Summary
The global printed and flexible electronics market is experiencing rapid growth driven by increasing demand for wearable devices, IoT applications, and flexible displays. This comprehensive report provides detailed analysis of the entire ecosystem from materials and manufacturing to applications and end markets. The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2025-2035 provides comprehensive analysis and forecasting of the rapidly evolving printed and flexible electronics industry. This extensive report covers emerging technologies, applications, materials, manufacturing processes, and market opportunities across multiple sectors including consumer electronics, healthcare, automotive, smart packaging, and e-textiles.
Key Market Segments Covered include:
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Consumer electronics and wearables
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Medical devices and healthcare monitoring
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E-textiles and smart apparel
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Automotive electronics and displays
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Smart packaging and RFID
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Building and construction
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Energy storage and harvesting
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Flexible displays and lighting
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Printed and flexible sensors
The report provides detailed analysis of:
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Manufacturing Technologies:
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Printed electronics processes
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Roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing
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In-mold electronics (IME)
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3D electronics
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Digital and analog printing methods
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Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)
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Materials and Components:
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Conductive inks (silver, copper, carbon)
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Flexible substrates
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Semiconducting materials
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Component attachment materials
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Flexible ICs and PCBs
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Printable sensing materials
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Energy storage materials
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Applications including:
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Flexible displays and OLED lighting
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Wearable devices and sensors
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Electronic skin patches
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Smart textiles and clothing
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Automotive displays and interfaces
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Smart packaging and labels
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Building-integrated electronics
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Flexible batteries and energy harvesting
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Market sizing and forecasts 2025-2035 (volume and value)
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Technology benchmarking and readiness levels
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Competitive landscape analysis
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Regional market analysis
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Extensive company profiles.
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Manufacturing innovations
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Application roadmaps
Key Topics covered include:
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Consumer Electronics & Wearables:
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Smart watches and fitness trackers
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Hearables and medical wearables
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Gaming and entertainment devices
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Flexible displays and touch interfaces
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Healthcare & Medical:
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Electronic skin patches
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Remote patient monitoring
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Smart bandages and wound care
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Drug delivery devices
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Continuous glucose monitoring
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Cardiovascular monitoring
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E-textiles & Smart Apparel:
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Smart clothing and accessories
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Performance sportswear
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Healthcare monitoring garments
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Military and protective wear
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Manufacturing processes
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Integration methods
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Automotive Applications:
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Flexible displays and lighting
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Touch controls and interfaces
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Seat occupancy sensors
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Heated surfaces
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Structural electronics
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Smart Packaging:
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RFID and NFC integration
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Time-temperature indicators
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Freshness monitoring
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Anti-counterfeiting
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Smart labels and tags
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Energy Applications:
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Flexible batteries
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Printed supercapacitors
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Solar cells
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Energy harvesting
