Summary

The MicroLED display market is poised for significant growth as this cutting-edge technology promises to revolutionize the display industry. As a cutting-edge display technology, MicroLEDs are gaining traction due to their superior brightness, energy efficiency, and potential for high-resolution displays with exceptional color accuracy. In the consumer electronics sector, major players like Samsung and LG are expanding their MicroLED TV offerings, targeting the high-end market with large-format displays. These products, while still premium-priced, are becoming more accessible to affluent consumers. Simultaneously, there's increasing interest in MicroLED technology for smaller devices such as smartwatches and AR/VR headsets, with companies like Apple rumored to be developing MicroLED displays for wearables. The automotive industry is another key driver of MicroLED adoption in 2024. Luxury car manufacturers are incorporating MicroLED displays in dashboard systems and heads-up displays (HUDs), leveraging the technology's high brightness and contrast ratios for improved visibility in various lighting conditions.

In the commercial display market, MicroLED video walls are gaining popularity for high-end retail, corporate, and public spaces due to their seamless appearance and impressive visual quality. However, challenges remain in mass production and cost reduction. While progress has been made in mass transfer techniques and yield improvements, MicroLED displays are still significantly more expensive than competing technologies like OLED and quantum dot-enhanced LCD. Research and development efforts are intensifying, focusing on improving manufacturing processes, enhancing colour conversion techniques, and developing more efficient red MicroLEDs to complement the well-established blue and green variants. The market is also seeing increased collaboration between display manufacturers, semiconductor companies, and equipment suppliers to overcome technical hurdles and establish robust supply chains.

This comprehensive market report provides an in-depth analysis of the global MicroLED market, covering key technological developments, applications, and market forecasts from 2024 to 2035. Report contents include: 

• Display market landscape, including OLEDs and quantum dots, to contextualize MicroLED's position and potential.
• Key benefits of MicroLED technology
• Emerging role of additive manufacturing in MicroLED micro-display production.
• Market Overview and Forecasts: market analysis i detailing the various applications of MicroLED technology across consumer electronics, automotive, healthcare, and augmented reality sectors.
• Key market drivers and trends, as well as challenges and bottlenecks that may impact market growth.
• Recent industry developments from 2020 to 2024.
• Recent product innovations, with a particular focus on announcements made at major industry events such as CES and Display Week.
• Global shipment forecasts for MicroLEDs, covering both unit sales and revenue projections up to 2035.
• MicroLED configurations, types, and production methods, including integration techniques and transfer technologies.
• Manufacturing processes, covering epitaxy, chip processing, and assembly technologies.
• Colour conversion technologies, including phosphors, quantum dots, and novel approaches like perovskite quantum dots and graphene quantum dots.
• Market segments and applications for MicroLED technology:
  • Consumer Electronics: Covering large flat panel displays, TVs, smartwatches, smartphones, and emerging applications in foldable and stretchable displays.
  • Automotive: MicroLEDs in cabin displays, head-up displays (HUDs), and exterior lighting and signaling.
  • Virtual and Augmented Reality: MicroLEDs in next-generation VR/AR headsets and smart glasses.
  • Medical and Biotechnology: Applications in surgical displays, implantable devices, and biosensing technologies.
  • Transparent Displays: Transparent MicroLED displays in smart windows and retail applications.
• Competitive Landscape profiling 84 major companies in the MicroLED ecosystem, including:
  • Established display manufacturers 
  • Tech giants entering the space 
  • Specialized MicroLED startups 
  • Materials and component suppliers
• Each profile includes information on the company's MicroLED strategy, key products and innovations, and recent market activities. Companies profiled include JBD, Kubos Semiconductor, LG Display, MICLEDI Microdisplays, Porotech, Q-Pixel, QubeDot, Samsung Display, Smartkem, Seoul Semiconductor, TCL and VueReal. 
• Key technical challenges facing the MicroLED industry.
• Emerging opportunities, such as the potential for MicroLEDs in flexible and stretchable display applications.
• Regional Analysis
• Comprehensive overview of the MicroLED supply chain.
• Future Outlook and Emerging Trends
  • Potential disruptive technologies that could impact MicroLED adoption
  • Emerging applications in IoT and smart cities
  • The role of artificial intelligence in optimizing MicroLED production and performance
  • Sustainability considerations and the circular economy for MicroLED displays

