Summary

The global automotive lead acid battery market is projected to grow from USD 28.88 billion in 2024 to USD 36.72 billion by 2032, at a CAGR of 3.0% during the forecast period. The automotive industry continues to grow, especially in emerging economies like India, China, and Southeast Asia, the need for reliable and cost-effective battery solutions intensifies. Lead-acid batteries are the preferred choice for most vehicles due to their affordability, proven performance, and compatibility with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

“Micro Hybrid Batteries segment, by product, is estimated to account for the second largest share during the forecast period.”
Micro-hybrid batteries hold the second-largest share in the automotive lead-acid battery market, driven by their compatibility with start-stop systems and increasing demand for fuel-efficient vehicles. These batteries are cost-effective compared to full-hybrid or electric alternatives and are specifically designed to handle the frequent charge and discharge cycles required by modern vehicle technologies. Stricter emission regulations and advancements in Enhanced Flooded Batteries (EFB) and Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) technologies have further boosted their adoption. While traditional flooded lead-acid batteries dominate the market, micro-hybrid batteries are rapidly gaining traction, fueled by the automotive industry's shift toward more eco-friendly and efficient solutions.

“By type, flooded batteries segment accounted for the second largest share during the forecast period.”
Flooded batteries hold the second-largest share in the automotive lead-acid battery market by type, following Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) batteries. Despite their traditional design, flooded batteries remain widely used due to their cost-effectiveness and reliable performance in standard vehicles. However, their market share has slightly declined as advancements in AGM and Enhanced Flooded Batteries (EFB) better meet the demands of modern automotive technologies, such as start-stop systems. Nevertheless, flooded batteries continue to be a preferred choice for many conventional vehicles, particularly in regions with a strong market for cost-sensitive consumers.

“By End-Use, light & heavy commercial vehicles segment accounted for the second largest share during the forecast period.”
Light and heavy commercial vehicles hold the second-largest share in the end-use segment of the automotive lead-acid battery market. This significant share is driven by the consistent demand for lead-acid batteries in commercial vehicles, which require reliable and durable power sources for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) functions. These vehicles often operate in challenging conditions and rely on lead-acid batteries for their affordability, widespread availability, and ability to provide dependable performance. While passenger vehicles dominate the market, the growth of logistics, construction, and transportation industries has bolstered the adoption of lead-acid batteries in commercial vehicles, sustaining their prominent position in the market.

“By Customer Segment, OEM segment accounted for the second largest share during the forecast period.”
The OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) segment holds the second-largest share in the customer segment of the automotive lead-acid battery market. This position is attributed to the steady demand for lead-acid batteries in new vehicle production, where manufacturers prioritize cost-effective and reliable battery solutions for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) applications. Although the aftermarket segment leads due to the frequent replacement cycles of batteries, the OEM segment benefits from the continuous production of conventional vehicles and the incorporation of advanced lead-acid battery technologies, such as AGM and EFB, in modern vehicles equipped with start-stop systems. This ensures the OEM segment remains a key contributor to the market's overall growth.


“North America region is estimated to account for the second largest share during the forecast period.”
North America holds the second-largest share in the regional segment of the automotive lead-acid battery market. This is driven by the robust automotive industry in the region, which includes both the production of traditional vehicles and the increasing adoption of technologies like start-stop systems in newer models. The demand for lead-acid batteries in North America is bolstered by their widespread use in light vehicles, commercial vehicles, and replacement markets. Additionally, the region benefits from a well-established automotive manufacturing base and strong aftermarket demand, ensuring that lead-acid batteries continue to be a preferred power source due to their affordability and reliability.

Profile break-up of primary participants for the report:
• By Company Type: Tier 1 – 65%, Tier 2 – 20%, and Tier 3 – 15%
• By Designation: Directors– 30%, Managers– 25%, and Others – 45%
• By Region: North America – 30%, Europe – 20%, Asia Pacific – 40%, Middle East and Africa – 7%, and South America – 3%

EnerSys (US), Clarios (US), East Penn Manufacturing Company (US), GS Yuasa International Ltd. (Japan), and Exide Industries Ltd. (India) are some of the major players in the automotive lead acid battery market. These players have adopted acquisitions, expansions, product launches, and partnerships to increase their market share and business revenue.