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Wireless charging
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Display Technologies:
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OLED displays
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E-paper displays
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Micro-LED
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Quantum dot displays
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Automotive displays
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Transparent displays
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Company Profiles: Comprehensive profiles of 1,000+ companies including:
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Major electronics manufacturers
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Materials suppliers
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Equipment providers
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Technology developers
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Start-ups and innovators
Companies profiled include Profiles of over 750 companies including 1drop, 24M Technologies, Inc., 3DEYES Co., Ltd., 3DOM Inc., ABEye SA, ABeetle Corp., Abbott Laboratories, AC Biode, Accensors, Acurable, Adamant Health Oy, Add Care Ltd., Adapttech, Addionics, AerBetic, Inc, AerNos, AffordSENS Corporation, Agx, Inc., AGFA-Gevaert N.V., AG Texteis, Aidar Health, Aidee, AirMembrane Corporation, AI Silk Corporation, AIDPLEX S.P.P.C., AIQ Smart Clothing, Inc., Alphaclo, AlphaMicron, Inc., Alertgy, Allevion Therapeutics, Alimetry Ltd., Almawave S.p.A., AlmaScience, Altana AG (Heliosonic GmbH), Allterco Robotics, Alva Health, Alvalux Medical SA, Ambiotex GmbH, American Semiconductor Inc, AMO Lab, Ampcera, Inc., Amprius, Inc., Amorepacific Corporation, Anicca Wellness, APB, APDM Wearable Technologies, Inc., AMF Medical, AMSU (Shenzhen) New Technology Co. Ltd., Apollo Neuro, AposHealth, AquilX, Inc., Arcascope, Inc., Ares Materials, Inc., Arkema S.A, Arjowiggins Group, Artemis, Articulate Labs, Arylla, Inc., AshChromics Corporation, Asics, Asahi Kasei, Asiatic Fiber Corporation, Asics, AspiraDAC Pty Ltd., AssistMe, Atheer, Inc., Ateios Systems, Athos, ATtens Co., Ltd., ATT advanced thermal technologies GmbH, Australian Advanced Materials, AU Optronics Corporation, Augmency, Augumenta Ltd., AURA Devices, Avanix srl, Avegant, Avery Dennison, Awarewear, Azalea Vision, AZUL Energy Co., Ltd, B-Secur, Bally Ribbon Mills, Bando Chemical Industries, Ltd., Bare Conductive, BeBop Sensors, BeFC, Beijing BOE Display Technology Co., Ltd., Belun Technology, Bionic Vision Technologies (BVT), Biobeat Technologies Ltd., Biofourmis, Inc., BioIntelliSense, Biolinq, Inc., Bionet Co., Ltd., BioRICS NV, Biorithm Pte Ltd., BioSenseTek Coporation, BioSensics LLC, BioSerenity SAS, BioTelemetry, Inc., Biotricity, biped.ai, Bittium Corporation, Blackstone Resources, BloomerTech, Blue Spark Technologies, Inc., Blue Current, Inc., Blue Solutions, Blue Spark Technologies, Inc., Blulog, Boco, Inc., Bodi, Inc., BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., BONX, Bodimetrics, Bold Diagnostics, Bonbouton, Borsam Biomedical Instruments Co., Ltd., Bostonclub Co., Ltd., BotFactory, BrainQ Technologies, BrainStem Biometrics, Inc., Brewer Science, Brilliant Matters, Cambridge Touch Technologies, C2 Sense, Inc., C3Nano, CAEN RFID, Cala Health, Canatu Oy, CardiacSense, CardieX, CareWear Corporation, Cari Health, Inc., Cellid, Inc., CeQur Corporation, Chasm Advanced Materials, Charco Neurotech, Chromatic Technologies Inc (CTI), Chronolife SAS, Cionic, Inc., Cipher Skin, Clim8, CondAlign AS, Coachwhisperer GmbH, C-mo Medical Solutions, CollectID, Cognito Therapeutics, Cogwear, Corsano Health, Cortrium APS, Cosinuss, Comftech srl, Conductive Transfers, Continental AG, Creact International Corporation, CREAL SA, CTS Denmark A/S, CurveSYS GmbH, CuteCircuit, Cyrcadia Asia, Cymbet, DaVinci Wearables, Danish Graphene, Dätwyler, Descente Ltd., Directa Plus, dorsaVi Ltd., Debiotech S.A., Deep Nordic ApS, Dexcom, Inc., Diabeloop, DiaMonTech AG, Dispelix Oy, Doccla, dorsaVi Ltd., Dracula Technologies, DuPont Advanced Materials, Durak Tekstil, DyAnsys Inc., Dynocardia, E Ink Holdings, Inc., Earable Neuroscience, EarSwitch, Eccrine Systems, Inc., Ectosense, Eeonyx Corporation, Elastimed, ElastiSense Sensor Technology, Element Science, Inc., Elephantech, Inc., Elevre Medical Limited, Electroninks, Eleksen, Elidah, Elitac B.V., EMBEGA S.Coop., Emberion Oy, and more....
The report provides critical insights for:
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Electronics manufacturers
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Material suppliers
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Equipment makers
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Technology developers
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Investment firms
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R&D organizations
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Government agencies
Key Features:
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Market forecasts (volume and value)
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Technology assessment
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Competitive analysis
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Strategic recommendations
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Investment opportunities
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Patent landscape
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Company profiles
This report is essential for understanding:
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Market opportunities and challenges
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Technology trends and developments
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Competitive landscape
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Investment potential
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Manufacturing innovations
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Application roadmaps
With extensive primary research and analysis, the report offers valuable insights for companies looking to:
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Identify market opportunities
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Evaluate technologies
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Assess competition
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Plan strategic investments
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Develop new products
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Establish partnerships
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Enter new markets
The report includes detailed market forecasts, technology assessments, and strategic analysis essential for companies participating in or planning to enter the printed and flexible electronics market.