This comprehensive market report on the global MicroLED display industry provides invaluable insights for:

• Display manufacturers looking to enter or expand in the MicroLED market
• Component and materials suppliers serving the display industry
• Consumer electronics and automotive OEMs evaluating next-generation display technologies
• Investors and financial analysts tracking the display and advanced materials sectors
• Researchers and R&D professionals working on display innovations
• Policy makers and industry associations shaping the future of display technologies

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Table of Contents

1 REPORT AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 24

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 25

• 2.1 The MiniLED market 26
• 2.2 The MicroLED market 26
• 2.3 The global display market 29
  • 2.3.1 OLEDs 29
  • 2.3.2 Quantum dots 30
  • 2.3.3 Display technologies assessment 32
• 2.4 Benefits of MicroLEDs 34
• 2.5 Additive manufacturing for microLED micro-displays 35
• 2.6 MicroLEDs applications 36
• 2.7 Market and technology challenges 41
• 2.8 Industry developments 2020-2024 43
• 2.9 Recent microLED display innovations 48
• 2.10 Market activity in China 52
• 2.11 Global shipment forecasts for MicroLEDs to 2035 53
  • 2.11.1 Units by market 53
  • 2.11.2 Revenues 56
• 2.12 Cost evolution roadmap 56
• 2.13 Competitive Landscape 58
• 2.14 Technology Trends 61
  • 2.14.1 MicroLED Efficiency and Display Power Consumption 61
  • 2.14.2 MicroLED Die Architecture 62
  • 2.14.3 Driving 63
  • 2.14.4 Colour 64
  • 2.14.5 MiP 65
  • 2.14.6 Tiling 66
  • 2.14.7 Transparent, Flexible and Stretchable Displays 67
  • 2.14.8 Microdisplays 69
  • 2.14.9 Sensors 70

3 TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION 70

• 3.1 What are MicroLEDs? 70
• 3.2 MiniLED (mLED) vs MicroLED (µLED) 72
  • 3.2.1 Display configurations 73
  • 3.2.2 Development 74
  • 3.2.2.1 Sony 74
  • 3.2.3 Types 75
  • 3.2.4 Production 76
    • 3.2.4.1 Integration 77
    • 3.2.4.2 Transfer technologies 78
  • 3.2.5 Comparison to LCD, OLED AND QD 81
  • 3.2.6 MicroLED display specifications 82
  • 3.2.7 Advantages 83
    • 3.2.7.1 Transparency 84
    • 3.2.7.2 Borderless 85
    • 3.2.7.3 Flexibility 86
  • 3.2.8 Tiled microLED displays 87
  • 3.2.9 Costs 87
    • 3.2.9.1 Relationship between microLED cost and die size 88

