Summary

The medical elastomer market is projected to reach USD 14.27 billion by 2029 from USD 9.57 billion in 2024, at a CAGR of 8.3%. Growing demand for medical devices is fueling the demand for medical elastomers worldwide. This is a result of the increased use in disposable medical equipment, such as syringes, valves, tubing, and critical implants; artificial heart valves and artificial joints. These materials are versatile, offering durability, biocompatibility, and flexibility, making them suitable in a wide range of medical applications, such as medical tubes, bags, and gloves. The growing healthcare costs in developing economies coupled with technology advancements will further fuel the increasing demand for these critical commodities, rendering them even more indispensable to meet growing healthcare needs across the world. Additionally, the expanding population in emerging economies along with the rising prevalence of chronic diseases is creating a demand for medical elastomers.
“Based on application, implants are the fastest growing application in medical elastomer market during the forecast period, in terms of value.”
Implants are the fastest growing application of medical elastomers due to increasing demand for biocompatible, durable and flexible materials in medical procedures. The rising prevalence of chronic diseases and aging populations are driving the need of durable implants in medical elastomers, as it provides superior orthopedic, dental, and soft tissue implant performance. Flexibility and comfort with least complications further make them appealing. Moreover, the ability of elastomers to be molded into complex shapes and the excellent biocompatibility enhances the future applications of customized implants, thereby further fueling the demand for medical elastomers.
“Based on end-use industry, hospitals & clinics account the largest share in medical elastomer market during the forecast period, in terms of value.”
Hospitals and clinics account for the largest share in the medical elastomer market due to their heavy dependence on medical devices and equipment that utilize elastomer materials. These institutions need a wide range of products based on medical elastomers such as catheters, medical tubing, seals, gaskets, surgical gloves, and implants, in order to ensure appropriate patient care and treatment. However, the growing need for healthcare services due to growing ageing population and rising prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory disorders further boosts the demand for these medical devices. The properties of medical elastomers such as biocompatibility and excellent flexibility & durability along with chemical resistance makes them highly functional for various applications in hospital and clinic applications. These factors, along with the stringent regulatory requirements from healthcare authorities like FDA, ensure that hospitals and clinics are adopting high-quality elastomer-based products. All these factors combined strong healthcare needs, adherence to regulatory requirements, and the drive for advanced, reliable medical devices ensure make hospitals & clinics account largest market share by industry in the medical elastomer market.
“Based on region, Asia Pacific accounts the second largest market for medical elastomer, in terms of value.”
Asia Pacific accounts the second largest market for medical elastomers because of various factors such as economic development, rapid population growth, a good healthcare sector, and increasing demand for medical devices. The rise in investments for healthcare infrastructure in emerging economies like China and India is driving the demand for adoption high-quality medical elastomers into healthcare equipments such as medical tubing, implants, and diagnostic equipment. Large and aging population in the region have added up to this demand as prevalence of chronic diseases is rising among this population. Asia Pacific is, therefore, a growth product concerning medical facility organizations dedicated to better healthcare access, positioning it as a major player in the global medical elastomer market.
In the process of determining and verifying the market size for several segments and subsegments identified through secondary research, extensive primary interviews were conducted. A breakdown of the profiles of the primary interviewees are as follows:
• By Company Type: Tier 1 - 40%, Tier 2 - 30%, and Tier 3 - 30%
• By Designation: Directors- 35%, Managers - 25%, and Others - 40%
• By Region: North America - 22%, Europe - 22%, Asia Pacific - 45%, RoW – 11%
The key players in this market are BASF (Germany), Dow (US), Celanese Corporation (US), Eastman Chemical Company (US), Syensqo (Belgium), Mitsubishi Chemical Group Corporation (Japan), Kuraray Co., Ltd. (Japan), ExxonMobil (US), Momentive Performance Materials (US), Envalior (Germany) and Zeon Corporation (Japan).
Research Coverage
This report segments the medical elastomer market based on type, technology, application, end-use industry, and region, and provides estimations for the overall value of the market across various regions. A detailed analysis of key industry players has been conducted to provide insights into their business overviews, products and services, key strategies, new product launches, expansions, and mergers and acquisitions associated with the medical elastomer market.
Key benefits of buying this report
This research report focuses on various levels of analysis, including industry analysis (industry trends), market ranking analysis of top players, and company profiles, which together provide an overall view of the competitive landscape, emerging and high-growth segments of the medical elastomer market, high-growth regions, and market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
• Analysis of key drivers (Growing demand for medical devices, Technological advancements in healthcare and Prevalence of chronic diseases), restraints (High production costs), opportunities (Growing healthcare investment in emerging economies) and challenges (Stringent regulatory requirements).
• Market Penetration: Comprehensive information on the medical elastomer market offered by top players in the global medical elastomer market.
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the medical elastomer market.
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative emerging markets — the report analyzes the markets for medical elastomer market across regions.
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped regions, and recent developments in the global medical elastomer market
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, strategies, products, and manufacturing capabilities of leading players in the medical elastomer market