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Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 80
1.1 The evolution of electronics 81
1.2 Markets for printed and flexible electronics 85
1.2.1 Macro-trends 85
1.2.2 Healthcare and wellness 86
1.2.3 Automotive 87
1.2.4 Buildings and construction 88
1.2.5 Energy storage and harvesting 89
1.2.6 E-Textiles 90
1.2.7 Consumer electronics 91
1.2.8 Smart packaging and logistics 92
1.3 The wearables revolution 92
1.4 The wearable tech market in 2024 95
1.5 Continuous monitoring 97
1.6 Market map for printed and flexible electronics 97
1.7 Wearable market leaders 98
1.8 What is printed/flexible electronics? 99
1.8.1 Motivation for use 99
1.8.2 From rigid to flexible and stretchable 99
1.8.2.1 Stretchable electronics 101
1.8.2.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables 102
1.8.2.3 Stretchable electronics in Medical devices 103
1.8.2.4 Stretchable electronics in sensors 103
1.8.2.5 Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting 103
1.8.2.6 Stretchable artificial skin 103
1.9 Role in the metaverse 104
1.10 Wearable electronics in the textiles industry 105
1.11 New conductive materials 107
1.12 Entertainment 110
1.13 Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market 110
1.13.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and hyrbid products 110
1.13.2 Future growth 111
1.13.3 Advanced materials as a market driver 111
1.13.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics 112
1.14 Innovations at CES 2021-2024 xxx 113
1.15 Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2024 116
1.16 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) 120
1.17 Sustainability in flexible electronics 124
1.18 Global market revenues, 2018-2035 125
1.18.1 Consumer electronics 125
1.18.2 Medical & healthcare 127
1.18.3 E-textiles and smart apparel 129
1.18.4 Displays 131
1.18.5 Automotive 133
1.18.6 Smart buildings 135
1.18.7 Smart packaging 136
2 MANUFACTURING METHODS 138
2.1 Comparative analysis 138
2.2 Printed electronics 139
2.2.1 Technology description 139
2.2.2 SWOT analysis 139
2.3 3D electronics 140
2.3.1 Technology description 140
2.3.2 SWOT analysis 143
2.4 Analogue printing 144
2.4.1 Technology description 144
2.4.2 SWOT analysis 146
2.5 Digital printing 146
2.5.1 Technology description 146
2.5.2 SWOT analysis 148
2.6 In-mold electronics (IME) 149
2.6.1 Technology description 149
2.6.2 SWOT analysis 152
2.7 Roll-to-roll (R2R) 153
2.7.1 Technology description 153
2.7.2 SWOT analysis 155
3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 156
3.1 Component attachment materials 156
3.1.1 Conductive adhesives 157
3.1.2 Biodegradable adhesives 157
3.1.3 Magnets 158
3.1.4 Bio-based solders 158
3.1.5 Bio-derived solders 158
3.1.6 Recycled plastics 158
3.1.7 Nano adhesives 159
3.1.8 Shape memory polymers 159
3.1.9 Photo-reversible polymers 161
3.1.10 Conductive biopolymers 161
3.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods 161
3.1.12 Low temperature solder 162
3.1.13 Reflow soldering 165
3.1.14 Induction soldering 165
3.1.15 UV curing 166
3.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 166
3.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing 166
3.1.18 Hybrid integration 167
3.2 Conductive inks 167
3.2.1 Metal-based conductive inks 170
3.2.2 Nanoparticle inks 171
3.2.3 Silver inks 171
3.2.4 Particle-Free conductive ink 172
3.2.5 Copper inks 172
3.2.6 Gold (Au) ink 174
3.2.7 Conductive polymer inks 174
3.2.8 Liquid metals 175
3.2.9 Companies 175
3.3 Printable semiconductors 179
3.3.1 Technology overview 179
3.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages 180
3.3.3 SWOT analysis 181
3.4 Printable sensing materials 182
3.4.1 Overview 182
3.4.2 Types 182
3.4.3 SWOT analysis 184
3.5 Flexible Substrates 185
3.5.1 Flexible plastic substrates 187
3.5.1.1 Types of materials 188
3.5.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs 188
3.5.2 Paper substrates 189
3.5.2.1 Overview 189
3.5.3 Glass substrates 190
3.5.3.1 Overview 190
3.5.4 Textile substrates 191
3.6 Flexible ICs 191
3.6.1 Description 191
3.6.2 Flexible metal oxide ICs 192
3.6.3 Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies 193
3.6.4 SWOT analysis 193
3.7 Printed PCBs 194
3.7.1 Description 194
3.7.2 High-Speed PCBs 197
3.7.3 Flexible PCBs 197
3.7.4 3D Printed PCBs 198