4 MANUFACTURING 89

• 4.1 Epitaxy and Chip Processing 89
  • 4.1.1 Materials 89
  • 4.1.2 Substrates 91
    • 4.1.2.1 Green gap 91
  • 4.1.3 Wafer patterning 92
  • 4.1.4 Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) 92
  • 4.1.5 Epitaxial growth requirement 93
  • 4.1.6 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) 94
  • 4.1.7 Uniformity 94
• 4.2 Chip manufacturing 95
  • 4.2.1 RGB microLED designs 96
  • 4.2.2 Epi-film transfer 97
• 4.3 MicroLED Performances 97
  • 4.3.1 Relationship between external quantum efficiency (EQE) and current density 98
  • 4.3.2 Stability and thermal management 98
  • 4.3.3 Size dependency 99
  • 4.3.4 Surface recombination of carriers 100
  • 4.3.5 Developing efficient high-performance RGB microLEDs 101
• 4.4 Transfer, Assembly and Integration Technologies 102
  • 4.4.1 Monolithic integration 103
    • 4.4.1.1 Overview 103
    • 4.4.1.2 Companies 105
  • 4.4.2 Heterogeneous Wafers 105
    • 4.4.2.1 Array integration 105
    • 4.4.2.2 Wafer bonding 107
    • 4.4.2.3 Hybridization integration 107
    • 4.4.2.4 Companies 109
  • 4.4.3 Monolithic microLED arrays 109
  • 4.4.4 GaN on Silicon 110
    • 4.4.4.1 Overview 110
    • 4.4.4.2 Types 111
      • 4.4.4.2.1 GaN on sapphire 112
    • 4.4.4.3 Challenges 113
    • 4.4.4.4 Companies 114
  • 4.4.5 Mass transfer 114
    • 4.4.5.1 Chiplet Mass Transfer 118
    • 4.4.5.2 Elastomer Stamp Transfer (Fine pick and place) 119
      • 4.4.5.2.1 Overview 119
      • 4.4.5.2.2 Controlling kinetic adhesion forces 121
      • 4.4.5.2.3 Pixel pitch 121
      • 4.4.5.2.4 Micro-transfer printing 122
      • 4.4.5.2.5 Capillary-assisted transfer printing 123
      • 4.4.5.2.6 Electrostatic array 123
      • 4.4.5.2.7 Companies 123
    • 4.4.5.3 Roll-to-Roll or Roll-to-Panel Imprinting 124
    • 4.4.5.4 Laser enabled transfer 125
      • 4.4.5.4.1 Overview 125
        • 4.4.5.4.1.1 Selective transfer by selective bonding-debonding 127
      • 4.4.5.4.2 Companies 127
    • 4.4.5.5 Electrostatic Transfer 129
    • 4.4.5.6 Micro-transfer 130
      • 4.4.5.6.1 Overview 130
      • 4.4.5.6.2 Micro-Pick-and-Place Transfer 131
      • 4.4.5.6.3 Photo-Polymer Mass Transfer 131
      • 4.4.5.6.4 Companies 131
    • 4.4.5.7 Micro vacuum-based transfer 132
    • 4.4.5.8 Adhesive Stamp 132
    • 4.4.5.9 Self-Assembly 132
      • 4.4.5.9.1 Overview 132
      • 4.4.5.9.2 Fluidically Self-Assembled (FSA) technology 133
      • 4.4.5.9.3 Magnetically-assisted assembly 134
      • 4.4.5.9.4 Photoelectrochemically driven fluidic-assembly 135
      • 4.4.5.9.5 Electrophoretic fluidic-assembly 135
      • 4.4.5.9.6 Surface energy fluidic-assembly 136
      • 4.4.5.9.7 Shape-based self-assembly 136
      • 4.4.5.9.8 Companies 136
      • 4.4.5.10 All-In-One Transfer 137
        • 4.4.5.10.1 Overview 137
        • 4.4.5.10.2 Heterogeneous Wafers in All-in-One Integration 138
          • 4.4.5.10.2.1 Optoelectronic Array Integration 138
          • 4.4.5.10.2.2 Wafer Bonding Process and Hybridization 139
        • 4.4.5.10.3 Companies 139
  • 4.4.6 Nanowires 140
    • 4.4.6.1 Overview 140
      • 4.4.6.1.1 Nanowire Growth on Silicon 140
      • 4.4.6.1.2 Native EL RGB nanowires 141
      • 4.4.6.1.3 3D Integration 141
    • 4.4.7 Bonding and interconnection 143
  • 4.4.7.1 Overview 143
    • 4.4.7.2 Types of bonding 143
    • 4.4.7.3 Microtube Interconnections 144

5 DEFECT MANAGEMENT 145

• 5.1 Overview 145
• 5.2 Defect types 145
• 5.3 Redundancy techniques 146
• 5.4 Repair 146
  • 5.4.1 Techniques 146
  • 5.4.2 Laser micro trimming 147