ページTOPに戻る

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 26
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 26
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 26
1.3 STUDY SCOPE 27
1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE 27
1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 28
1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED 28
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 28
1.5 UNITS CONSIDERED 28
1.6 STAKEHOLDERS 29
1.7 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 29
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 30
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 30
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 31
2.1.1.1 List of key secondary sources 31
2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources 31
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 32
2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources 32
2.1.2.2 List of key primary interview participants 33
2.1.2.3 Key industry insights 33
2.1.2.4 Breakdown of interviews with experts 33
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 34
2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 34
2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 35
2.3 GROWTH FORECAST 36
2.4 DATA TRIANGULATION 37
2.5 FACTOR ANALYSIS 38
2.6 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 38
2.7 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND RISK ANALYSIS 39
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 40
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 44
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET 44
4.2 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2024 VS. 2029 (KILOTON) 44
4.3 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2024 VS. 2029 (KILOTON) 45
 
4.4 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2024 VS. 2029 (KILOTON) 45
4.5 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET, BY KEY COUNTRY 46
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 47
5.1 INTRODUCTION 47
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 47
5.2.1 DRIVERS 48
5.2.1.1 Growing demand for medical devices 48
5.2.1.2 Technological advancements in healthcare 48
5.2.1.3 Prevalence of chronic diseases 49
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 49
5.2.2.1 High production costs 49
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 50
5.2.3.1 Growing healthcare investments in emerging economies 50
5.2.3.2 Increasing use in minimally invasive devices 50
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 50
5.2.4.1 Stringent regulatory requirements 50
5.3 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 51
5.3.1 THREAT FROM NEW ENTRANTS 52
5.3.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 52
5.3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 52
5.3.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 53
5.3.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 53
5.4 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 54
5.4.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 54
5.4.2 BUYING CRITERIA 55
5.5 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK 56
5.5.1 GDP TRENDS AND FORECASTS 56
5.6 IMPACT OF AI/GENAI 59
5.7 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 60
5.8 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 61
5.9 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 62
5.9.1 KENT ELASTOMERS HELPED IN TRANSITIONING TO NON-LATEX MEDICAL COMPONENTS 62
5.9.2 COOPER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BOOSTS POLYPHENYLENE ETHER RESILIENCE WITH DENTEC SAFETY COMFORT-AIRNXMD 63
5.9.3 TECNOFLON FKM AS HIGH-PERFORMANCE ALTERNATIVE TO SILICONE IN ORTHOPEDIC APPLICATIONS 63
5.10 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 64
5.10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS 64
5.10.2 NORTH AMERICA 64
5.10.3 ASIA PACIFIC 65
 