3.7.5 Sustainable PCBs 199
3.8 Thin film batteries 200
3.8.1 Technology description 200
3.8.2 SWOT analysis 201
3.9 Energy harvesting 201
3.9.1 Approaches 201
3.9.2 Perovskite photovoltaics 202
3.9.3 Applications 202
3.9.4 SWOT analysis 203
4 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 205
4.1 Macro-trends 205
4.2 Market drivers 205
4.3 SWOT analysis 208
4.4 Wearable sensors 209
4.5 Wearable actuators 210
4.6 Recent market developments 211
4.7 Wrist-worn wearables 212
4.7.1 Overview 212
4.7.2 Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers 212
4.7.2.1 Sensing 212
4.7.2.2 Actuating 213
4.7.3 SWOT analysis 216
4.7.4 Health monitoring 217
4.7.5 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches 218
4.7.6 Main producers and products 219
4.8 Sports and fitness 220
4.8.1 Overview 220
4.8.2 Wearable devices and apparel 220
4.8.3 Skin patches 221
4.8.4 Products 222
4.9 Hearables 224
4.9.1 Technology overview 224
4.9.2 Assistive Hearables 227
4.9.2.1 Biometric Monitoring 227
4.9.3 SWOT analysis 228
4.9.4 Health & Fitness Hearables 229
4.9.5 Multimedia Hearables 229
4.9.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 230
4.9.7 Companies and products 230
4.10 Sleep trackers and wearable monitors 231
4.10.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers 232
4.10.2 Smart rings 233
4.10.3 Headbands 234
4.10.4 Sleep monitoring devices 235
4.10.4.1 Companies and products 235
4.11 Pet and animal wearables 237
4.12 Military wearables 238
4.13 Industrial and workplace monitoring 239
4.13.1 Products 239
4.14 Global market forecasts 241
4.14.1 Volume 241
4.14.2 Revenues 243
4.15 Market challenges 245
4.16 Companies 246
5 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS 249
5.1 Macro-trends 249
5.2 Market drivers 249
5.3 SWOT analysis 252
5.4 Current state of the art 253
5.4.1 Electrochemical biosensors 254
5.4.2 Skin patches for continuous monitoring 254
5.4.3 Printed pH sensors 255
5.4.4 Wearable medical device products 255
5.4.5 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring 258
5.5 Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation 259
5.5.1 Market overview 259
5.5.2 Companies and products 260
5.6 Electronic skin patches 265
5.6.1 Electronic skin sensors 265
5.6.2 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics 266
5.6.3 Nanomaterials-based devices 268
5.6.3.1 Graphene 268
5.6.4 Liquid metal alloys 269
5.6.5 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics 270
5.6.6 Printed batteries 270
5.6.7 Materials 270
5.6.7.1 Summary of advanced materials 271
5.6.8 SWOT analysis 272
5.6.9 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring 273
5.6.9.1 Market overview 273
5.6.9.2 Companies and products 274
5.6.10 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 276
5.6.10.1 Market overview 276
5.6.11 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors 277
5.6.11.1 Technologies 277
5.6.12 Non-invasive CGM sensors 280
5.6.12.1 Commercial devices 280
5.6.12.2 Companies and products 281
5.6.13 Cardiovascular monitoring 284
5.6.13.1 Market overview 284
5.6.13.2 ECG sensors 285
5.6.13.2.1 Companies and products 285
5.6.13.3 PPG sensors 287
5.6.13.3.1 Companies and products 287
5.6.14 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring 287
5.6.14.1 Market overview 287
5.6.14.2 Companies and products 288
5.6.15 Hydration sensors 289
5.6.15.1 Market overview 289
5.6.15.2 Companies and products 289
5.6.16 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports) 290
5.6.16.1 Market overview 290
5.6.16.2 Companies and products 292
5.7 Wearable drug delivery 293
5.7.1 Companies and products 294
5.8 Cosmetics patches 296
5.8.1 Companies and products 297
5.9 Femtech devices 297
5.9.1 Companies and products 298
5.10 Smart footwear for health monitoring 300
5.10.1 Companies and products 301
5.11 Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired 302
5.11.1 Companies and products 302
5.12 Smart woundcare 303
5.12.1 Companies and products 305
5.13 Smart diapers 306
5.13.1 Companies and products 306
5.14 Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots 307
5.14.1 Companies and products 308
5.15 Global market forecasts 326
5.15.1 Volume 326
5.15.2 Revenues 328
5.16 Market challenges 329
6 ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL 331
6.1 Macro-trends 331