Research Coverage:
The report defines, segments, and projects the automotive lead acid battery market based on product, type, end use, customer segment, and region. It provides detailed information regarding the major factors influencing the market's growth, such as drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges. It strategically profiles automotive lead acid battery manufacturers. It comprehensively analyzes their market shares and core competencies and tracks and analyzes competitive developments, such as expansions, agreements, product launches, and acquisitions, undertaken by them in the market.
Reasons to Buy the Report:
The report is expected to help the market leaders/new entrants by providing the closest approximations of revenue numbers for the automotive lead acid battery market and its segments. This report is also expected to help stakeholders obtain an improved understanding of the market's competitive landscape, gain insights to improve the position of their businesses and make suitable go-to-market strategies. It also enables stakeholders to understand the market's pulse and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

The report provides insights on the following pointers:
• Analysis of key drivers (Well-established technology & cost-effective energy solution and easily recyclable compared with lithium-ion batteries), restraints (risk of battery explosion due to overcharging), opportunities (technological advancements enhancing durability and reducing maintenance requirements), and challenges (limited usage capacity of lead acid batteries) influencing the growth of the automotive lead acid battery market.

• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities in the automotive lead acid battery market.

• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets – the report analyses the automotive lead acid battery market across varied regions.

• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about various types, untapped geographies, new products, recent developments, and investments in the automotive lead acid battery market.

• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and product offerings of leading players in the automotive lead acid battery market, such as EnerSys (US), Clarios (US), East Penn Manufacturing Company (US), GS Yuasa International Ltd. (Japan), Exide Industries Ltd. (India), and others.

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 24
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 24
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 24
1.3 STUDY SCOPE 25
1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED 25
1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 26
1.4 YEARS CONSIDERED 26
1.5 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 26
1.6 UNITS CONSIDERED 27
1.7 LIMITATIONS 27
1.8 STAKEHOLDERS 27
1.9 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 28
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 29
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 30
2.1.1.1 Key data from secondary sources 30
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 30
2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources 31
2.1.2.2 Breakdown of interviews with experts 31
2.2 DEMAND-SIDE ANALYSIS 32
2.3 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 32
2.3.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 33
2.3.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 33
2.4 SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 34
2.4.1 CALCULATIONS FOR SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 35
2.5 GROWTH FORECAST 35
2.6 DATA TRIANGULATION 36
2.7 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 37
2.8 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 37
2.9 RISK ASSESSMENT 37
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 38
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 42
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET 42
4.2 AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION 42
4.3 AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY KEY COUNTRY 43
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 44
5.1 INTRODUCTION 44
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 44
5.2.1 DRIVERS 45
5.2.1.1 High demand for cost-effective and reliable batteries in automotive industry and affordability 45
5.2.1.2 Easy recyclability compared with lithium-ion batteries 45
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 46
5.2.2.1 Risk of battery explosion due to overcharging 46
5.2.2.2 Growing adoption of lithium-ion batteries 46
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 46
5.2.3.1 Technological advancements to enhance durability of lead-acid batteries 46
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 47
5.2.4.1 Limited capacity of lead-acid batteries 47
6 INDUSTRY TRENDS 48
6.1 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 48
6.1.1 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 49
6.1.2 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 49
6.1.3 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 50
6.1.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 50
6.1.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 50
6.2 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 51
6.2.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 51
6.2.2 BUYING CRITERIA 52
6.3 GLOBAL MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK 53
6.3.1 GDP 53
6.3.2 EXPANDING AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY 55
6.4 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 56
6.5 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 58
6.6 PRICING ANALYSIS 59
6.6.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION, 2021–2023 59
6.6.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY TYPE, 2023 60
6.6.3 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF KEY PLAYERS, BY TYPE 61
6.6.4 AVERAGE RETAIL PRICE OF AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERIES OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS, BY CAPACITY RANGE, 2024 62
6.7 TARIFF AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 64
6.7.1 TARIFF ANALYSIS 64
6.7.2 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 65
 