6 COLOUR CONVERSION 148

• 6.1 Comparison of technologies 149
• 6.2 Full colour conversion 149
• 6.3 UV LED 151
• 6.4 Colour filters 152
• 6.5 Stacked RGB MicroLEDs 152
  • 6.5.1 Companies 153
• 6.6 Three panel microLED projectors 153
• 6.7 Phosphor Colour Conversion 154
  • 6.7.1 Overview 154
    • 6.7.1.1 Red-emitting phosphor materials 155
    • 6.7.1.2 Thermal stability 157
    • 6.7.1.3 Narrow-band green phosphors 158
    • 6.7.1.4 High performance organic phosphors 158
  • 6.7.2 Challenges 159
  • 6.7.3 Companies 159
• 6.8 Quantum dots colour conversion 160
  • 6.8.1 Mode of operation 161
  • 6.8.2 Cadmium QDs 163
  • 6.8.3 Cadmium-free QDs 163
  • 6.8.4 Perovskite quantum dots 163
  • 6.8.5 Graphene quantum dots 167
  • 6.8.6 Phosphors and quantum dots 169
  • 6.8.7 Quantum dots in microLED displays 170
    • 6.8.7.1 Technology overview 170
    • 6.8.7.2 QD-based display types 171
    • 6.8.7.3 Quantum dot colour conversion (QDCC) technology for microLEDs 172
    • 6.8.7.4 Efficiency drop and red shift in quantum dot emission for displays 173
    • 6.8.7.5 High blue absorptive quantum dot materials for display 173
    • 6.8.7.6 QD display pixel patterning techniques 174
      • 6.8.7.6.1 Inkjet printing 175
      • 6.8.7.6.2 Photoresists 175
      • 6.8.7.6.3 Aerosol Jet Printing 176
  • 6.8.8 Challenges 176
  • 6.8.9 Companies 176
• 6.9 Quantum wells 177
• 6.10 Improving image quality 177

7 LIGHT MANAGEMENT 180

• 7.1 Overview 180
• 7.2 Light capture methods 181
• 7.3 Micro-catadioptric optical array 182
• 7.4 Additive manufacturing (AM) for engineered directional emission profiles 183

8 BACKPLANES AND DRIVING 184

• 8.1 Overview 184
• 8.2 Technologies and materials 185
  • 8.2.1 TFT materials 185
  • 8.2.2 OLED Pixel Driving 185
  • 8.2.3 TFT Backplane 186
  • 8.2.4 Passive and active matrix addressing 186
    • 8.2.4.1 Passive Matrix Addressing 186
    • 8.2.4.2 Passive Driving Structure 187
    • 8.2.4.3 Active Matrix Addressing 187
    • 8.2.4.4 Pulse width modulation (PWM) 190
    • 8.2.4.5 Driving voltage considerations for microLEDs 191
  • 8.2.5 RGB Driving Schemes for MicroLED Displays 192
  • 8.2.6 Active Matrix MicroLED Displays with LTPS Backplanes 192

9 MARKETS FOR MICROLEDS 194

• 9.1 CONSUMER ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS 194
  • 9.1.1 Market map 194
  • 9.1.2 Market adoption roadmap 194
  • 9.1.3 Large flat panel displays and TVs 195
    • 9.1.3.1 Samsung 197
      • 9.1.3.1.1 Wall display 197
      • 9.1.3.1.2 Neo QLED TV range 197
      • 9.1.3.1.3 MicroLED CX TV line-up 198
    • 9.1.3.2 LG 199
      • 9.1.3.2.1 MAGNIT MicroLED TV 199
    • 9.1.3.3 TCL CSOT 200
  • 9.1.4 Smartwatches and wearables 200
    • 9.1.4.1 Apple’s planned microLED smartwatch 202
    • 9.1.4.2 Samsung 202
  • 9.1.5 Smartphones 202
  • 9.1.6 Laptops, monitors and tablets 203
  • 9.1.7 Foldable and stretchable displays 204
    • 9.1.7.1 The global foldable display market 207
    • 9.1.7.2 Applications 208
      • 9.1.7.2.1 Foldable TVs 208
      • 9.1.7.2.2 Stretchable 12" microLED touch displays 208
    • 9.1.7.2.3 Product developers 209
  • 9.1.8 SWOT analysis 210
• 9.2 BIOTECH AND MEDICAL 211
  • 9.2.1 The global medical display market 211
  • 9.2.2 Applications 211
    • 9.2.2.1 Implantable Devices 211
    • 9.2.2.2 Lab-on-a-Chip 212
    • 9.2.2.3 Endoscopy 212
    • 9.2.2.4 Surgical Displays 213
    • 9.2.2.5 Phototherapy 213
    • 9.2.2.6 Biosensing 214
    • 9.2.2.7 Brain Machine Interfaces 215
  • 9.2.3 Product developers 215
  • 9.2.4 SWOT analysis 216
• 9.3 AUTOMOTIVE 218
  • 9.3.1 Global automotive displays market 218
  • 9.3.2 Applications 219
    • 9.3.2.1 Cabin Displays 222
    • 9.3.2.2 Head-up displays (HUD) 223
    • 9.3.2.3 Exterior Signaling and Lighting 224
  • 9.3.3 Product developers 225
  • 9.3.4 SWOT analysis 227
• 9.4 VIRTUAL REALITY (VR), AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) AND MIXED REALITY (MR) 228
  • 9.4.1 Global market for virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) 228
  • 9.4.2 Applications 229
    • 9.4.2.1 AR/VR Smart glasses and head-mounted displays (HMDs) 229
    • 9.4.2.2 MicroLED contact lenses 231
  • 9.4.3 Products developers 232
  • 9.4.4 SWOT analysis 236
• 9.5 TRANSPARENT DISPLAYS 237
  • 9.5.1 Global transparent displays market 237
  • 9.5.2 Applications 237
    • 9.5.2.1 Smart Windows 239
    • 9.5.2.2 Display Glass Overlays 239
  • 9.5.3 Product developers 241
  • 9.5.4 SWOT analysis 242