6.2 Market drivers 332
6.3 SWOT analysis 334
6.4 Performance requirements for E-textiles 335
6.5 Growth prospects for electronic textiles 336
6.6 Textiles in the Internet of Things 339
6.7 Types of E-Textile products 341
6.7.1 Embedded e-textiles 343
6.7.2 Laminated e-textiles 344
6.8 Materials and components 344
6.8.1 Integrating electronics for E-Textiles 344
6.8.1.1 Textile-adapted 346
6.8.1.2 Textile-integrated 346
6.8.1.3 Textile-based 346
6.8.2 Manufacturing of E-textiles 346
6.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks 346
6.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers 348
6.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets 349
6.8.3 Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles 349
6.8.4 E-textiles materials and components 351
6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns 351
6.8.4.1.1 Production 353
6.8.4.1.2 Metals 354
6.8.4.1.3 Carbon materials and nanofibers 355
6.8.4.1.3.1 Graphene 357
6.8.4.1.3.2 Carbon nanotubes 358
6.8.4.1.3.3 Nanofibers 360
6.8.4.2 Mxenes 361
6.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) 362
6.8.4.4 Conductive polymers 364
6.8.4.4.1 PDMS 367
6.8.4.4.2 PEDOT: PSS 367
6.8.4.4.3 Polypyrrole (PPy) 367
6.8.4.4.4 Conductive polymer composites 367
6.8.4.4.5 Ionic conductive polymers 368
6.8.4.5 Conductive inks 368
6.8.4.5.1 Aqueous-Based Ink 370
6.8.4.5.2 Solvent-Based Ink 371
6.8.4.5.3 Oil-Based Ink 371
6.8.4.5.4 Hot-Melt Ink 372
6.8.4.5.5 UV-Curable Ink 372
6.8.4.5.6 Metal-based conductive inks 373
6.8.4.5.6.1 Nanoparticle ink 374
6.8.4.5.6.2 Silver inks 374
6.8.4.5.6.3 Copper inks 378
6.8.4.5.6.4 Gold (Au) ink 380
6.8.4.5.7 Carbon-based conductive inks 380
6.8.4.5.7.1 Carbon nanotubes 380
6.8.4.5.7.2 Single-walled carbon nanotubes 382
6.8.4.5.7.3 Graphene 383
6.8.4.5.8 Liquid metals 387
6.8.4.5.8.1 Properties 387
6.8.4.6 Electronic filaments 388
6.8.4.7 Phase change materials 388
6.8.4.7.1 Temperature controlled fabrics 388
6.8.4.8 Shape memory materials 389
6.8.4.9 Metal halide perovskites 391
6.8.4.10 Nanocoatings in smart textiles 391
6.8.4.11 3D printing 394
6.8.4.11.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 394
6.8.4.11.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 394
6.8.4.11.3 Products 395
6.8.5 E-textiles components 396
6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators 396
6.8.5.1.1 Physiological sensors 397
6.8.5.1.2 Environmental sensors 398
6.8.5.1.3 Pressure sensors 398
6.8.5.1.3.1 Flexible capacitive sensors 398
6.8.5.1.3.2 Flexible piezoresistive sensors 398
6.8.5.1.3.3 Flexible piezoelectric sensors 399
6.8.5.1.4 Activity sensors 399
6.8.5.1.5 Strain sensors 400
6.8.5.1.5.1 Resistive sensors 400
6.8.5.1.5.2 Capacitive strain sensors 400
6.8.5.1.6 Temperature sensors 401
6.8.5.1.7 Inertial measurement units (IMUs) 401
6.8.5.2 Electrodes 401
6.8.5.3 Connectors 402
6.9 Applications, markets and products 402
6.9.1 Temperature monitoring and regulation 403
6.9.1.1 Heated clothing 403
6.9.1.2 Heated gloves 405
6.9.1.3 Heated insoles 405
6.9.1.4 Heated jacket and clothing products 406
6.9.1.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications 407
6.9.2 Stretchable E-fabrics 408
6.9.3 Therapeutic products 408
6.9.4 Sport & fitness 409
6.9.4.1 Products 411
6.9.5 Smart footwear 413
6.9.5.1 Companies and products 414
6.9.6 Wearable displays 415
6.9.7 Military 416
6.9.8 Textile-based lighting 417
6.9.8.1 OLEDs 417
6.9.9 Smart gloves 417
6.9.10 Powering E-textiles 418
6.9.10.1 Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles 419
6.9.10.2 Bio-batteries 420
6.9.10.3 Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles 420
6.9.10.4 Textile supercapacitors 421
6.9.10.5 Energy harvesting 422
6.9.10.5.1 Photovoltaic solar textiles 423
6.9.10.5.2 Energy harvesting nanogenerators 425
6.9.10.5.2.1 TENGs 425
6.9.10.5.2.2 PENGs 426
6.9.10.5.3 Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting 426
6.9.11 Motion capture for AR/VR 426
6.10 Global market forecasts 428
6.10.1 Volume 428
6.10.2 Revenues 429
6.11 Market challenges 431
6.12 Companies 432
7 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING 440
7.1 Macro-trends 440
7.2 Market drivers 441
7.3 SWOT analysis 442
7.4 Applications of printed and flexible electronics 442
7.5 Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics 443
7.6 Approaches to flexibility 444
