Summary

Industrial biomanufacturing utilizes biological systems (e.g., living microorganisms, resting cells, animal cells, plant cells, tissues, enzymes, or in vitro synthetic (enzymatic) systems) to produce commercial biomolecules for use in the agricultural, food, materials, energy, and pharmaceutical industries. Products are isolated from natural sources, such as blood, cultures of microbes, animal cells, or plant cells grown in specialized equipment or dedicated cultivation environments. The cells/tissues or enzymes used may be natural or modified by genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and protein engineering

It is rapidly emerging as a transformative force in the global manufacturing landscape, promising sustainable solutions to meet the world's growing demand for materials, chemicals, and energy. As we enter a new era of biotechnology and sustainable manufacturing, industrial biomanufacturing stands at the forefront of innovation. By harnessing the power of living organisms, particularly microorganisms and cell cultures, this field offers a path to produce a wide range of products with greater efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced performance characteristics.

This comprehensive market report provides an in-depth analysis of the rapidly growing industrial biomanufacturing sector, covering key technologies, market trends, and growth projections from 2025 to 2035. As industries worldwide shift towards more sustainable and bio-based production methods, industrial biomanufacturing is poised to play a pivotal role in the future of manufacturing across multiple sectors. Report contents include:

• Detailed market size estimates and growth forecasts for the global industrial biomanufacturing market from 2025 to 2035
• Analysis of key application sectors including:
  • Biopharmaceuticals:  Including monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, vaccines, cell and gene therapies, and more. Emerging technologies like synthetic biology and cell-free systems revolutionizing biopharmaceutical production.
  • Industrial Enzymes (Biocatalyts):  Analysis of enzymes used in detergents, food processing, biofuels, textiles, and other industries. The report examines how engineered enzymes are enabling new industrial applications.
  • Biofuels:  In-depth look at bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and advanced biofuels. The report analyzes feedstocks, conversion technologies, and emerging trends like algae-based biofuels.
  • Bioplastics:  Coverage of bio-based and biodegradable plastics like PLA, PHA, bio-PE, and others. The report examines how bioplastics are transforming packaging, automotive, and other industries.
  • Biochemicals:  Analysis of bio-based organic acids, alcohols, polymers, and other platform chemicals. The report looks at how biochemicals are replacing petrochemicals in various applications.
  • Bio-Agritech:  Examination of biopesticides, biofertilizers, and other biological crop inputs. The report covers emerging technologies like RNA interference for crop protection.
• Comprehensive overview of biomanufacturing technologies, processes, and production methods
• Profiles of over 1,100 companies active in the industrial biomanufacturing space. Companies profiled include Aanika Biosciences, Allozymes, Amyris, Aralez Bio, BBGI, Biomatter, Biovectra, Bucha Bio, Byogy Renewables, Cascade Biocatalysts, Constructive Bio, Cryotech, Debut Biotechnology, Enginzyme AB, Enzymit, eversyn, Erebagen, Eligo Bioscience, Evolutor, EV Biotech, FabricNano, Ginkgo Bioworks, Hyfé, Invizyne Technologies, LanzaTech, Lygos, Mammoth Biosciences, Novozymes A/S, NTx, Origin Materials, Pow.bio, Protein Evolution, Samsara Eco, Solugen, Synthego, Taiwan Bio-Manufacturing Corp. (TBMC), Twist Bioscience, Uluu, Van Heron Labs, Verde Bioresins, and Zya.
• Assessment of market drivers, challenges, and opportunities shaping the industry.
• Assessment of technology landscape-key biomanufacturing technologies and processes, including:
  • Fermentation and cell culture systems
  • Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology
  • Downstream processing and purification methods
  • Analytical techniques and quality control
  • Scale-up strategies and continuous manufacturing
  • Emerging technologies like cell-free systems and microfluidics

• The evolving regulatory environment for industrial biomanufacturing, including:
  • Regulations governing genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
  • Biofuel blending mandates and incentives
  • Approval pathways for biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars
  • Standards and certifications for bio-based products
• Analysis of investment trends in industrial biomanufacturing, including:
  • Venture capital funding for synthetic biology startups
  • Public and private investments in bioprocessing infrastructure
  • M&A activity and strategic partnerships
  • Government funding and incentives for bio-based industries
• Assessment of future prospects for industrial biomanufacturing, examining:
  • Emerging application areas and end-user industries
  • Technological innovations on the horizon
  • Potential disruptive technologies and business models
  • Long-term growth projections to 2035

Who Should Read This Report:

• Biomanufacturing companies and synthetic biology firms
• Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies
• Chemical and materials manufacturers
• Biofuel producers and energy companies
• Food and beverage manufacturers
• Agricultural input suppliers
• Equipment and technology providers
• Investors and financial analysts
• Government agencies and policymakers
• Research institutions and academics

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Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 53

1.1 Definition and Scope of Industrial Biomanufacturing 53
1.2 Overview of Industrial Biomanufacturing Processes 54
1.3 Key Components of Industrial Biomanufacturing 56
1.4 Importance of Industrial Biomanufacturing in the Global Economy 57
1.4.1 Role in Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Industries 58
1.4.2 Impact on Industrial Biotechnology and Sustainability 59
1.4.3 Food Security 60
1.4.4 Circular Economy 61
1.5 Markets 62
1.5.1 Biopharmaceuticals 62
1.5.2 Industrial Enzymes 62
1.5.3 Biofuels 63
1.5.4 Biomaterials 64
1.5.5 Specialty Chemicals 64
1.5.6 Food and Beverage 65
1.5.7 Agriculture and Animal Health 66
1.5.8 Environmental Biotechnology 67

