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パイプラインピギングシステムの世界市場2022-2026年
Technavioはパイプラインピギングシステム市場を監視しており、2022-2026年の間に3億3687万ドル、予測期間中にCAGR2.88％で加速して成長すると予測しています。当レポートでは、パイプラインピギングシステム市場の全体分析、市場規模・予測、動向、成長ドライバー、課題、さらに約25社のベンダーを網羅したベンダー分析を行っています。
現在の世界市場のシナリオ、最新動向と促進要因、市場全体の環境について最新の分析を提供しています。パイプライン輸送の経済効果、石油や天然ガスの需要拡大、石油やガスパイプラインの頻繁な検査を義務付けた規制などが市場を牽引しています。
パイプラインピギングシステム市場の分析には、アプリケーションセグメントと地理的展望が含まれます。
Technavioのパイプラインピギングシステム市場は、以下のようにセグメント化されています。
アプリケーション別
- ガス
- 石油
地域別
- APAC
- 北アメリカ
- 欧州
- 中近東・アフリカ
- 南米
本調査では、今後数年間のパイプラインピギングシステム市場の成長を牽引する主要な理由の一つとして、インテリジェントピグの開発を挙げています。また、パイプライン検査やパイプライン産業のデジタル化における技術的進歩は、市場の大規模な需要につながると考えられます。
Technavioは、主要パラメータの分析により、複数のソースからのデータの研究、合成、総括の方法により、市場の詳細な画像を提示します。パイプラインピギングシステム市場に関する弊社のレポートは、以下の分野を対象としています。
- パイプラインピギングシステム市場のサイジング
- パイプラインピギングシステム市場予測
- パイプラインピギングシステム市場の産業分析
Technavioの強力なベンダー分析は、顧客が市場での地位を向上できるように設計されており、これに沿って、本レポートでは、3P Services GmbH and Co KG、Aubin Ltd., Baker Hughes Co., CIRCOR International Inc.を含むいくつかの主要パイプラインピギングシステム市場ベンダーに関する詳細分析を提供しています。Ltd.、Diamond Edge Services、Eddyfi NDT Inc.、Enduro Pipeline Services Inc.、GeoCorr LLC、International Pipeline Products Ltd.、Pigs Unlimited International LLC、Pigtek Ltd、PIPECARE Group AG、Russell NDE Systems Inc、および T.D. Williamson Inc.などのベンダーが含まれます。また、パイプラインピギングシステム市場の分析レポートには、今後の動向や市場成長に影響を与える課題に関する情報も含まれています。これは、企業が戦略を立て、すべての今後の成長機会を活用するのに役立つものです。
本調査は、業界の主要参加者からのインプットを含む、一次情報と二次情報の客観的な組み合わせを使用して実施されました。本レポートには、主要ベンダーの分析に加え、包括的な市場およびベンダーランドスケープが含まれています。本レポートの詳細については、https://www.technavio.com/report/pipeline-pigging-systems-market-industry-analysis をご覧ください。
Technavioは、利益、価格、競争、プロモーションなどの主要パラメータの分析により、複数のソースからのデータの研究、合成、総括の方法により、市場の詳細なイメージを提示します。また、業界の主要なインフルエンサーを特定することにより、市場の様々な側面を提示します。提示されるデータは包括的で信頼性が高く、一次および二次にわたる広範な調査の結果である。Technavioの市場調査レポートは、正確な市場成長を予測するために、完全な競争環境と、定性的および定量的調査を用いた詳細なベンダー選定方法および分析を提供します。

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目次

• 1 Executive Summary
o 1.1 Market overview
o Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
o Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
o Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
o Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
o Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
o Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
o Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
o Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
• 2 Market Landscape
o 2.1 Market ecosystem
o Exhibit 09: Parent market
o Exhibit 10: Market Characteristics
• 3 Market Sizing
o 3.1 Market definition
o Exhibit 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
o 3.2 Market segment analysis
o Exhibit 12: Market segments
o 3.3 Market size 2021
o 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2021-2026
o Exhibit 13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
• 4 Five Forces Analysis
o 4.1 Five forces summary
o Exhibit 17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
o 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
o Exhibit 18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
o 4.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
o Exhibit 19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.4 Threat of new entrants
o Exhibit 20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.5 Threat of substitutes
o Exhibit 21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.6 Threat of rivalry
o Exhibit 22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.7 Market condition
o Exhibit 23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
• 5 Market Segmentation by Application
o 5.1 Market segments
o Exhibit 24: Chart on Application - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 25: Data Table on Application - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.2 Comparison by Application
o Exhibit 26: Chart on Comparison by Application
o Exhibit 27: Data Table on Comparison by Application
o 5.3 Gas - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 28: Chart on Gas - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 29: Data Table on Gas - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 30: Chart on Gas - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 31: Data Table on Gas - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.4 Oil - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 32: Chart on Oil - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 33: Data Table on Oil - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 34: Chart on Oil - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 35: Data Table on Oil - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.5 Market opportunity by Application
o Exhibit 36: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
• 6 Customer Landscape
o 6.1 Customer landscape overview
o Exhibit 37: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
• 7 Geographic Landscape
o 7.1 Geographic segmentation
o Exhibit 38: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 39: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.2 Geographic comparison
o Exhibit 40: Chart on Geographic comparison
o Exhibit 41: Data Table on Geographic comparison