5.10.4 EUROPE 66
5.10.5 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 67
5.11 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 68
5.11.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES 68
5.11.1.1 Extrusion technology 68
5.11.1.2 Compression molding 68
5.11.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES 68
5.11.2.1 Co-extrusion technology 68
5.11.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES 69
5.11.3.1 Additive manufacturing technology 69
5.12 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 69
5.13 TRADE ANALYSIS 70
5.13.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 391000) 70
5.13.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 391000) 71
5.13.3 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 400270) 72
5.13.4 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 400270) 73
5.14 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2024–2025 74
5.15 PRICING ANALYSIS 75
5.15.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF MEDICAL ELASTOMERS, BY REGION 75
5.15.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF MEDICAL ELASTOMERS,
BY APPLICATION 76
5.15.3 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF MEDICAL ELASTOMERS,
BY END-USE INDUSTRY 76
5.16 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO 77
5.17 PATENT ANALYSIS 77
5.17.1 INTRODUCTION 77
5.17.2 LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS 79
5.17.3 JURISDICTION ANALYSIS 80
5.18 LIST OF POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS 80
6 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY 83
6.1 INTRODUCTION 84
6.2 EXTRUSION 84
6.3 INJECTION MOLDING 84
6.4 COMPRESSION MOLDING 84
6.5 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 85
7 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY 86
7.1 INTRODUCTION 87
7.2 HOSPITALS & CLINICS 89
7.2.1 RISING PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES TO DRIVE MARKET 89
 
7.3 PHARMACEUTICAL 89
7.3.1 CRUCIAL ROLE OF ELASTOMERS IN PACKAGING AND DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS TO PROPEL ADOPTION 89
7.4 MEDICAL DEVICE MANUFACTURING 90
7.4.1 RISING DEMAND FOR ADVANCED MEDICAL DEVICES TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH 90
7.5 OTHER END-USE INDUSTRIES 90
8 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION 91
8.1 INTRODUCTION 92
8.2 MEDICAL TUBING 96
8.2.1 HIGH CONSUMPTION IN ADVANCING MEDICAL TUBING SOLUTIONS TO DRIVE MARKET 96
8.3 CATHETERS 97
8.3.1 VITAL ROLE IN PRODUCTION OF CATHETERS TO PROPEL GROWTH 97
8.4 GLOVES 97
8.4.1 INCREASING NEED FOR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TO INCREASE DEMAND 97
8.5 SYRINGES 97
8.5.1 PRE-FILLED SYRINGES 98
8.5.1.1 Reduce risk of dosing errors—key factor driving adoption 98
8.5.2 NON-PRE-FILLED SYRINGES 98
8.5.2.1 Increasing incidence of chronic diseases to propel adoption 98
8.5.3 VIALS 98
8.5.3.1 Increasing need for safe and effective drug delivery systems to drive market 98
8.6 MEDICAL & INFUSION BAGS 99
8.6.1 RISE IN HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH 99
8.7 IMPLANTS 99
8.7.1 INCREASING PREVALENCE OF AGE-RELATED HEALTH CONDITIONS TO DRIVE MARKET 99
8.8 OTHER APPLICATIONS 100
9 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET, BY TYPE 101
9.1 INTRODUCTION 102
9.2 THERMOSET ELASTOMERS 104
9.2.1 SILICONE 104
9.2.1.1 Efficient alternative to latex products in medical and pharmaceutical applications 104
9.2.1.2 High temperature vulcanized 105
9.2.1.3 Liquid silicone rubber 105
9.2.1.4 Room temperature vulcanized 105
 