10 SUPPLY CHAIN 243

11 COMPANY PROFILES 245 (84 company profiles)

12 REFERENCES 348

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List of Tables/Graphs

List of Tables

• Table 1. Announced MicroLED fabs. 28
• Table 2. Summary of display technologies. 32
• Table 3. Advantages of AM microLED micro-displays. 35
• Table 4. MicroLED applications. 36
• Table 5. Market and technology challenges for microLEDs. 41
• Table 6. MicroLED industry developments 2020-2024. 43
• Table 7. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2021. 49
• Table 8. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2022 and Display Week 2022. 49
• Table 9. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2023 and Display Week 2023. 50
• Table 10. MicroLED product announcements at CES 2024 and Display Week 2024. 52
• Table 11. MicroLED activity in China. 52
• Table 12. Global MicroLED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2035, by market. 53
• Table 13. LED size definitions. 70
• Table 14. Comparison between miniLED and microLED. 73
• Table 15. Comparison to conventional LEDs. 75
• Table 16. Types of MicroLED. 76
• Table 17. Summary of monolithic integration, monolithic hybrid integration (flip-chip/wafer bonding), and mass transfer technologies. 77
• Table 18. Summary of different mass transfer technologies. 78
• Table 19. MicroLED Comparison to LCD, OLED and QD. 81
• Table 20. Schematic comparison to LCD and OLED. 82
• Table 21. Commercially available MicroLED products and specifications. 82
• Table 22. Comparison of MicroLED with other display technologies. 83
• Table 23. MicroLED-based display advantages and disadvantages. 83
• Table 24. Materials for commercial LED chips. 90
• Table 25. Bandgap vs lattice constant for common III-V semiconductors used in LEDs. 91
• Table 26. Advantages and disadvantages of MOCVD. 93
• Table 27. Typical RGB microLED designs. 96
• Table 28. Size dependence of key parameters in microLEDs 99
• Table 29. Transfer, assembly and integration technologies. 103
• Table 30. Companies utilizing monolithic integration for MicroLEDs. 105
• Table 31. Advantages and disadvantages of heterogeneous wafers. 108
• Table 32. Key players in heterogeneous wafers. 109
• Table 33. Fabricating monolithic micro-displays. 109
• Table 34. GaN-on-Si applications. 111
• Table 35. Different epitaxial growth methods for GaN-on-Silicon. 111
• Table 36. Comparison of GaN growth on sapphire vs silicon substrates. 112
• Table 37. Cost comparison of sapphire versus silicon substrates for GaN epitaxy 113
• Table 38. Challenges of GaN-on-Silicon epitaxy and mitigation strategies. 113
• Table 39. Companies utilizing GaN microLEDs on silicon. 114
• Table 40. Mass transfer methods, by company. 115
• Table 41. Comparison of various mass transfer technologies. 116
• Table 42. Factors affecting transfer yield for microLED mass assembly. 119
• Table 43. Advantages and disadvantages of Elastomeric stamp for microLED mass transfer. 120
• Table 44. Companies utilizing elastomeric stamp transfer. 124