2 PRODUCTION 69

2.1 Microbial Fermentation 69
2.2 Mammalian Cell Culture 69
2.3 Plant Cell Culture 70
2.4 Insect Cell Culture 71
2.5 Transgenic Animals 71
2.6 Transgenic Plants 72
2.7 Technologies 72
2.7.1 Upstream Processing 72
2.7.1.1 Cell Culture 72
2.7.1.1.1 Overview 72
2.7.1.1.2 Types of Cell Culture Systems 73
2.7.1.1.3 Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance 73
2.7.1.1.4 Advances in Cell Culture Technology 74
2.7.1.1.4.1 Single-use systems 74
2.7.1.1.4.2 Process analytical technology (PAT) 74
2.7.1.1.4.3 Cell line development 74
2.7.2 Fermentation 75
2.7.2.1 Overview 75
2.7.2.1.1 Types of Fermentation Processes 75
2.7.2.1.2 Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance 75
2.7.2.1.3 Advances in Fermentation Technology 76
2.7.2.1.3.1 High-cell-density fermentation 76
2.7.2.1.3.2 Continuous processing 77
2.7.2.1.3.3 Metabolic engineering 77
2.7.3 Downstream Processing 77
2.7.3.1 Purification 77
2.7.3.1.1 Overview 77
2.7.3.1.2 Types of Purification Methods 77
2.7.3.1.3 Factors Affecting Purification Performance 78
2.7.3.1.4 Advances in Purification Technology 78
2.7.3.1.4.1 Affinity chromatography 79
2.7.3.1.4.2 Membrane chromatography 79
2.7.3.1.4.3 Continuous chromatography 79
2.7.4 Formulation 80
2.7.4.1 Overview 80
2.7.4.1.1 Types of Formulation Methods 80
2.7.4.1.2 Factors Affecting Formulation Performance 81
2.7.4.1.3 Advances in Formulation Technology 81
2.7.4.1.3.1 Controlled release 81
2.7.4.1.3.2 Nanoparticle formulation 82
2.7.4.1.3.3 3D printing 82
2.7.5 Bioprocess Development 82
2.7.5.1 Scale-up 82
2.7.5.1.1 Overview 82
2.7.5.1.2 Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance 82
2.7.5.1.3 Scale-up Strategies 83
2.7.5.2 Optimization 84
2.7.5.2.1 Overview 84
2.7.5.2.2 Factors Affecting Optimization Performance 84
2.7.5.2.3 Optimization Strategies 85
2.7.6 Analytical Methods 86
2.7.6.1 Quality Control 86
2.7.6.1.1 Overview 86
2.7.6.1.2 Types of Quality Control Tests 86
2.7.6.1.3 Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance 87
2.7.6.2 Characterization 87
2.7.6.2.1 Overview 88
2.7.6.2.2 Types of Characterization Methods 88
2.7.6.2.3 Factors Affecting Characterization Performance 89
2.8 Scale of Production 90
2.8.1 Laboratory Scale 91
2.8.1.1 Overview 91
2.8.1.2 Scale and Equipment 91
2.8.1.3 Advantages 91
2.8.1.4 Disadvantages 92
2.8.2 Pilot Scale 92
2.8.2.1 Overview 92
2.8.2.2 Scale and Equipment 92
2.8.2.3 Advantages 93
2.8.2.4 Disadvantages 93
2.8.3 Commercial Scale 94
2.8.3.1 Overview 94
2.8.3.2 Scale and Equipment 94
2.8.3.3 Advantages 95
2.8.3.4 Disadvantages 95
2.9 Mode of Operation 96
2.9.1 Batch Production 96
2.9.1.1 Overview 96
2.9.1.2 Advantages 97
2.9.1.3 Disadvantages 97
2.9.1.4 Applications 97
2.9.2 Fed-batch Production 98
2.9.2.1 Overview 98
2.9.2.2 Advantages 98
2.9.2.3 Disadvantages 98
2.9.2.4 Applications 99
2.9.3 Continuous Production 99
2.9.3.1 Overview 99
2.9.3.2 Advantages 99
2.9.3.3 Disadvantages 99
2.9.3.4 Applications 100
2.9.4 Cell factories for biomanufacturing 100
2.9.5 Perfusion Culture 102
2.9.5.1 Overview 102
2.9.5.2 Advantages 102
2.9.5.3 Disadvantages 102
2.9.5.4 Applications 103
2.9.6 Other Modes of Operation 103
2.9.6.1 Immobilized Cell Culture 103
2.9.6.2 Two-Stage Production 103
2.9.6.3 Hybrid Systems 103
2.10 Host Organisms 104

