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel. 1032
Table 264. Estimated cost for iron and steel industry under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). 1034
Table 265. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies. 1036
Table 266. Comparison of green steel production technologies. 1036
Table 267. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier. 1038
Table 268. CCUS in green steel production. 1040
Table 269. Biochar in steel and metal. 1042
Table 270. Hydrogen blast furnace schematic. 1043
Table 271. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking. 1047
Table 272. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking. 1048
Table 273. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies. 1048
Table 274. Properties of Green steels. 1049
Table 275. Applications of green steel in the construction industry. 1050
Table 276. Market trends in bio-based and sustainable packaging 1172
Table 277. Drivers for recent growth in the bioplastics and biopolymers markets. 1173
Table 278. Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging. 1173
Table 279. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics 1176
Table 280. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers. 1181
Table 281. Processes for bioplastics in packaging. 1182
Table 282. PLA properties for packaging applications. 1183
Table 283. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging. 1203
Table 284. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae. 1209
Table 285. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 1210
Table 286. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC). 1212
Table 287. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging. 1214
Table 288. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies. 1223
Table 289. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 1226
Table 290. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics. 1227
Table 291. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 1228
Table 292. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 1231
Table 293. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications. 1232
Table 294. Bio-naphtha market value chain. 1233
Table 295. Pros and cons of different type of food packaging materials. 1234
Table 296. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications. 1241
Table 297. Intelligent Biodegradable Films. 1241
Table 298. Edible films and coatings market summary. 1245
Table 299. Summary of barrier films and coatings for packaging. 1248
Table 300. Types of polyols. 1250
Table 301. Polyol producers. 1251
Table 302. Bio-based polyurethane coating products. 1251
Table 303. Bio-based acrylate resin products. 1253
Table 304. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis. 1253
Table 305. Commercially available PHAs. 1256
Table 306. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 1258
Table 307. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings. 1259
Table 308. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies. 1263
Table 309. CO2 utilization and removal pathways. 1265
Table 310. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers. 1267
Table 311. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging. 1269
Table 312. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging. 1270
Table 313. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging. 1272
Table 314. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2035 (billions USD), high estimate. 1274
Table 315. Lactips plastic pellets. 1372
Table 316. Oji Holdings CNF products. 1396
Table 317. Properties and applications of the main natural fibres 1446
Table 318. Types of sustainable alternative leathers. 1452
Table 319. Properties of bio-based leathers. 1454
Table 320. Comparison with conventional leathers. 1456
Table 321. Price of commercially available sustainable alternative leather products. 1458
Table 322. Comparative analysis of sustainable alternative leathers. 1459
Table 323. Key processing steps involved in transforming plant fibers into leather materials. 1460
Table 324. Current and emerging plant-based leather products. 1462
Table 325. Companies developing plant-based leather products. 1463
Table 326. Overview of mycelium-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 1465
Table 327. Companies developing mycelium-based leather products. 1469
Table 328. Types of microbial-derived leather alternative. 1472
Table 329. Companies developing microbial leather products. 1475
Table 330. Companies developing plant-based leather products. 1478
Table 331. Types of protein-based leather alternatives. 1478
Table 332. Companies developing protein based leather. 1480
Table 333. Companies developing sustainable coatings and dyes for leather - 1482
Table 334. Markets and applications for bio-based textiles and leather. 1483
Table 335. Applications of biobased leather in furniture and upholstery. 1486
Table 336. Global revenues for bio-based textiles by type, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 1487
Table 337. Global revenues for bio-based and sustainable textiles by end use market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 1489
Table 338. Market drivers and trends in bio-based and sustainable coatings. 1548
Table 339. Example envinronmentally friendly coatings, advantages and disadvantages. 1549
Table 340. Plant Waxes. 1555
Table 341. Types of alkyd resins and properties. 1560
Table 342. Market summary for bio-based alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers. 1561
Table 343. Bio-based alkyd coating products. 1562
Table 344. Types of polyols. 1563
Table 345. Polyol producers. 1564
Table 346. Bio-based polyurethane coating products. 1565
Table 347. Market summary for bio-based epoxy resins. 1566
Table 348. Bio-based polyurethane coating products. 1568
Table 349. Bio-based acrylate resin products. 1569
Table 350. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis. 1570
Table 351. PLA producers and production capacities. 1571
Table 352. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 1573
Table 353.Types of PHAs and properties. 1576
Table 354. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers. 1577
Table 355. Commercially available PHAs. 1578
Table 356. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type. 1581
Table 357: Types of nanocellulose. 1583
Table 358. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons. 1585
Table 359. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products. 1586
Table 360. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 1587
Table 361. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs. 1589
Table 362. Companies developing CNF products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. 1591
Table 363. CNC properties. 1592
Table 364: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes. 1594
Table 365. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). 1594
Table 366. Edible films and coatings market summary. 1597
Table 367. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies. 1603
Table 368. Overview of algal coatings-description, properties, application and market size. 1604
Table 369. Companies developing algal-based plastics. 1606
Table 370. Market revenues for bio-based coatings by market, 2018-2035 (billions USD), conservative estimate. 1607
Table 371. Lactips plastic pellets. 1682
Table 372. Oji Holdings CNF products. 1706
Table 373. Market drivers for biofuels. 1748
Table 374. Market challenges for biofuels. 1749
Table 375. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production. 1751
Table 376. Comparison of biofuels. 1752
Table 377. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2023, by type. 1757
Table 378. Categories and examples of solid biofuel. 1758
Table 379. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity. 1760
Table 380. Classification of biomass feedstock. 1761
Table 381. Biorefinery feedstocks. 1762
Table 382. Feedstock conversion pathways. 1762
Table 383. First-Generation Feedstocks. 1763
Table 384. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 1765
Table 385. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 1766
Table 386. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 1767
Table 387. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 1768
Table 388. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 1771
Table 389. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 1772
Table 390. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 1773
Table 391. Biodiesel by generation. 1782
Table 392. Biodiesel production techniques. 1785
Table 393. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions. 1786
Table 394. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield. 1787
Table 395. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 1787
Table 396. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel. 1789
Table 397. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 1790
Table 398. Example commercial Development of BtL processes. 1791
Table 399. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes. 1792
Table 400. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year). 1796
Table 401. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year). 1800
Table 402. Renewable diesel price ranges. 1801
Table 403. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel. 1802
Table 404. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel. 1804
Table 405. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities. 1806
Table 406. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year). 1807
Table 407. Bio-based naphtha markets and applicat