• Table 45. Laser beam requirement. 127
• Table 46. Companies utilizing laser-enabled transfer technology. 127
• Table 47. Companies developing micro-transfer printing technologies. 131
• Table 48. Types of self-assembly technologies. 132
• Table 49. Companies utilizing self-assembly. 136
• Table 50. Advantages and disadvantages of all-in-one CMOS driving technique. 138
• Table 51. Companies utilizing All-in-one transfer. 139
• Table 52. Comparison between 2D and 3D microLEDs. 141
• Table 53. Classification of key microLED bonding and interconnection techniques. 143
• Table 54. Types of bonding. 144
• Table 55. Strategies for full colour realization. 148
• Table 56. Comparison of colour conversion technologies for microLED displays. 149
• Table 57. Companies developing stacked RGB microLEDs. 153
• Table 58. Phosphor materials used for LED colour conversion. 154
• Table 59. Requirements for phosphors in LEDs. 155
• Table 60. Standard and emerging red-emitting phosphors. 156
• Table 61. Challenges with phosphor colour conversion. 159
• Table 62. Companies developing phosphors for MicroLEDs. 159
• Table 63. Comparative properties of conventional QDs and Perovskite QDs. 164
• Table 64. Properties of perovskite QLEDs comparative to OLED and QLED. 165
• Table 65. Perovskite-based QD producers. 165
• Table 66. Comparison between carbon quantum dots and graphene quantum dots. 167
• Table 67. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 168
• Table 68. Graphene quantum dots producers. 168
• Table 69. QDs vs phosphors. 170
• Table 70. QD-based display types. 171
• Table 71. Quantum dot (QD) patterning techniques. 174
• Table 72. Pros and cons of ink-jet printing for manufacturing displays. 175
• Table 73. Challenges with QD colour conversion. 176
• Table 74. Companies utilizing quantum dots in MicroLEDs. 176
• Table 75. Methods to capture light output. 181
• Table 76. Backplane and driving options for MicroLED displays. 184
• Table 77. Comparison between PM and AM addressing. 188
• Table 78. PAM vs PWM. 190
• Table 79. . Driving vs. EQE. 191
• Table 80. Comparison of LED TV technologies. 196
• Table 81. Samsung Neo QLED TV range. 198
• Table 82. LG mini QNED range 199
• Table 83. Flexible, stretchable and foldable MicroLED products. 209
• Table 84. Medical display MicroLED products. 215
• Table 85. Automotive display & backlight architectures 218
• Table 86. Applications of MicroLED in automotive. 220
• Table 87. Automotive display MicroLED products. 225
• Table 88. Comparison of AR Display Light Engines. 229
• Table 89. MicroLED based smart glass products. 232
• Table 90. MicroLED transparent displays. 237
• Table 91. Companies developing MicroLED transparent displays. 241
• Table 92. MicroLED supply chain. 244
• Table 93. LG mini QNED range 291
• Table 94. Samsung Neo QLED TV range. 320
• Table 95. San’an Mini and MicroLED Production annual target. 321
• Table 96. NPQDTM vs Traditional QD based MicroLEDs. 323
• Table 97. TCL MiniLED product range. 334