3 BIOPHARMACEUTICALS 107

3.1 Overview 107
3.2 Technology/materials analysis 107
3.2.1 Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) 107
3.2.2 Recombinant Proteins 108
3.2.3 Vaccines 109
3.2.4 Cell and Gene Therapies 109
3.2.5 Blood Factors 110
3.2.6 Tissue Engineering Products 110
3.2.7 Nucleic Acid Therapeutics 111
3.2.8 Peptide Therapeutics 112
3.2.9 Biosimilars and Biobetters 112
3.2.10 Nanobodies and Antibody Fragments 113
3.2.11 Synthetic biology 114
3.2.11.1 Metabolic engineering 114
3.2.11.1.1 DNA synthesis 115
3.2.11.1.2 CRISPR 115
3.2.11.1.2.1 CRISPR/Cas9-modified biosynthetic pathways 116
3.2.11.2 Protein/Enzyme Engineering 116
3.2.11.3 Strain construction and optimization 118
3.2.11.4 Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering 119
3.2.11.5 Smart bioprocessing 119
3.2.11.6 Cell-free systems 120
3.2.11.7 Chassis organisms 122
3.2.11.8 Biomimetics 123
3.2.11.9 Sustainable materials 124
3.2.11.10 Robotics and automation 124
3.2.11.10.1 Robotic cloud laboratories 125
3.2.11.10.2 Automating organism design 125
3.2.11.10.3 Artificial intelligence and machine learning 126
3.2.11.11 Fermentation Processes 126
3.2.12 Generative Biology 127
3.2.12.1 Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) 128
3.2.12.1.1 Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) 129
3.2.12.1.2 Normalizing Flows 129
3.2.12.1.3 Autoregressive Models 129
3.2.12.1.4 Evolutionary Generative Models 129
3.2.12.2 Design Optimization 130
3.2.12.2.1 Evolutionary Algorithms (e.g., Genetic Algorithms, Evolutionary Strategies) 130
3.2.12.2.1.1 Genetic Algorithms (GAs) 130
3.2.12.2.1.2 Evolutionary Strategies (ES) 130
3.2.12.2.2 Reinforcement Learning 130
3.2.12.2.3 Multi-Objective Optimization 131
3.2.12.2.4 Bayesian Optimization 131
3.2.12.3 Computational Biology 132
3.2.12.3.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 132
3.2.12.3.2 Quantum Mechanical Calculations 133
3.2.12.3.3 Systems Biology Modeling 133
3.2.12.3.4 Metabolic Engineering Modeling 134
3.2.12.4 Data-Driven Approaches 135
3.2.12.4.1 Machine Learning 135
3.2.12.4.2 Graph Neural Networks 135
3.2.12.4.3 Unsupervised Learning 136
3.2.12.4.4 Active Learning and Bayesian Optimization 136
3.2.12.5 Agent-Based Modeling 136
3.2.12.6 Hybrid Approaches 137
3.3 Market analysis 139
3.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 139
3.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 139
3.3.3 Regulations 141
3.3.4 Value chain 142
3.3.5 Future outlook 142
3.3.6 Addressable Market Size 143
3.3.7 Risks and Opportunities 144
3.3.8 Global revenues 145
3.3.8.1 By application market 145
3.3.8.2 By regional market 146
3.4 Company profiles 147 (131 company profiles)

4 INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES (BIOCATALYSTS) 235

4.1 Overview 235
4.2 Technology/materials analysis 235
4.2.1 Detergent Enzymes 235
4.2.2 Food Processing Enzymes 236
4.2.3 Textile Processing Enzymes 236
4.2.4 Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes 237
4.2.5 Leather Processing Enzymes 238
4.2.6 Biofuel Production Enzymes 238
4.2.7 Animal Feed Enzymes 239
4.2.8 Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes 239
4.2.9 Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes 240
4.2.10 Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes 241
4.3 Market analysis 243
4.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 243
4.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 244
4.3.3 Regulations 245
4.3.4 Value chain 246
4.3.5 Future outlook 246
4.3.6 Addressable Market Size 248
4.3.7 Risks and Opportunities 248
4.3.8 Global revenues 249
4.3.8.1 By application market 249
4.3.8.2 By regional market 249
4.4 Companies profiles 250 (59 company profiles)