6.8 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2024–2025 67
6.9 PATENT ANALYSIS 68
6.9.1 METHODOLOGY 68
6.10 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 73
6.10.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES 73
6.10.1.1 Absorbed glass mat (AGM) 73
6.10.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES 73
6.10.2.1 Enhanced flooded battery (EFB) 73
6.10.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES 74
6.10.3.1 Advanced lead-acid battery 74
6.11 TRADE ANALYSIS 74
6.11.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 850720) 74
6.11.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 850720) 75
6.12 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO 76
6.13 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 77
6.14 IMPACT OF GENERATIVE AI/AI ON AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET 78
6.14.1 INTRODUCTION 78
6.14.2 ENHANCEMENT OF BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (BMS) 78
6.14.3 OPTIMIZATION OF CHARGING PROFILES 78
6.14.4 PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE AND FAILURE ANALYSIS 78
7 AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY PRODUCT 79
7.1 INTRODUCTION 80
7.2 SLI BATTERIES 81
7.2.1 CONTINUOUS GROWTH OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY, ESPECIALLY IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, TO FUEL DEMAND 81
7.3 MICRO HYBRID BATTERIES 82
7.3.1 RISING DEMAND FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY SOLUTIONS AND FUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLES TO PROPEL DEMAND 82
7.4 AUXILIARY BATTERIES 83
7.4.1 INCREASING ELECTRIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILES TO BOOST DEMAND 83
8 AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY TYPE 85
8.1 INTRODUCTION 86
8.2 FLOODED BATTERIES 87
8.2.1 TRADITIONAL FLOODED BATTERIES 88
8.2.1.1 Relatively low initial cost and reliable performance under challenging circumstances to fuel market growth 88
8.2.2 ENHANCED FLOODED BATTERIES 88
8.2.2.1 Improved performance tailored for modern vehicles with start-stop systems to drive market 88
 
8.3 VRLA BATTERIES 88
8.3.1 ABSORBED GLASS MAT BATTERIES 89
8.3.1.1 Superior performance and durability to fuel market growth 89
8.3.2 OTHER VRLA BATTERIES 90
9 AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY CUSTOMER SEGMENT 91
9.1 INTRODUCTION 92
9.2 OEM 93
9.2.1 INCREASING VEHICLE PRODUCTION TO FUEL MARKET GROWTH 93
9.3 AFTERMARKET 93
9.3.1 RISING BATTERY REPLACEMENTS AND SYSTEM UPGRADES BY VEHICLE OWNERS TO DRIVE MARKET 93
10 AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY END USE 95
10.1 INTRODUCTION 96
10.2 PASSENGER CARS 97
10.2.1 RISING DISPOSABLE INCOME AND URBANIZATION TO DRIVE MARKET 97
10.3 LIGHT & HEAVY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 98
10.3.1 HIGH STARTING POWER AND ELECTRICAL SUPPORT TO DRIVE MARKET 98
10.4 TWO WHEELERS 99
10.4.1 COST-EFFECTIVENESS TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH 99
10.5 THREE WHEELERS 100
10.5.1 AFFORDABILITY AND WIDESPREAD AVAILABILITY TO PROPEL MARKET 100
11 AUTOMOTIVE LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY REGION 102
11.1 INTRODUCTION 103
11.2 NORTH AMERICA 105
11.2.1 US 108
11.2.1.1 Growing consumer demand for vehicles to drive market 108
11.2.2 CANADA 109
11.2.2.1 Rise in commercial motor vehicle production to drive market 109
11.2.3 MEXICO 110
11.2.3.1 Increasing investments in automotive sector to fuel demand for advanced lead-acid batteries 110
11.3 EUROPE 112
11.3.1 UK 115
11.3.1.1 Increased production of commercial vehicles to drive market 115
11.3.2 GERMANY 116
11.3.2.1 Growth of transportation sector to drive market 116
11.3.3 ITALY 117
11.3.3.1 Rising demand for cars and commercial vehicles to propel market 117
11.3.4 FRANCE 118
11.3.4.1 Growing number of cars with start-stop systems to boost demand 118
11.3.5 REST OF EUROPE 119
11.4 ASIA PACIFIC 120
11.4.1 CHINA 123
11.4.1.1 Rising population and increasing demand for cars to propel market 123
11.4.2 JAPAN 124
11.4.2.1 Presence of leading automotive manufacturers to fuel market growth 124
11.4.3 INDIA 125
11.4.3.1 Increasing requirements for passenger cars and government initiatives to boost market growth 125
11.4.4 SOUTH KOREA 126
11.4.4.1 Increasing production of commercial vehicles with internal combustion engines to drive market 126
11.4.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 127
11.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 128
11.5.1 UAE 131
11.5.1.1 Growth of automotive aftermarket to drive market 131
11.5.2 SAUDI ARABIA 132
11.5.2.1 Government policies to boost market growth 132
11.5.3 SOUTH AFRICA 133
11.5.3.1 Government initiatives to support market growth 133
11.5.4 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 134
11.6 SOUTH AMERICA 135
11.6.1 BRAZIL 137
11.6.1.1 Increased production of flexible-fuel vehicles to drive market 137
11.6.2 CHILE 138
11.6.2.1 Shift toward affordable, recyclable, and dependable energy storage options to drive adoption 138
11.6.3 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA 139
12 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 141
12.1 INTRODUCTION 141
12.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN 141
12.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS 143
12.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS 144
12.5 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON 147
12.5.1 ENERSYS 147
12.5.2 CLARIOS 147
12.5.3 EXIDE INDUSTRIES LTD. 147
12.5.4 GS YUASA INTERNATIONAL LTD. 148
12.5.5 EAST PENN MANUFACTURING COMPANY 148
 