9.2.2 ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DIENE MONOMER 106
9.2.2.1 Suitable for various medical applications—key factor supporting market growth 106
9.2.3 OTHER THERMOSET ELASTOMERS 106
9.3 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 106
9.3.1 THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE 107
9.3.1.1 Provide efficiency in manufacturing complex designs using extrusion and molding techniques 107
9.3.2 STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMERS 107
9.3.2.1 Biostability of SBC increases utility in medical applications—key factor driving market growth 107
9.3.3 OTHER THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 107
10 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET, BY REGION 108
10.1 INTRODUCTION 109
10.2 NORTH AMERICA 111
10.2.1 US 121
10.2.1.1 Rising healthcare spending to drive market 121
10.2.2 CANADA 124
10.2.2.1 Expanding healthcare system to support market growth 124
10.2.3 MEXICO 128
10.2.3.1 Government initiatives and growth of healthcare sector to drive market 128
10.3 ASIA PACIFIC 132
10.3.1 CHINA 142
10.3.1.1 Growing aging population to drive market 142
10.3.2 JAPAN 145
10.3.2.1 Increased focus on infection control and patient safety to propel market 145
10.3.3 INDIA 149
10.3.3.1 Increasing investments in healthcare sector to drive market 149
10.3.4 SOUTH KOREA 153
10.3.4.1 Rising demand for high quality medical devices to drive market 153
10.3.5 INDONESIA 157
10.3.5.1 Rising incidence of chronic diseases to drive market 157
10.3.6 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 161
10.4 EUROPE 165
10.4.1 GERMANY 175
10.4.1.1 Increased investments in R&D to drive market 175
10.4.2 UK 178
10.4.2.1 Rising geriatric population to support market growth 178
10.4.3 FRANCE 182
10.4.3.1 Presence of significant medical device manufacturers to propel market 182
10.4.4 ITALY 186
10.4.4.1 Rising demand for medical devices from public hospitals to increase demand 186
10.4.5 SPAIN 190
10.4.5.1 Increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure to propel market 190
10.4.6 REST OF EUROPE 194
10.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 198
10.5.1 GCC COUNTRIES 207
10.5.1.1 Saudi Arabia 207
10.5.1.1.1 Need for advanced medical technologies to drive market 207
10.5.1.2 Rest of GCC countries 211
10.5.2 SOUTH AFRICA 215
10.5.2.1 Outbreak of contagious diseases to drive market 215
10.5.3 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 219
10.6 SOUTH AMERICA 223
10.6.1 BRAZIL 232
10.6.1.1 Largest market for medical elastomers in South America 232
10.6.2 ARGENTINA 235
10.6.2.1 Growing demand for medical devices to drive market 235
10.6.3 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA 239
11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 244
11.1 OVERVIEW 244
11.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN, 2019–2024 245
11.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2021–2023 246
11.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2023 247
11.4.1 NORTH AMERICA: MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY APPLICATION, 2023 248
11.4.2 EUROPE: MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY APPLICATION, 2023 249
11.4.3 ASIA PACIFIC: MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY APPLICATION, 2023 250
11.4.4 DOW 250
11.4.5 EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION 251
11.4.6 CELANESE CORPORATION 251
11.4.7 BASF 251
11.4.8 WACKER CHEMIE AG 251
11.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS 252
11.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON 253
11.6.1 MEDICAL ELASTOMERS MARKET: BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON ANALYSIS 253
11.6.2 ELASTOLLAN 253
11.6.3 ENGAGE 8480K HEALTH+ 253
11.6.4 HYTREL 254
11.6.5 ECDEL 254
 
11.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2023 254
11.7.1 STARS 254
11.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS 254
11.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 254
11.7.4 PARTICIPANTS 254
11.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2023 256
11.7.5.1 Overall company footprint 256
11.7.5.2 Region footprint 257
11.7.5.3 Technology footprint 258
11.7.5.4 Type Footprint 259
11.7.5.5 Application footprint 260
11.7.5.6 Industry footprint 261
11.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023 262
11.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 262
11.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 262
11.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 262
11.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS 262
11.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2023 264
11.8.5.1 Detailed list of startups/SMEs 264
11.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of startups/SMEs 265
11.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 267
11.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 267
11.9.2 DEALS 268
11.9.3 EXPANSIONS 269
11.9.4 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS 270
12 COMPANY PROFILES 271
12.1 KEY PLAYERS 271
12.1.1 DOW 271
12.1.1.1 Business overview 271
12.1.1.2 Products offered 272
12.1.1.3 Recent developments 273
12.1.1.3.1 Other developments 273
12.1.1.4 MnM view 273
12.1.1.4.1 Key strengths 273
12.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices 273
12.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 274
12.1.2 EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION 274
12.1.2.1 Business overview 274
12.1.2.2 Products offered 276
 