5 BIOFUELS 287

5.1 Overview 287
5.2 Technology/materials analysis 289
5.2.1 Role in the circular economy 289
5.2.2 The global biofuels market 291
5.2.3 Feedstocks 291
5.2.3.1 First-generation (1-G) 292
5.2.3.2 Second-generation (2-G) 294
5.2.3.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 294
5.2.3.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 295
5.2.3.3 Third-generation (3-G) 299
5.2.3.3.1 Algal biofuels 299
5.2.3.3.1.1 Properties 300
5.2.3.3.1.2 Advantages 300
5.2.3.4 Fourth-generation (4-G) 301
5.2.3.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 302
5.2.4 Bioethanol 303
5.2.4.1 First-generation bioethanol (from sugars and starches) 303
5.2.4.2 Second-generation bioethanol (from lignocellulosic biomass) 303
5.2.4.3 Third-generation bioethanol (from algae) 304
5.2.5 Biodiesel 305
5.2.5.1 Biodiesel by generation 305
5.2.5.2 SWOT analysis 306
5.2.5.3 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels 307
5.2.5.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 307
5.2.5.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification 310
5.2.5.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO) 311
5.2.5.3.3.1 Production process 311
5.2.5.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil 312
5.2.5.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel 312
5.2.5.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass 314
5.2.5.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 315
5.2.5.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME) 315
5.2.5.4 Prices 315
5.2.5.5 Global production and consumption 316
5.2.6 Biogas 318
5.2.6.1 Feedstocks 319
5.2.6.2 Biomethane 320
5.2.6.2.1 Production pathways 322
5.2.6.2.1.1 Landfill gas recovery 322
5.2.6.2.1.2 Anaerobic digestion 322
5.2.6.2.1.3 Thermal gasification 323
5.2.6.3 SWOT analysis 324
5.2.6.4 Global production 325
5.2.6.5 Prices 325
5.2.6.5.1 Raw Biogas 325
5.2.6.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane 325
5.2.6.6 Bio-LNG 325
5.2.6.6.1 Markets 325
5.2.6.6.1.1 Trucks 325
5.2.6.6.1.2 Marine 326
5.2.6.6.2 Production 326
5.2.6.6.3 Plants 326
5.2.6.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas) 327
5.2.6.8 Carbon capture from biogas 327
5.2.6.9 Biosyngas 328
5.2.6.9.1 Production 328
5.2.6.9.2 Prices 329
5.2.7 Biobutanol 329
5.2.7.1 Production 331
5.2.7.2 Prices 331
5.2.8 Biohydrogen 331
5.2.8.1 Description 331
5.2.8.1.1 Dark fermentation 332
5.2.8.1.2 Photofermentation 332
5.2.8.1.3 Biophotolysis (direct and indirect) 333
5.2.8.1.3.1 Direct Biophotolysis: 333
5.2.8.1.3.2 Indirect Biophotolysis: 334
5.2.8.2 SWOT analysis 335
5.2.8.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass 335
5.2.8.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes 336
5.2.8.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction 336
5.2.8.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion 336
5.2.8.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes 337
5.2.8.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification 337
5.2.8.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis 337
5.2.8.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming 337
5.2.8.4 Applications 338
5.2.8.5 Prices 339
5.2.9 Biomethanol 339
5.2.9.1 Gasification-based biomethanol 339
5.2.9.2 Biosynthesis-based biomethanol 340
5.2.9.3 SWOT analysis 340
5.2.9.4 Methanol-to gasoline technology 341
5.2.9.4.1 Production processes 342
5.2.9.4.1.1 Anaerobic digestion 343
5.2.9.4.1.2 Biomass gasification 343
5.2.9.4.1.3 Power to Methane 344
5.2.10 Bio-oil and Biochar 344
5.2.10.1 Pyrolysis-based bio-oil 345
5.2.10.2 Hydrothermal liquefaction-based bio-oil 346
5.2.10.3 Biochar from pyrolysis and gasification processes 346
5.2.10.4 Advantages of bio-oils 348
5.2.10.5 Production 350
5.2.10.5.1 Fast Pyrolysis 350
5.2.10.5.2 Costs of production 350
5.2.10.5.3 Upgrading 350
5.2.10.6 SWOT analysis 351
5.2.10.7 Applications 352
5.2.10.8 Bio-oil producers 352
5.2.10.9 Prices 353
5.2.11 Renewable Diesel and Jet Fuel 354
5.2.11.1 Renewable diesel 354
5.2.11.1.1 Production 354
5.2.11.1.2 SWOT analysis 355
5.2.11.1.3 Global consumption 356
5.2.11.2 Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel) 357
5.2.11.2.1 Description 357
5.2.11.2.2 SWOT analysis 358
5.2.11.2.3 Global production and consumption 359
5.2.11.2.4 Production pathways 359
5.2.11.2.5 Prices 361
5.2.11.2.6 Bio-aviation fuel production capacities 361
5.2.11.2.7 Challenges 362
5.2.11.2.8 Global consumption 362
5.2.12 Algal biofuels 363
5.2.12.1 Conversion pathways 363
5.2.12.2 SWOT analysis 364
5.2.12.3 Production 365
5.2.12.4 Market challenges 366
5.2.12.5 Prices 367
5.2.12.6 Producers 368
5.3 Market analysis 369
5.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 369
5.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 370
5.3.3 Regulations 370
5.3.4 Value chain 371
5.3.5 Future outlook 372
5.3.6 Addressable Market Size 373
5.3.7 Risks and Opportunities 373
5.3.8 Global revenues 374
5.3.8.1 By biofuel type 374
5.3.8.2 Applications Market 374
5.3.8.3 By regional market 375
5.4 Company profiles 376 (212 company profiles)

6 BIOPLASTICS 522

6.1 Overview 522
6.2 Technology/materials analysis 523
6.2.1 Polylactic acid (PLA) 523
6.2.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 525
6.2.2.1 Types 526
6.2.2.2 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) 530
6.2.2.3 Polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) 531
6.2.3 Bio-based polyethylene (PE) 531
6.2.4 Bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 531
6.2.5 Bio-based polyurethanes (PUs) 533
6.2.6 Starch-based plastics 534
6.2.7 Cellulose-based plastics 535
6.3 Market analysis 536
6.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 536
6.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 537
6.3.3 Regulations 538
6.3.4 Value chain 538
6.3.5 Future outlook 539
6.3.6 Addressable Market Size 540
6.3.7 Risks and Opportunities 541
6.3.8 Global revenues 541
6.3.8.1 By type 541
6.3.8.2 By application market 542
6.3.8.3 By regional market 542
6.4 Company profiles 543 (520 company profiles)