7.7 Flexible Battery Technologies 448
7.7.1 Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries 448
7.7.1.1 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs 451
7.7.1.1.1 Flexible planar LiBs 451
7.7.1.1.2 Flexible Fiber LiBs 452
7.7.1.1.3 Flexible micro-LiBs 452
7.7.1.1.4 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries 454
7.7.1.1.5 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries 455
7.7.1.2 Flexible Li/S batteries 456
7.7.1.3 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li?MnO2) batteries 457
7.7.2 Printed Batteries 458
7.7.2.1 Technical specifications 458
7.7.2.2 Components 459
7.7.2.3 Design 460
7.7.2.4 Key features 461
7.7.2.4.1 Printable current collectors 462
7.7.2.4.2 Printable electrodes 462
7.7.2.4.3 Materials 463
7.7.2.4.4 Applications 464
7.7.2.4.5 Printing techniques 466
7.7.2.4.6 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries 468
7.7.2.4.7 Zinc-based printed batteries 470
7.7.2.4.8 3D Printed batteries 473
7.7.2.4.8.1 Materials for 3D printed batteries 477
7.7.3 Thin-Film Solid-state Batteries 477
7.7.3.1 Solid-state electrolytes 479
7.7.3.2 Features and advantages 480
7.7.3.3 Technical specifications 482
7.7.3.4 Microbatteries 486
7.7.3.4.1 Introduction 486
7.7.3.4.2 3D designs 488
7.7.4 Stretchable Batteries 488
7.7.5 Other Emerging Technologies 489
7.7.5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries 489
7.7.5.2 Flexible zinc-based batteries 490
7.7.5.3 Flexible silver?zinc (Ag?Zn) batteries 491
7.7.5.4 Flexible Zn?Air batteries 492
7.7.5.5 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries 493
7.7.5.6 Fiber-shaped batteries 493
7.7.5.6.1 Carbon nanotubes 493
7.7.5.6.2 Applications 495
7.7.5.6.3 Challenges 496
7.7.5.7 Transparent batteries 496
7.7.5.7.1 Components 497
7.7.5.8 Degradable batteries 499
7.7.5.8.1 Components 499
7.7.5.9 Fiber-shaped batteries 501
7.7.5.9.1 Carbon nanotubes 501
7.7.5.9.2 Types 501
7.7.5.9.3 Applications 503
7.7.5.9.4 Challenges 503
7.8 Key Components of Flexible Batteries 504
7.8.1 Electrodes 504
7.8.1.1 Cable-type batteries 506
7.8.1.2 Batteries-on-wire 506
7.8.2 Electrolytes 507
7.8.3 Separators 513
7.8.4 Current Collectors 513
7.8.5 Packaging 515
7.8.5.1 Flexible Pouch Cells 517
7.8.5.2 Encapsulation Materials 519
7.8.6 Other Manufacturing Techniques 520
7.9 Performance Metrics and Characteristics 520
7.9.1 Energy Density 521
7.9.2 Power Density 521
7.9.3 Cycle Life 522
7.9.4 Flexibility and Bendability 522
7.10 Printed supercapacitors 523
7.10.1 Electrode materials 524
7.10.2 Electrolytes 525
7.11 Photovoltaics 529
7.11.1 Conductive pastes 529
7.11.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV) 530
7.11.3 Perovskite PV 530
7.11.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics 530
7.11.4.1 Companies 531
7.11.5 Photovoltaic solar textiles 531
7.11.6 Solar tape 532
7.11.7 Origami-like solar cells 533
7.11.8 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics 533
7.11.9 Photovoltaic solar textiles 534
7.12 Transparent and flexible heaters 535
7.12.1 Technology overview 535
7.12.2 Applications 536
7.12.2.1 Automotive Industry 536
7.12.2.1.1 Defrosting and Defogging Systems 537
7.12.2.1.2 Heated Windshields and Mirrors 538
7.12.2.1.3 Touch Panels and Displays 539
7.12.2.2 Aerospace and Aviation 539
7.12.2.2.1 Aircraft Windows and Canopies 540
7.12.2.2.2 Sensor and Camera Housings 540
7.12.2.3 Consumer Electronics 540
7.12.2.3.1 Smartphones and Tablets 540
7.12.2.3.2 Wearable Devices 540
7.12.2.3.3 Smart Home Appliances 540
7.12.2.4 Building and Architecture 541
7.12.2.4.1 Smart Windows 541
7.12.2.4.2 Heated Glass Facades 541
7.12.2.4.3 Greenhouse and Skylight Applications 542
7.12.2.5 Medical and Healthcare 543
7.12.2.5.1 Incubators and Warming Beds 543
7.12.2.5.2 Surgical Microscopes and Endoscopes 543
7.12.2.5.3 Medical Imaging Equipment 544
7.12.2.6 Display Technologies 545
7.12.2.6.1 LCD Displays 545
7.12.2.6.2 OLED Displays 545
7.12.2.6.3 Flexible and Transparent Displays 546
7.12.2.7 Energy Systems 546
7.12.2.7.1 Solar Panels (De-icing and Efficiency Enhancement) 546
7.12.2.7.2 Fuel Cells 547
7.12.2.7.3 Battery Systems 548
7.13 Thermoelectric energy harvesting 549
7.14 Market challenges 549
7.15 Global market forecasts 550
7.15.1 Volume 550
7.15.2 Revenues 551
7.16 Companies 553