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Blue GaN MicroLED arrays with 3um pixel pitch use polychromatic quantum dot integration to achieve full colour AR displays. 28
• Figure 2: QLED TV from Samsung. 31
• Figure 3. QD display products. 32
• Figure 4. The progress of display technology, from LCD to MicroLED. 34
• Figure 5. Head-up displays (HUD). 37
• Figure 6. Public advertising displays. 37
• Figure 7. Wearable biomedical devices. 38
• Figure 8. Pico-projectors. 40
• Figure 9. Mojo Vision's 300-mm GaN-on-silicon blue LED wafer for microLED displays. 51
• Figure 10. Global MicroLED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2035. 55
• Figure 11. Global MicroLED display market 2020-2035, by market (Million USD). 56
• Figure 12. Cost evolution roadmap 2024-2035. 58
• Figure 13. MicroLED display panel structure. 72
• Figure 14. Display system configurations. 73
• Figure 15. MicroLED schematic. 74
• Figure 16. Pixels per inch roadmap of µ-LED displays from 2007 to 2019. 76
• Figure 17. Mass transfer for µLED chips. 78
• Figure 18. Schematic diagram of mass transfer technologies. 80
• Figure 19. Lextar 10.6 inch transparent MicroLED display. 85
• Figure 20. Transition to borderless design. 86
• Figure 21. Process for LED Manufacturing. 95
• Figure 22. Main application scenarios of microLED display and their characteristic display area and pixel density. 102
• Figure 23. Conventional process used to fabricate microLED microdisplay devices. 106
• Figure 24. Process flow of Silicon Display of Sharp. 106
• Figure 25. JDB monolithic hybrid integration microLED chip fabrication process. 108
• Figure 26. Monolithic microLED array. 110
• Figure 27. Schematics of a elastomer stamping, b electrostatic/electromagnetic transfer, c laser-assisted transfer and d fluid self-assembly. 117
• Figure 28. Transfer process flow. 120
• Figure 29. XCeleprint Automated micro-transfer printing machinery. 122
• Figure 30. Schematics of Roll-based mass transfer. 125
• Figure 31. Schematic of laser-induced forward transfer technology. 126
• Figure 32. Schematic of fluid self-assembly technology. 133
• Figure 33. Fabrication of microLED chip array. 134
• Figure 34. Schematic of colour conversion technology. 150
• Figure 35. Process flow of a full-colour micro display. 151
• Figure 36. GE inkjet-printed red phosphors. 157
• Figure 37. Toray's organic colour conversion film. 159
• Figure 38. Quantum dot schematic. 160
• Figure 39. Quantum dot size and colour. 161
• Figure 40. (a) Emission colour and wavelength of QDs corresponding to their sizes (b) InP QDs; (c) InP/ZnSe/ZnS core-shell QDs. 162
• Figure 41. A pQLED device structure. 164
• Figure 42. Perovskite quantum dots under UV light. 165
• Figure 43. Market map for MicroLED displays. 194
• Figure 44. Market adoption roadmap for microLED displays. 195
• Figure 45. Samsung Wall display system. 197
• Figure 46. Samsung Neo QLED 8K. 198
• Figure 47. Samsung Electronics 89-inch microLED TV. 199
• Figure 48. MAGNIT MicroLED TV. 200
• Figure 49. MicroLED wearable display prototype. 201
• Figure 50. APHAEA Watch. 201
• Figure 51. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display. 204
• Figure 52. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display. 205
• Figure 53. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level MicroLED transferring. 206
• Figure 54. 55” flexible AM panel. 207
• Figure 55. Foldable 4K C SEED M1. 208
• Figure 56. Stretchable 12" microLED touch displays. 209
• Figure 57. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in consumer electronics displays. 210
• Figure 58. MicroLEDs for medical applications 215
• Figure 59. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in biotech and medical. 216
• Figure 60. 2023 Cadillac Lyriq EV incorporating miniLED display. 219
• Figure 61. MicroLED automotive display. 220
• Figure 62. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD. 223
• Figure 63. Rear lamp utilizing flexible MicroLEDs. 225
• Figure 64. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in automotive. 227
• Figure 65. LAWK ONE. 230
• Figure 66. JioGlass. 231