7 BIOCHEMICALS 915

7.1 Overview 915
7.2 Technology/materials analysis 916
7.2.1 Organic acids 920
7.2.1.1 Lactic acid 920
7.2.1.1.1 D-lactic acid 920
7.2.1.1.2 L-lactic acid 921
7.2.1.2 Succinic acid 921
7.2.1.3 Itaconic acid 922
7.2.1.4 Citric acid 923
7.2.1.5 Acetic acid 923
7.2.2 Amino acids 924
7.2.2.1 Glutamic acid 924
7.2.2.2 Lysine 925
7.2.2.3 Threonine 926
7.2.2.4 Methionine 927
7.2.3 Alcohols 928
7.2.3.1 Ethanol 928
7.2.3.2 Butanol 929
7.2.3.3 Isobutanol 929
7.2.3.4 Propanediol 930
7.2.4 Surfactants 931
7.2.4.1 Biosurfactants (e.g., rhamnolipids, sophorolipids) 931
7.2.4.2 Alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) 932
7.2.5 Solvents 933
7.2.5.1 Ethyl lactate 933
7.2.5.2 Dimethyl carbonate 933
7.2.5.3 Glycerol 934
7.2.6 Flavours and fragrances 935
7.2.6.1 Vanillin 935
7.2.6.2 Nootkatone 936
7.2.6.3 Limonene 937
7.2.7 Bio-based monomers and intermediates 938
7.2.7.1 Succinic acid 938
7.2.7.2 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) 939
7.2.7.3 Isoprene 940
7.2.7.4 Ethylene 940
7.2.7.5 Propylene 941
7.2.7.6 Adipic acid 942
7.2.7.7 Acrylic acid 943
7.2.7.8 Sebacic acid 943
7.2.8 Bio-based polymers 944
7.2.8.1 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) 944
7.2.8.2 Polyamides (nylons) 945
7.2.8.3 Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) 945
7.2.8.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) 947
7.2.8.5 Polyethylene isosorbide terephthalate (PEIT) 948
7.2.9 Bio-based composites and blends 949
7.2.9.1 Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) 950
7.2.9.2 Biofiller-reinforced plastics 951
7.2.9.3 Biofiber-reinforced plastics 951
7.2.9.4 Polymer blends with bio-based components 952
7.2.10 Waste 954
7.2.10.1 Food waste 954
7.2.10.2 Agricultural waste 955
7.2.10.3 Forestry waste 955
7.2.10.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste 956
7.2.10.5 Municipal solid waste 956
7.2.10.6 Industrial waste 957
7.2.10.7 Waste oils 957
7.2.11 Microbial and mineral sources 958
7.2.11.1 Microalgae 958
7.2.11.2 Macroalgae 958
7.2.11.3 Mineral sources 959
7.3 Market analysis 960
7.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 960
7.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 961
7.3.3 Regulations 961
7.3.4 Value chain 962
7.3.5 Future outlook 963
7.3.6 Addressable Market Size 964
7.3.7 Risks and Opportunities 964
7.3.8 Global revenues 965
7.3.8.1 By type 965
7.3.8.2 By application market 965
7.3.8.3 By regional market 966
7.4 Company profiles 967 (123 company profiles)

8 BIO-AGRITECH 1045

8.1 Overview 1045
8.2 Technology/materials analysis 1046
8.2.1 Biopesticides 1046
8.2.1.1 Semiochemical 1047
8.2.1.2 Macrobial Biological Control Agents 1047
8.2.1.3 Microbial pesticides 1050
8.2.1.4 Biochemical pesticides 1051
8.2.1.5 Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) 1051
8.2.2 Biofertilizers 1052
8.2.3 Biostimulants 1053
8.2.3.1 Microbial biostimulants 1053
8.2.3.1.1 Nitrogen Fixation 1056
8.2.3.1.2 Formulation Challenges 1057
8.2.3.2 Natural Product Biostimulants 1058
8.2.3.3 Manipulating the Microbiome 1061
8.2.3.4 Synthetic Biology 1062
8.2.3.5 Non-microbial biostimulants 1063
8.2.4 Agricultural Enzymes 1064
8.2.4.1 Types of Agricultural Enzymes 1064
8.3 Market analysis 1066
8.3.1 Key players and competitive landscape 1066
8.3.2 Market Growth Drivers and Trends 1067
8.3.3 Regulations 1067
8.3.4 Value chain 1068
8.3.5 Future outlook 1069
8.3.6 Addressable Market Size 1070
8.3.7 Risks and Opportunities 1070
8.3.8 Global revenues 1071
8.3.8.1 By application market 1071
8.3.8.2 By regional market 1071
8.4 Company profiles 1072 (105 company profiles)