8 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS 557
8.1 Macro-trends 557
8.2 Market drivers 557
8.3 SWOT analysis 560
8.4 Printed and flexible display prototypes and products 561
8.5 Organic LCDs (OLCDs) 568
8.6 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) 569
8.7 Inorganic LEDs 570
8.8 Flexible AMOLEDs 571
8.9 Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED) 573
8.9.1 Printed OLEDs 574
8.9.1.1 Performance 574
8.9.1.2 Challenges 575
8.10 Flexible and foldable microLED 575
8.10.1 Foldable microLED displays 577
8.10.2 Product developers 577
8.11 Flexible QD displays 578
8.12 Smartphones 580
8.13 Laptops, tablets and other displays 582
8.14 Products and prototypes 585
8.15 Flexible lighting 591
8.15.1 OLED lighting 591
8.15.2 Automotive applications 593
8.15.2.1 Commercial activity 593
8.16 FHE for large area lighting 594
8.17 Directly printed LED lighting 594
8.18 Flexible electrophoretic displays 595
8.18.1 Commercial activity 596
8.19 Electrowetting displays 598
8.20 Electrochromic displays 598
8.21 Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) 599
8.21.1 Types 599
8.21.2 Challenges 600
8.21.3 White PeLEDs 601
8.21.4 Printable and flexible electronics 601
8.22 Metamaterials 601
8.22.1 Metasurfaces 601
8.22.1.1 Flexible metasurfaces 602
8.22.1.2 Meta-Lens 603
8.22.1.3 Metasurface holograms 604
8.22.1.4 Stretchable displays 604
8.22.1.5 Soft materials 605
8.23 Transparent displays 607
8.23.1 Product developers 610
8.24 Global market forecasts 611
8.24.1 Volume 611
8.24.2 Revenues 612
8.25 Market challenges 613
8.26 Companies 614
9 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 621
9.1 Macro-trends 621
9.2 Market drivers 621
9.3 SWOT analysis 622
9.4 Applications 623
9.4.1 Electric vehicles 623
9.4.1.1 Applications 623
9.4.1.2 Battery monitoring and heating 623
9.4.1.3 Printed temperature sensors and heaters 624
9.4.2 HMI 624
9.4.3 Automotive displays and lighting 625
9.4.3.1 Interiors 626
9.4.3.1.1 OLED and flexible displays 627
9.4.3.1.2 Passive-matrix OLEDs 628
9.4.3.1.3 Active matrix OLED 629
9.4.3.1.4 Transparent OLED for heads-up displays 629
9.4.3.1.5 LCD displays 630
9.4.3.1.6 Curved displays 631
9.4.3.1.6.1 Overview 631
9.4.3.1.6.2 Automotive applications 631
9.4.3.1.6.3 Companies 632
9.4.3.1.7 Micro-LEDs in automotive displays 634
9.4.3.1.7.1 Head-up display (HUD) 637
9.4.3.1.7.2 Headlamps 639
9.4.3.1.7.3 Product developers 639
9.4.3.2 Exteriors 640
9.4.4 In-Mold Electronics 641
9.4.5 Printed and flexible sensors 642
9.4.5.1 Capacitive sensors 642
9.4.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors 643
9.4.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors 643
9.4.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors 645
9.4.5.5 Image sensors 646
9.4.5.5.1 Materials and technologies 647
9.4.6 Printed heaters 648
9.4.6.1 Printed car seat heaters 649
9.4.6.2 Printed/flexible interior heaters 650
9.4.6.3 Printed on-glass heater 650
9.4.6.4 Carbon nanotube transparent conductors 650
9.4.6.5 Metal mesh transparent conductors 651
9.4.6.6 3D shaped transparent heaters 651
9.4.6.7 Direct heating 652
9.4.6.8 Transparent heaters 652
9.4.7 Transparent antennas 653
9.5 Global market forecasts 656
9.5.1 Volume 656
9.5.2 Revenues 657
9.6 Market challenges 658
9.7 Companies 659
10 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SENSORS 668
10.1 Market overview 668
10.2 Printed piezoresistive sensors 670
10.2.1 Technology overview 670
10.2.2 Applications 672
10.2.2.1 Automotive 673
10.2.2.2 Consumer electronics 673
10.2.2.3 Medical 675
10.2.2.4 Inventory management 676
10.2.2.5 Industrial applications 677
10.3 Printed piezoelectric sensors 677
10.3.1 Technology overview 677
10.3.2 Applications 679
10.4 Printed photodetectors 681
10.4.1 Technology overview 681
10.4.2 Applications 684
10.4.2.1 Image Sensors 685
10.4.2.2 Biometrics 686
10.4.2.3 Flexible X-ray detectors 687
10.4.2.4 Healthcare and Wearables 688
10.4.2.5 Inventory Management 688
10.5 Printed temperature sensors 689
10.5.1 Technology overview 689
10.5.2 Applications 691
10.5.2.1 Automotive 691
10.5.2.2 Monitoring Systems 692
10.5.2.3 Consumer Electronics 693
10.6 Printed strain sensors 693
10.6.1 Technology overview 693
10.6.2 Applications 694
10.6.2.1 Industrial health monitoring 695
10.6.2.2 Motion Capture for AR/VR 695
10.6.2.3 Healthcare and Medical 695