o 7.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 42: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 43: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 44: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 45: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.4 North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 46: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 47: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 48: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 49: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.5 Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 50: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 51: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 52: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 53: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.6 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 54: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 55: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 56: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 57: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.7 South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 58: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 59: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 60: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 61: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.8 US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 62: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 63: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 64: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 65: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.9 China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 66: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 67: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 68: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 69: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.10 Russia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 70: Chart on Russia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 71: Data Table on Russia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 72: Chart on Russia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 73: Data Table on Russia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.11 Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 74: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 75: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 76: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 77: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.12 UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 78: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 79: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
o Exhibit 80: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 81: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.13 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
o Exhibit 82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
• 8 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends
o 8.1 Market drivers
o 8.2 Market challenges
o 8.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
o Exhibit 83: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
o 8.4 Market trends
• 9 Vendor Landscape
o 9.1 Overview
o 9.2 Vendor landscape
o Exhibit 84: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
o 9.3 Landscape disruption
o Exhibit 85: Overview on factors of disruption
o 9.4 Industry risks
o Exhibit 86: Impact of key risks on business
• 10 Vendor Analysis
o 10.1 Vendors covered
o Exhibit 87: Vendors covered
o 10.2 Market positioning of vendors
o Exhibit 88: Matrix on vendor position and classification
o 10.3 3P Services GmbH and Co KG
o Exhibit 89: 3P Services GmbH and Co KG - Overview
o Exhibit 90: 3P Services GmbH and Co KG - Product / Service
o Exhibit 91: 3P Services GmbH and Co KG - Key offerings
o 10.4 Baker Hughes Co.
o Exhibit 92: Baker Hughes Co. - Overview
o Exhibit 93: Baker Hughes Co. - Business segments
o Exhibit 94: Baker Hughes Co. - Key news
o Exhibit 95: Baker Hughes Co. - Key offerings
o Exhibit 96: Baker Hughes Co. - Segment focus
o 10.5 CIRCOR International Inc.
o Exhibit 97: CIRCOR International Inc. - Overview
o Exhibit 98: CIRCOR International Inc. - Business segments
o Exhibit 99: CIRCOR International Inc. - Key news
o Exhibit 100: CIRCOR International Inc. - Key offerings
o Exhibit 101: CIRCOR International Inc. - Segment focus
o 10.6 Dacon Inspection Technologies Co. Ltd.
o Exhibit 102: Dacon Inspection Technologies Co. Ltd. - Overview
o Exhibit 103: Dacon Inspection Technologies Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
o Exhibit 104: Dacon Inspection Technologies Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
o 10.7 GeoCorr LLC
o Exhibit 105: GeoCorr LLC - Overview
o Exhibit 106: GeoCorr LLC - Product / Service
o Exhibit 107: GeoCorr LLC - Key offerings
o 10.8 International Pipeline Products Ltd.
o Exhibit 108: International Pipeline Products Ltd. - Overview
o Exhibit 109: International Pipeline Products Ltd. - Product / Service
o Exhibit 110: International Pipeline Products Ltd. - Key offerings
o 10.9 Pigs Unlimited International LLC
o Exhibit 111: Pigs Unlimited International LLC - Overview
o Exhibit 112: Pigs Unlimited International LLC - Product / Service
o Exhibit 113: Pigs Unlimited International LLC - Key offerings
o 10.10 PIPECARE Group AG
o Exhibit 114: PIPECARE Group AG - Overview
o Exhibit 115: PIPECARE Group AG - Product / Service
o Exhibit 116: PIPECARE Group AG - Key offerings
o 10.11 Russell NDE Systems Inc.