9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1147

10 REFERENCES 1148

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List of Tables/Graphs

List of Tables

Table 1. Biomanufacturing revolutions and representative products. 53
Table 2. Industrial Biomanufacturing categories. 54
Table 3. Overview of Biomanufacturing Processes. 55
Table 4. Continuous vs batch biomanufacturing 56
Table 5. Key Components of Industrial Biomanufacturing. 57
Table 6. Types of Cell Culture Systems. 73
Table 7. Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance. 74
Table 8. Types of Fermentation Processes. 75
Table 9. Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance. 76
Table 10. Advances in Fermentation Technology. 76
Table 11. Types of Purification Methods in Downstream Processing. 77
Table 12. Factors Affecting Purification Performance. 78
Table 13. Advances in Purification Technology. 78
Table 14. Common formulation methods used in biomanufacturing. 80
Table 15. Factors Affecting Formulation Performance. 81
Table 16. Advances in Formulation Technology. 81
Table 17. Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance in Biomanufacturing. 83
Table 18. Scale-up Strategies in Biomanufacturing. 83
Table 19. Factors Affecting Optimization Performance in Biomanufacturing. 85
Table 20. Optimization Strategies in Biomanufacturing. 85
Table 21. Types of Quality Control Tests in Biomanufacturing. 86
Table 22.Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance in Biomanufacturing 87
Table 23. Factors Affecting Characterization Performance in Biomanufacturing 89
Table 24. Key fermentation parameters in batch vs continuous biomanufacturing processes. 96
Table 25. Major microbial cell factories used in industrial biomanufacturing. 101
Table 26. Comparison of Modes of Operation. 104
Table 27. Host organisms commonly used in biomanufacturing. 105
Table 28. Types of biopharmaceuticals. 107
Table 29. Types of Monoclonal Antibodies. 108
Table 30. Types of Recombinant Proteins. 108
Table 31. Types of biopharma vaccines. 109
Table 32. Types of Cell and Gene Therapies 109
Table 33. Types of Blood Factors. 110
Table 34. Types of Tissue Engineering Products. 110
Table 35. Types of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics. 111
Table 36. Types of Peptide Therapeutics. 112
Table 37. Types of Biosimilars and Biobetters. 112
Table 38. Types of Nanobodies and Antibody Fragments. 113
Table 39. Types of Synthetic Biology Applications in Biopharmaceuticals. 114
Table 40. Engineered proteins in industrial applications. 117
Table 41. Cell-free versus cell-based systems 121
Table 42. White biotechnology fermentation processes. 126
Table 43. Key players in biopharmaceuticals. 139
Table 44. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Biopharmaceuticals. 139
Table 45. Biopharmaceuticals Regulations. 141
Table 46. Value chain: Biopharmaceuticals. 142
Table 47. Addressable market size for biopharmaceuticals. 143
Table 48. Risks and Opportunities in biopharmaceuticals. 144
Table 49. Global revenues for biopharmaceuticals, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD. 146
Table 50. Global revenues for biopharmaceuticals, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD. 146
Table 51. Types of industrial enzymes. 235
Table 52. Types of Detergent Enzymes. 236
Table 53.Types of Food Processing Enzymes 236
Table 54. Types of Textile Processing Enzymes. 237
Table 55. Types of Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes. 237
Table 56. Types of Leather Processing Enzymes. 238
Table 57. Types of Biofuel Production Enzymes. 238
Table 58. Types of Animal Feed Enzymes. 239
Table 59. Types of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes. 239
Table 60. Types of Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes. 240
Table 61. Types of Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes. 241
Table 62. Comparison of enzyme types. 241
Table 63. Key players in industrial enzymes. 243
Table 64. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in industrial enzymes. 244
Table 65. Industrial enzymes Regulations. 245
Table 66. Value chain: Industrial enzymes. 246
Table 67. Addressable market size for industrial enzymes. 248
Table 68. Risks and Opportunities in industrial enzymes. 248
Table 69. Global revenues for industrial enzymes, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD. 249
Table 70. Global revenues for industrial enzymes, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD. 249
Table 71. Types of biofuel, by generation. 287
Table 72. Comparison of biofuels. 290
Table 73. Classification of biomass feedstock. 291
Table 74. Biorefinery feedstocks. 292
Table 75. Feedstock conversion pathways. 292
Table 76. First-Generation Feedstocks. 292
Table 77. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 295
Table 78. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 296
Table 79. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 297
Table 80. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 298
Table 81. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 300
Table 82. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 301
Table 83. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 302
Table 84. Biodiesel by generation. 305
Table 85. Biodiesel production techniques. 307
Table 86. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions. 308
Table 87. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield. 309
Table 88. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 309
Table 89. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel. 311
Table 90. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 312
Table 91. Example commercial Development of BtL processes. 313
Table 92. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes. 313
Table 93. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year). 317
Table 94. Biogas feedstocks. 319
Table 95. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants. 326
Table 96. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas. 327
Table 97. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways. 336
Table 98. Markets and applications for biohydrogen. 338
Table 99. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas. 342
Table 100. Summary of applications of biochar in energy. 348
Table 101. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils. 349
Table 102. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil. 349
Table 103. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels. 351
Table 104. Markets and applications for bio-oil. 352
Table 105. Bio-oil producers. 352
Table 106. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year). 356
Table 107. Renewable diesel price ranges. 357
Table 108. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel. 357
Table 109. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel. 359
Table 110. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities. 361