12.6 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2023 148
12.6.1 STARS 148
12.6.2 EMERGING LEADERS 148
12.6.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 148
12.6.4 PARTICIPANTS 149
12.6.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2023 150
12.6.5.1 Company footprint 150
12.6.5.2 Region footprint 151
12.6.5.3 Product footprint 152
12.6.5.4 Type footprint 153
12.6.5.5 End-use footprint 154
12.6.5.6 Customer segment footprint 155
12.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023 156
12.7.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 156
12.7.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 156
12.7.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 156
12.7.4 STARTING BLOCKS 156
12.7.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 158
12.7.5.1 Detailed list of key startups/SMEs 158
12.7.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key startups/SMEs 159
12.8 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS 160
12.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 162
12.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 162
12.9.2 DEALS 163
12.9.3 EXPANSIONS 164
13 COMPANY PROFILES 165
13.1 KEY PLAYERS 165
13.1.1 ENERSYS 165
13.1.1.1 Business overview 165
13.1.1.2 Products offered 166
13.1.1.3 Recent developments 168
13.1.1.3.1 Product launches 168
13.1.1.3.2 Deals 168
13.1.1.4 MnM view 170
13.1.1.4.1 Key strengths 170
13.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices 170
13.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses & competitive threats 170
 
13.1.2 CLARIOS 171
13.1.2.1 Business overview 171
13.1.2.2 Products offered 171
13.1.2.3 Recent developments 174
13.1.2.3.1 Product launches 174
13.1.2.3.2 Deals 175
13.1.2.3.3 Expansions 175
13.1.2.4 MnM view 176
13.1.2.4.1 Key strengths 176
13.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices 176
13.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses & competitive threats 176
13.1.3 EXIDE INDUSTRIES LTD. 177
13.1.3.1 Business overview 177
13.1.3.2 Products offered 178
13.1.3.3 Recent developments 181
13.1.3.3.1 Product launches 181
13.1.3.4 MnM view 181
13.1.3.4.1 Key strengths 181
13.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices 181
13.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses & competitive threats 182
13.1.4 GS YUASA INTERNATIONAL LTD. 183
13.1.4.1 Business overview 183
13.1.4.2 Products offered 184
13.1.4.3 Recent developments 186
13.1.4.3.1 Product launches 186
13.1.4.4 MnM view 187
13.1.4.4.1 Key strengths 187
13.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices 187
13.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses & competitive threats 187
13.1.5 EAST PENN MANUFACTURING COMPANY 188
13.1.5.1 Business overview 188
13.1.5.2 Products offered 188
13.1.5.3 MnM view 190
13.1.5.3.1 Key strengths 190
13.1.5.3.2 Strategic choices 190
13.1.5.3.3 Weaknesses & competitive threats 190
13.1.6 C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 191
13.1.6.1 Business overview 191
13.1.6.2 Products offered 191
 