10.7 Printed Gas Sensors 696
10.7.1 Technology overview 696
10.7.2 Applications 698
10.7.2.1 Outdoor Pollution Monitoring 698
10.7.2.2 Indoor Air Quality 699
10.7.2.3 Automotive 699
10.7.2.4 Breath Diagnostics 700
10.8 Printed capacitive sensors 700
10.8.1 Technology overview 700
10.8.2 Applications 702
10.8.2.1 3D electronics 702
10.8.2.2 In-mold Electronics 703
10.8.2.3 Hybrid Sensors 703
10.8.2.4 Flexible Displays 704
10.8.2.5 Automotive HMI 704
10.8.2.6 Wearables and AR/VR 705
10.8.2.7 Other Applications 705
10.9 Printed wearable electrodes 705
10.9.1 Technology overview 705
10.9.2 Applications 706
10.9.2.1 Wearable EMG 707
10.9.2.2 Skin Patches and E-Textiles 707
10.10 Global market forecasts 708
10.10.1 Volume 708
10.10.2 Revenues 710
10.11 Companies 712
11 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS 716
11.1 Macro-trends 716
11.2 Market drivers 716
11.3 SWOT analysis 718
11.4 Applications 719
11.4.1 Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics 719
11.4.2 Customizable interiors 719
11.4.3 Sensors 720
11.4.3.1 Capacitive sensors 722
11.4.3.2 Temperature and humidity sensors 723
11.4.3.3 Sensors for air quality 725
11.4.3.4 Magnetostrictive sensors 725
11.4.3.5 Magneto- and electrorheological fluids 725
11.4.3.6 CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings 725
11.4.4 Building integrated transparent antennas 727
11.4.5 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) 728
11.4.6 Industrial monitoring 728
11.5 Global market forecasts 729
11.5.1 Revenues 729
11.6 Companies 732
12 SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS 734
12.1 What is Smart Packaging? 734
12.1.1 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) 736
12.1.2 Printed batteries and antennas 738
12.1.3 Flexible silicon integrated circuits 739
12.1.4 Natural materials in packaging 740
12.1.5 Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing 741
12.1.6 OLEDs for smart and interactive packaging 742
12.1.7 Active packaging 742
12.1.8 Intelligent packaging 744
12.1.8.1 Smart Cards 745
12.1.8.2 RFID tags 746
12.1.8.2.1 Low-frequency (LF) RFID tags: 30 KHz to 300 KHz 746
12.1.8.2.2 High-frequency (HF) RFID tags: 3 to 30 MHz 746
12.1.8.2.3 Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags: 300 MHz to 3GHz 747
12.1.8.2.4 Active, passive and semi-passive RFID tags 747
12.1.8.3 Temperature Indicators 747
12.1.8.4 Freshness Indicators 749
12.1.8.5 Gas Indicators 750
12.2 SWOT analysis 751
12.3 Supply chain management 752
12.4 Improving product freshness and extending shelf life 753
12.5 Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting 754
12.6 Printed and flexible electronics in packaging 755
12.6.1 FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging 756
12.6.2 Printed codes and markings 756
12.6.3 Barcodes (D) 757
12.6.4 D data matrix codes 759
12.6.5 Augmented reality (AR) codes 760
12.6.6 Sensors and indicators 761
12.6.6.1 Freshness Indicators 761
12.6.6.2 Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs) 761
12.6.6.3 Natural colour formulation indicator 762
12.6.6.4 Thermochromic inks 763
12.6.6.5 Gas indicators 764
12.6.6.6 Chemical Sensors 765
12.6.6.7 Electrochemical-Based Sensors 765
12.6.6.8 Optical-Based Sensors 766
12.6.6.9 Biosensors 766
12.6.6.9.1 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors 766
12.6.6.9.2 Optical-Based Biosensors 767
12.6.6.10 Edible Sensors 767
12.6.7 Antennas 768
12.6.7.1 Radio frequency identification (RFID) 768
12.6.7.1.1 RFID technologies 768
12.6.7.1.1.1 Biosensors on RFID tags 769
12.6.7.1.1.2 Powerless RFID sensor tags 770
12.6.7.1.1.3 RFID ICs with Large Area Printed Sensors 771
12.6.7.1.1.4 RFID for anti-counterfeiting 771
12.6.7.1.2 Passive RFID 773
12.6.7.1.3 Active RFID 774
12.6.7.1.3.1 Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS) 774
12.6.7.1.3.2 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) 775
12.6.7.1.4 Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags 775
12.6.7.1.5 RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging 776
12.6.7.2 Near-field communications (NFC) 776
12.6.8 Smart blister packs 777
12.7 Global market forecasts 778
12.7.1 Volume 778
12.7.2 Revenues 780
12.8 Companies 782
13 COMPANY PROFILES 785 (713 company profiles)
14 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1291
15 REFERENCES 1292