Table 111. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year). 363
Table 112. Algae-derived biofuel producers. 368
Table 113. Key players in biofuels. 369
Table 114. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biofuels. 370
Table 115. Biofuels Regulations. 370
Table 116. Value chain: Biofuels. 371
Table 117. Addressable market size for biofuels. 373
Table 118. Risks and Opportunities in biofuels 373
Table 119. Global revenues for biofuels, by type (2020-2035), billions USD. 374
Table 120. Global Revenues for Biofuels, by Applications Market (2020-2035), billions USD. 374
Table 121. Global revenues for biofuels, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD. 375
Table 122. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 439
Table 123. Types of bioplastics: 522
Table 124. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 523
Table 125.Types of PHAs and properties. 527
Table 126. Commercially available PHAs. 528
Table 127. Markets and applications for PHAs. 529
Table 128. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 531
Table 129. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 532
Table 130. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities, 532
Table 131. Key players in Bioplastics. 536
Table 132. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Bioplastics. 537
Table 133. Bioplastics Regulations. 538
Table 134. Value chain: Bioplastics. 538
Table 135. Addressable market size for Bioplastics. 540
Table 136. Risks and Opportunities in Bioplastics. 541
Table 137. Global revenues for bioplastics, by type (2020-2035), billions USD. 541
Table 138. Global revenues for bioplastics, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD. 542
Table 139. Global revenues for bioplastics, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD. 542
Table 140. Lactips plastic pellets. 727
Table 141. Oji Holdings CNF products. 793
Table 142. Types of biochemicals. 915
Table 143. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 916
Table 144. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 917
Table 145. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 918
Table 146. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid. 921
Table 147. Applications of succinic acid. 921
Table 148. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid. 922
Table 149. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid. 922
Table 150. Feedstock Sources for Citric Acid Production. 923
Table 151. Applications of Citric Acid. 923
Table 152. Feedstock Sources for Acetic Acid Production. 924
Table 153. Applications of Acetic Acid. 924
Table 154. Feedstock Sources for Acetic Acid Production. 924
Table 155. Applications of Acetic Acid. 925
Table 156. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals. 925
Table 157. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals. 926
Table 158. Feedstock Sources for Threonine Production. 926
Table 159. Applications of Threonine. 927
Table 160.Feedstock Sources for Methionine Production. 927
Table 161. Applications of Methionine. 927
Table 162. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol. 928
Table 163. Applications of bio-based ethanol. 928
Table 164. Feedstock Sources for Butanol Production. 929
Table 165. Applications of Butanol. 929
Table 166. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol. 930
Table 167. Applications of bio-based isobutanol. 930
Table 168. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO). 930
Table 169. Types of Biosurfactants. 931
Table 170. Feedstock Sources for Biosurfactant Production 931
Table 171. Applications of Biosurfactants 931
Table 172.Feedstock Sources for APG Production 932
Table 173. Applications of Alkyl Polyglucosides (APGs) 932
Table 174. Feedstock Sources for Ethyl Lactate Production. 933
Table 175. Applications of Ethyl Lactate. 933
Table 176.Feedstock Sources for Dimethyl Carbonate Production 933
Table 177. Applications of Dimethyl Carbonate 934
Table 178. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol. 934
Table 179.Feedstock Sources for Succinic Acid Production 938
Table 180. Applications of Succinic Acid. 939
Table 181. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO). 939
Table 182. Feedstock Sources for Isoprene Production. 940
Table 183. Applications of Isoprene. 940
Table 184. Applications of bio-based ethylene. 941
Table 185. Applications of bio-based propylene. 941
Table 186. Applications of bio-based adipic acid. 942
Table 187. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid. 943
Table 188. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 944
Table 189. Leading PBS producers and production capacities. 945
Table 190. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 945
Table 191. FDCA and PEF producers. 946
Table 192. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 947
Table 193. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers. 948
Table 194. Types of Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs). 950
Table 195. Types of Biofiber-Reinforced Plastics. 952
Table 196. Types of Polymer Blends with Bio-based Components. 953
Table 197. Mineral source products and applications. 959
Table 198. Key players in Biochemicals. 960
Table 199. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Biochemicals. 961
Table 200. Biochemicals Regulations. 961
Table 201. Value chain: Biochemicals. 962
Table 202. Addressable market size for Biochemicals. 964
Table 203. Risks and Opportunities in Biochemicals. 964
Table 204. Global revenues for biochemicals, by type (2020-2035), billions USD. 965
Table 205. Global revenues for biochemicals, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD. 965
Table 206. Global revenues for biochemicals, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD. 966
Table 207. Bio-agritech categories. 1045
Table 208. Biopesticides: Pros and Cons. 1046
Table 209. Semiochemicals: Advantages and Disadvantages. 1047
Table 210.Biological Pest Control: Advantages and Disadvantages. 1048
Table 211. Global regulations on biopesticides. 1048
Table 212. Main types of microbial pesticides. 1050
Table 213. Main types of biochemical pesticides. 1051
Table 214. Main types of biofertilizers. 1052
Table 215. Types of Microbial Biostimulants. 1059
Table 216. Main types of non-microbial biostimulants. 1063
Table 217. Types of Agricultural Enzymes 1064
Table 218. Key players in Bio Agritech. 1066
Table 219. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Bio Agritech 1067
Table 220. Bio Agritech Regulations. 1067
Table 221. Value chain: Bio Agritech. 1068
Table 222. Addressable market size for Bio Agritech. 1070
Table 223. Risks and Opportunities in Bio Agritech. 1070
Table 224. Global revenues for Bio Agritech products, by applications market (2020-2035), billions USD. 1071
Table 225. Global revenues for Bio Agritech products, by regional market (2020-2035), billions USD. 1071