• Figure 67. Mojo Vision smart contact lens with an embedded MicroLED display. 232
• Figure 68. Cellid AR glasses, Exploded version. 232
• Figure 69. Air Glass. 233
• Figure 70. Panasonic MeganeX. 233
• Figure 71. Thunderbird Smart Glasses Pioneer Edition. 234
• Figure 72. RayNeo X2. 234
• Figure 73. tooz technologies smart glasses. 235
• Figure 74. Vuzix MicroLED micro display Smart Glasses. 235
• Figure 75. Leopard demo glasses by WaveOptics. 235
• Figure 76. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR). 236
• Figure 77. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations. 239
• Figure 78. 7.56" high transparency & frameless MicroLED display. 240
• Figure 79. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry. 241
• Figure 80. SWOT analysis: MicroLEDs in transparent displays. 243
• Figure 81. WireLED in 12” Silicon Wafer. 246
• Figure 82. Typical GaN-on-Si LED structure. 248
• Figure 83. 300 mm GaN-on-silicon epiwafer. 248
• Figure 84. MicroLED chiplet architecture. 250
• Figure 85. Concept Apple Vr Ar Mixed Reality Headset. 250
• Figure 86. 1.39-inch full-circle MicroLED display 251
• Figure 87. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display. 252
• Figure 88. BOE MiniLED display TV. 255
• Figure 89. BOE MiniLED automotive display. 255
• Figure 90. Image obtained on a blue active-matrix WVGA (wide video graphics array) micro display. 257
• Figure 91. Fabrication of the 10-µm pixel pitch LED array on sapphire. 258
• Figure 92. A 200-mm wafer with CMOS active matrices for GaN 873 × 500-pixel micro display at 10-µm pitch. 258
• Figure 93. IntelliPix™ design for 0.26″ 1080p MicroLED display. 260
• Figure 94. C Seed 165-inch M1 MicroLED TV. 262
• Figure 95. N1 folding MicroLED TV. 263
• Figure 96. C Seed outdoor TV. 263
• Figure 97. Focally Universe AR glasses. 268
• Figure 98. Flexible MicroLED. 276
• Figure 99. Jade Bird Display micro displays. 279
• Figure 100. JBD's 0.13-inch panel. 279
• Figure 101. 0.22” Monolithic full colour MicroLED panel and inset shows a conceptual monolithic polychrome projector with a waveguide. 280
• Figure 102. Prototype MicroLED display. 281
• Figure 103. APHAEA MicroLED watch. 283
• Figure 104. KONKA 59" tiled microLED TV prototype screen. 283
• Figure 105. Lextar 2021 microLED and mini LED products. 289
• Figure 106. LSAB009 MicroLED display. 291
• Figure 107. LG MAGNIT 4K 136-inch TV. 292
• Figure 108. 12" 100 PPI full-colour stretchable microLED display. 293
• Figure 109. Schematic of Micro Nitride chip architecture. 297
• Figure 110. Mojo Lens. 299
• Figure 111. Nationstar Mini LED IMD Package P0.5mm. 302
• Figure 112. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display. 305
• Figure 113. 7.56-inch transparent MicroLED display. 306
• Figure 114. PixeLED Matrix Modular MicroLED Display in 132-inch. 306
• Figure 115. Dashboard - 11.6-inch 24:9 Automotive MicroLED Display. 307
• Figure 116. Center Console - 9.38-inch Transparent MicroLED Display. 307
• Figure 117. 48 x 36 Passive Matrix MicroLED display. 309
• Figure 118. MicroLED micro display based on a native red InGaN LED. 310
• Figure 119. MicroLED stretchable display. 317
• Figure 120. The Wall. 318
• Figure 121. Samsung Neo QLED 8K. 319
• Figure 122. NPQD™ Technology for MicroLEDs. 322
• Figure 123. Wicop technology. 325
• Figure 124. B-Series and C-Series displays. 330
• Figure 125. A micro-display with a stacked-RGB pixel array, where each pixel is an RGB-emitting stacked MicroLED device (left). The micro-display showing a video of fireworks at night, demonstrating the full-colour capability (right). N.B. Areas around the display/ 332
• Figure 126. TCL MiniLED TV schematic. 334
• Figure 127. TCL 8K MiniLED TV. 335
• Figure 128. The Cinema Wall MicroLED display. 335
• Figure 129. Photo-polymer mass transfer process. 337
• Figure 130. 7.56” Transparent Display. 338
• Figure 131. 7.56" Flexible MicroLED. 339
• Figure 132. 5.04" seamless splicing MicroLED. 339
• Figure 133. 7.56" Transparent MicroLED. 340
• Figure 134. VueReal Flipchip MicroLED (30x15 um2). 344
• Figure 135. Vuzix uLED display engine. 345