12.1.2.3 MnM view 276
12.1.2.3.1 Key strengths 276
12.1.2.3.2 Strategic choices 276
12.1.2.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 276
12.1.3 CELANESE CORPORATION 277
12.1.3.1 Business overview 277
12.1.3.2 Products offered 278
12.1.3.3 Recent developments 279
12.1.3.3.1 Deals 279
12.1.3.4 MnM view 280
12.1.3.4.1 Key strengths 280
12.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices 280
12.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 280
12.1.4 BASF 281
12.1.4.1 Business overview 281
12.1.4.2 Products offered 282
12.1.4.3 Recent developments 283
12.1.4.3.1 Expansions 283
12.1.4.4 MnM view 283
12.1.4.4.1 Key strengths 283
12.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices 284
12.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 284
12.1.5 WACKER CHEMIE AG 285
12.1.5.1 Business overview 285
12.1.5.2 Products offered 286
12.1.5.3 Recent developments 287
12.1.5.3.1 Product launches 287
12.1.5.3.2 Expansions 288
12.1.5.4 MnM view 289
12.1.5.4.1 Key strengths 289
12.1.5.4.2 Strategic choices 289
12.1.5.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 289
12.1.6 EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY 290
12.1.6.1 Business overview 290
12.1.6.2 Products offered 291
12.1.6.3 MnM view 291
12.1.6.3.1 Key strengths 291
12.1.6.3.2 Strategic choices 292
12.1.6.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 292
12.1.7 SYENSQO 293
12.1.7.1 Business overview 293
12.1.7.2 Products offered 294
12.1.7.3 Recent developments 295
12.1.7.3.1 Other developments 295
12.1.7.4 MnM view 295
12.1.7.4.1 Key strengths 295
12.1.7.4.2 Strategic choices 295
12.1.7.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 296
12.1.8 KURARAY CO., LTD 297
12.1.8.1 Business overview 297
12.1.8.2 Products offered 298
12.1.8.3 MnM view 299
12.1.8.3.1 Key strengths 299
12.1.8.3.2 Strategic choices 299
12.1.8.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats 299
12.1.9 MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL GROUP CORPORATION 300
12.1.9.1 Business overview 300
12.1.9.2 Products offered 301
12.1.9.3 Recent developments 302
12.1.9.3.1 Other developments 302
12.1.9.3.2 Deals 303
12.1.9.4 MnM view 303
12.1.10 MOMENTIVE PERFORMANCE MATERIALS 304
12.1.10.1 Business overview 304
12.1.10.2 Products offered 304
12.1.10.3 MnM view 305
12.1.11 ENVALIOR 306
12.1.11.1 Business overview 306
12.1.11.2 Products offered 306
12.1.12 ZEON CORPORATION 308
12.1.12.1 Business overview 308
12.1.12.2 Products offered 309
12.1.13 THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION 310
12.1.13.1 Business overview 310
12.1.13.2 Products offered 310
12.1.13.3 MnM view 311
12.2 OTHER PLAYERS 312
12.2.1 KRATON CORPORATION 312
12.2.2 FOSTER CORPORATION 313
12.2.3 BIOMERICS 314
12.2.4 RTP COMPANY 315
12.2.5 ROMAR ENGINEERING 316
12.2.6 THE RUBBER GROUP 317
12.2.7 KENT ELASTOMER PRODUCTS 318
12.2.8 RAUMEDIC AG 319
12.2.9 THE HYGENIC COMPANY, LLC 320
12.2.10 HEXAPOL AB 321
12.2.11 TEKNI-PLEX, INC 322
12.2.12 TRINSEO 323
12.2.13 TRELLEBORG AB 324
12.2.14 SAINT-GOBAIN 325
13 APPENDIX 326
13.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE 326
13.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 329
13.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 331
13.4 RELATED REPORTS 331
13.5 AUTHOR DETAILS 332