List of Figures

Figure 1. CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing. 116
Figure 2. Genetic Circuit-Assisted Smart Microbial Engineering. 120
Figure 3. Cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis systems. 122
Figure 4. Microbial Chassis Development for Natural Product Biosynthesis. 123
Figure 5. The design-make-test-learn loop of generative biology. 128
Figure 6. XtalPi’s automated and robot-run workstations. 233
Figure 7. Light Bio Bioluminescent plants. 278
Figure 8. Corbion FDCA production process. 285
Figure 9. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 296
Figure 10. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 299
Figure 11. SWOT analysis for biodiesel. 306
Figure 12. Flow chart for biodiesel production. 310
Figure 13. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre. 316
Figure 14. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 319
Figure 15. Overview of biogas utilization. 320
Figure 16. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 321
Figure 17. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production. 323
Figure 18. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production. 324
Figure 19. SWOT analysis for biogas. 325
Figure 20. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023. 329
Figure 21. Properties of petrol and biobutanol. 330
Figure 22. Biobutanol production route. 330
Figure 23. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen. 335
Figure 24. SWOT analysis biomethanol. 341
Figure 25. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks. 342
Figure 26. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading. 343
Figure 27. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation. 344
Figure 28. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process. 344
Figure 29. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques. 350
Figure 30. SWOT analysis for bio-oils. 352
Figure 31. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel. 356
Figure 32. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel. 358
Figure 33. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year). 362
Figure 34. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels. 364
Figure 35. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels. 365
Figure 36. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production. 366
Figure 37. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 382
Figure 38. ChemCyclingTM prototypes. 388
Figure 39. ChemCycling circle by BASF. 388
Figure 40. FBPO process 399
Figure 41. Direct Air Capture Process. 403
Figure 42. CRI process. 405
Figure 43. Cassandra Oil process. 408
Figure 44. Colyser process. 415
Figure 45. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic. 420
Figure 46. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer. 421
Figure 47. Domsjö process. 422
Figure 48. FuelPositive system. 433
Figure 49. INERATEC unit. 449
Figure 50. Infinitree swing method. 450
Figure 51. Audi/Krajete unit. 456
Figure 52. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 481
Figure 53: Plantrose process. 489
Figure 54. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production. 503
Figure 55. Takavator. 506
Figure 56. O12 Reactor. 509
Figure 57. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials. 510
Figure 58. CO2 made car part. 510
Figure 59. The Velocys process. 513
Figure 60. Goldilocks process and applications. 515
Figure 61. The Proesa® Process. 517
Figure 62. PHA family. 527
Figure 63. Pluumo. 546
Figure 64. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 555
Figure 65. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 557
Figure 66. MEDICELLU™. 557
Figure 67. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 566
Figure 68. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 566
Figure 69. CNF nonwoven fabric. 567
Figure 70. Roof frame made of natural fiber. 576
Figure 71. Beyond Leather Materials product. 580
Figure 72. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA. 586
Figure 73. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc. 587
Figure 74. Fiber-based screw cap. 599
Figure 75. formicobio™ technology. 618
Figure 76. nanoforest-S. 620
Figure 77. nanoforest-PDP. 620
Figure 78. nanoforest-MB. 621
Figure 79. sunliquid® production process. 628
Figure 80. CuanSave film. 631
Figure 81. Celish. 632
Figure 82. Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 634
Figure 83. ELLEX products. 635
Figure 84. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 636
Figure 85. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 636
Figure 86. Color CNF. 637
Figure 87. Rheocrysta spray. 642
Figure 88. DKS CNF products. 643
Figure 89. Domsjö process. 644
Figure 90. Mushroom leather. 654
Figure 91. CNF based on citrus peel. 655
Figure 92. Citrus cellulose nanofiber. 656
Figure 93. Filler Bank CNC products. 666
Figure 94. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing. 668
Figure 95. TMP-Bio Process. 671
Figure 96. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna. 672
Figure 97. Water-repellent cellulose. 674
Figure 98. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 675
Figure 99. PHA production process. 677
Figure 100. CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 677
Figure 101. AVAPTM process. 687
Figure 102. GreenPower+™ process. 687
Figure 103. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 690
Figure 104. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 692
Figure 105. CNF gel. 698
Figure 106. Block nanocellulose material. 699
Figure 107. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 699
Figure 108. Marine leather products. 702
Figure 109. Inner Mettle Milk products. 706
Figure 110. Kami Shoji CNF products. 716
Figure 111. Dual Graft System. 719
Figure 112. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 720
Figure 113. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended). 720
Figure 114. Kel Labs yarn. 721
Figure 115. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side). 725
Figure 116. Lignin gel. 733
Figure 117. BioFlex process. 736
Figure 118. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee. 738
Figure 119. LX Process. 742
Figure 120. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 744
Figure 121. TransLeather. 745
Figure 122. Chitin nanofiber product. 750
Figure 123. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 751
Figure 124. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 752
Figure 125. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology. 755
Figure 126. IPA synthesis method. 759
Figure 127. MOGU-Wave panels. 762
Figure 128. CNF slurries. 763
Figure 129. Range of CNF products. 763
Figure 130. Reishi. 767
Figure 131. Compostable water pod. 783
Figure 132. Leather made from leaves. 784
Figure 133. Nike shoe with beLEAF™. 784
Figure 134. CNF clear sheets. 793
Figure 135. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 795
Figure 136. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 808
Figure 137. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk. 812
Figure 138. XCNF. 819
Figure 139: Plantrose process. 820
Figure 140. LOVR hemp leather. 823
Figure 141. CNF insulation flat plates. 826
Figure 142. Hansa lignin. 832
Figure 143. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 835
Figure 144. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 839
Figure 145. 3D printed cellulose shoe. 847
Figure 146. Lyocell process. 850
Figure 147. North Face Spiber Moon Parka. 854
Figure 148. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie. 854
Figure 149. Spider silk production. 855
Figure 150. Stora Enso lignin battery materials. 860
Figure 151. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension. 861
Figure 152. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 861
Figure 153. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 862
Figure 154. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 862
Figure 155. Sulapac cosmetics containers. 864
Figure 156. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 865
Figure 157. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 866
Figure 158. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 875
Figure 159. Corbion FDCA production process. 882
Figure 160. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF. 883
Figure 161. CNF resin products. 887
Figure 162. UPM biorefinery process. 888
Figure 163. Vegea production process. 892
Figure 164. The Proesa® Process. 894
Figure 165. Goldilocks process and applications. 895
Figure 166. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 899
Figure 167. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 901
Figure 168. Worn Again products. 906
Figure 169. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process. 910
Figure 170. Schematic of biorefinery processes. 920
Figure 171. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025. 947
Figure 172. formicobio™ technology. 985
Figure 173. Domsjö process. 989
Figure 174. TMP-Bio Process. 995
Figure 175. Lignin gel. 1013
Figure 176. BioFlex process. 1016
Figure 177. LX Process. 1018
Figure 178. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology. 1021
Figure 179. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 1027
Figure 180. Precision Photosynthesis™ technology. 1029
Figure 181. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk. 1031
Figure 182. UPM biorefinery process. 1040
Figure 183. The Proesa® Process. 1042
Figure 184. Goldilocks process and applications. 1043