o Exhibit 117: Russell NDE Systems Inc. - Overview
o Exhibit 118: Russell NDE Systems Inc. - Product / Service
o Exhibit 119: Russell NDE Systems Inc. - Key offerings
o 10.12 T.D. Williamson Inc.
o Exhibit 120: T.D. Williamson Inc. - Overview
o Exhibit 121: T.D. Williamson Inc. - Product / Service
o Exhibit 122: T.D. Williamson Inc. - Key offerings
• 11 Appendix
o 11.1 Scope of the report
o 11.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
o Exhibit 123: Inclusions checklist
o Exhibit 124: Exclusions checklist
o 11.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
o Exhibit 125: Currency conversion rates for US$
o 11.4 Research methodology
o Exhibit 126: Research methodology
o Exhibit 127: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
o Exhibit 128: Information sources
o 11.5 List of abbreviations
o Exhibit 129: List of abbreviations


Exhibits:
Exhibits1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibits4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibits5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
Exhibits6: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibits7: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibits8: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
Exhibits9: Parent market
Exhibits10: Market Characteristics
Exhibits11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
Exhibits12: Market segments
Exhibits13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
Exhibits18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
Exhibits19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
Exhibits24: Chart on Application - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits25: Data Table on Application - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits26: Chart on Comparison by Application
Exhibits27: Data Table on Comparison by Application
Exhibits28: Chart on Gas - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits29: Data Table on Gas - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits30: Chart on Gas - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits31: Data Table on Gas - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits32: Chart on Oil - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits33: Data Table on Oil - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits34: Chart on Oil - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits35: Data Table on Oil - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits36: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
Exhibits37: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibits38: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits39: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits40: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibits41: Data Table on Geographic comparison
Exhibits42: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits43: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits44: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits45: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits46: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits47: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits48: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits49: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits50: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits51: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits52: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits53: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits54: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits55: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits56: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits57: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits58: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits59: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits60: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits61: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits62: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits63: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits64: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits65: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits66: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits67: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits68: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits69: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits70: Chart on Russia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits71: Data Table on Russia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits72: Chart on Russia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits73: Data Table on Russia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits74: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits75: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits76: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits77: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits78: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits79: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits80: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits81: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
Exhibits83: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits84: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
Exhibits85: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits86: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits87: Vendors covered
Exhibits88: Matrix on vendor position and classification
Exhibits89: 3P Services GmbH and Co KG - Overview
Exhibits90: 3P Services GmbH and Co KG - Product / Service
Exhibits91: 3P Services GmbH and Co KG - Key offerings
Exhibits92: Baker Hughes Co. - Overview
Exhibits93: Baker Hughes Co. - Business segments
Exhibits94: Baker Hughes Co. - Key news
Exhibits95: Baker Hughes Co. - Key offerings
Exhibits96: Baker Hughes Co. - Segment focus
Exhibits97: CIRCOR International Inc. - Overview
Exhibits98: CIRCOR International Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits99: CIRCOR International Inc. - Key news
Exhibits100: CIRCOR International Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits101: CIRCOR International Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits102: Dacon Inspection Technologies Co. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits103: Dacon Inspection Technologies Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits104: Dacon Inspection Technologies Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits105: GeoCorr LLC - Overview
Exhibits106: GeoCorr LLC - Product / Service
Exhibits107: GeoCorr LLC - Key offerings
Exhibits108: International Pipeline Products Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits109: International Pipeline Products Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits110: International Pipeline Products Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits111: Pigs Unlimited International LLC - Overview
Exhibits112: Pigs Unlimited International LLC - Product / Service
Exhibits113: Pigs Unlimited International LLC - Key offerings
Exhibits114: PIPECARE Group AG - Overview
Exhibits115: PIPECARE Group AG - Product / Service
Exhibits116: PIPECARE Group AG - Key offerings
Exhibits117: Russell NDE Systems Inc. - Overview
Exhibits118: Russell NDE Systems Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibits119: Russell NDE Systems Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits120: T.D. Williamson Inc. - Overview
Exhibits121: T.D. Williamson Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibits122: T.D. Williamson Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits123: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits124: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits125: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits126: Research methodology
Exhibits127: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits128: Information sources
Exhibits129: List of abbreviations