13.1.7 CAMEL GROUP CO., LTD 192
13.1.7.1 Business overview 192
13.1.7.2 Products offered 192
13.1.7.3 Recent developments 193
13.1.7.3.1 Expansions 193
13.1.8 TIANNENG RECHARGEABLE BATTERY MANUFACTURERS 194
13.1.8.1 Business overview 194
13.1.8.2 Products offered 194
13.1.8.3 Recent developments 196
13.1.8.3.1 Expansions 196
13.1.9 LEOCH INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY LIMITED 198
13.1.9.1 Business overview 198
13.1.9.2 Products offered 199
13.1.9.3 Recent developments 204
13.1.9.3.1 Expansions 204
13.1.10 AMARA RAJA ENERGY & MOBILITY LIMITED 205
13.1.10.1 Business overview 205
13.1.10.2 Products offered 206
13.1.11 THE FURUKAWA BATTERY CO., LTD. 208
13.1.11.1 Business overview 208
13.1.11.2 Products offered 209
13.1.12 ROBERT BOSCH LLC 211
13.1.12.1 Business overview 211
13.1.12.2 Products offered 213
13.1.13 REEM BATTERIES 214
13.1.13.1 Business overview 214
13.1.13.2 Products offered 214
13.1.14 CENTURY BATTERIES INDONESIA 216
13.1.14.1 Business overview 216
13.1.14.2 Products offered 216
13.1.15 STRYTEN ENERGY 218
13.1.15.1 Business overview 218
13.1.15.2 Products offered 218
13.1.15.3 Recent developments 220
13.1.15.3.1 Product launches 220
13.1.15.3.2 Deals 220
13.1.15.3.3 Expansions 221
 
13.1.16 EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES 222
13.1.16.1 Business overview 222
13.1.16.2 Products offered 222
13.1.16.3 Recent developments 226
13.1.16.3.1 Product launches 226
13.1.16.3.2 Deals 226
13.1.17 CROWN BATTERY 227
13.1.17.1 Business overview 227
13.1.17.2 Products offered 227
13.1.18 FIAMM ENERGY TECHNOLOGY S.P.A. 229
13.1.18.1 Business overview 229
13.1.18.2 Products offered 229
13.1.18.3 Recent developments 231
13.1.18.3.1 Product launches 231
13.1.18.3.2 Deals 232
13.1.19 CSB ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. 233
13.1.19.1 Business overview 233
13.1.19.2 Products offered 233
13.1.20 MOURA ACCUMULATORS SA 234
13.1.20.1 Business overview 234
13.1.20.2 Products offered 234
13.2 OTHER PLAYERS 236
13.2.1 MEBCO 236
13.2.2 KOYOSONIC POWER CO., LTD. 237
13.2.3 RITAR INTERNATIONAL GROUP LIMITED 238
13.2.4 JYC BATTERY MANUFACTURER CO., LTD. 239
13.2.5 POWER SONIC CORPORATION 240
13.2.6 XINFU TECHNOLOGY (CHINA) CO., LIMITED 241
14 ADJACENT AND RELATED MARKETS 242
14.1 INTRODUCTION 242
14.2 LIMITATIONS 242
14.3 INTERCONNECTED MARKETS 242
14.4 ADVANCED LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET 242
14.4.1 MARKET DEFINITION 242
14.4.2 MARKET OVERVIEW 242
14.4.3 ADVANCED LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET, BY TYPE 243
14.4.3.1 Stationary 243
14.4.3.1.1 Use in commercial & residential and utility sectors to drive demand 243
14.4.3.2 Motive 244
14.4.3.2.1 Increased applications in transportation sector to boost market 244
15 APPENDIX 246
15.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE 246
15.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 249
15.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 251
15.4 RELATED REPORTS 251
15.5 AUTHOR DETAILS 252