Summary

Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market was valued at USD 545.45 million in 2024 and is anticipated to project robust growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 4.05% through 2030. The Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market is experiencing substantial growth, fueled by a convergence of demographic trends, technological innovations, increasing prevalence of MPDs, and strategic investments in research and development. This market, which includes treatments for conditions such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis, is influenced by several critical factors.
Key drivers include the rising demand for targeted therapies, supportive government policies, and advancements in healthcare infrastructure. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics is enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. Predictive analytics and machine learning are facilitating early disease detection and optimizing therapeutic approaches, thereby contributing to market expansion.
The Japan MPD Therapeutics Market is well-positioned for significant growth, supported by these technological advancements, increasing disease prevalence, favorable government policies, and vigorous R&D efforts. The market presents considerable opportunities for pharmaceutical companies, healthcare providers, and investors. However, challenges such as high treatment costs and regulatory hurdles remain. By addressing these challenges and capitalizing on growth drivers, the market is expected to expand and offer innovative solutions for managing MPDs in Japan.
Key Market Drivers
Technological Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment
Technological advancements in diagnostics and treatment are pivotal in propelling the growth of the Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market. These advancements enhance the precision, efficacy, and accessibility of healthcare solutions, fostering a more dynamic and responsive market environment.
The use of genomic and molecular profiling allows for the identification of specific genetic mutations and biomarkers associated with MPDs, such as the JAK2 mutation. This precision in diagnostics enables healthcare providers to develop tailored treatment plans that target the root cause of the disease, improving treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction. Personalized therapies, derived from detailed molecular profiling, ensure that patients receive treatments specifically designed to combat their unique genetic makeup. This personalized approach reduces the trial-and-error process associated with traditional treatments, leading to faster and more effective disease management. Technological advancements have facilitated the development of targeted therapies, such as JAK inhibitors, which specifically block the activity of the mutated genes responsible for MPDs. These therapies offer higher efficacy and lower toxicity compared to conventional chemotherapy, driving their adoption in the clinical setting. The introduction of biologics and gene therapies has revolutionized the treatment landscape for MPDs. These advanced therapeutics offer the potential for long-term remission and even cure, significantly improving patient quality of life and driving market demand. Endoscopes, essential for early cancer detection, are dominated by Japanese companies, which hold a 98% share of the global market for these devices. However, diagnosing cancer from endoscopic images remains highly challenging, as even specialized physicians typically require over a decade of experience to master this skill. Japanese startup AI Medical Services (AIM) is addressing this challenge by leveraging artificial intelligence to enhance the diagnostic capabilities of these experienced doctors.
AI and big data analytics enable the processing of large datasets to identify subtle patterns and anomalies that may be missed by traditional diagnostic methods. This leads to more accurate and earlier detection of MPDs, facilitating timely intervention and better prognosis. AI-powered predictive analytics tools help clinicians anticipate disease progression and patient responses to treatment. By leveraging these insights, healthcare providers can optimize treatment strategies, reducing adverse effects and improving patient outcomes. The integration of digital health technologies, such as telemedicine platforms and remote monitoring devices, allows for continuous patient monitoring and timely adjustments to treatment plans. This enhances patient adherence to therapy and enables early detection of complications. Advanced EHR systems streamline patient data management, providing clinicians with comprehensive and up-to-date information. This facilitates coordinated care and supports the implementation of complex treatment regimens.
NGS technologies provide comprehensive genetic analysis, enabling the detection of multiple genetic mutations and variants associated with MPDs in a single test. This high-throughput capability accelerates the diagnostic process and informs more precise treatment decisions. The decreasing cost of NGS technology makes it more accessible to healthcare providers, allowing for widespread adoption in clinical practice. This cost-effectiveness broadens the patient base that can benefit from advanced diagnostics. Advanced imaging techniques, such as PET-CT and MRI, offer high-resolution visualization of bone marrow and other affected tissues. These imaging modalities provide detailed insights into disease extent and progression, guiding more accurate staging and treatment planning. The development of non-invasive diagnostic tools reduces the need for invasive procedures, minimizing patient discomfort and risk. This enhances patient compliance and facilitates regular monitoring.
Rising Prevalence of Myeloproliferative Disorders
The increasing prevalence of Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPDs) is a significant driver of growth in the Japan MPD Therapeutics Market. This trend is influenced by demographic shifts, improved awareness, and advancements in diagnostic capabilities, all contributing to heightened demand for effective therapeutic solutions. Japan has one of the world’s fastest-aging populations, with a substantial proportion of its citizens over the age of 65. The incidence of MPDs, including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis, increases with age. Consequently, the growing elderly demographic directly contributes to a rising number of MPD cases. As the aging population requires more medical care, there is a heightened focus on managing chronic conditions like MPDs. This demand for specialized treatments drives the growth of the MPD therapeutics market, prompting pharmaceutical companies to develop targeted therapies. The incidence of polycythemia vera ranges from 0.02 to 2.8 per 100,000 individuals per year, with Japan reporting the lowest incidence. Essential thrombocythemia has an incidence rate of 0.1 to 1.5 per 100,000 individuals per year.
The prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disorders, which are more common in older adults, is linked to an increased risk of developing MPDs. The intersection of these health conditions necessitates comprehensive medical care, further boosting the demand for MPD therapies. The presence of comorbid conditions necessitates a holistic approach to patient care, incorporating MPD treatment as part of an integrated healthcare plan. This integrated approach supports market growth by increasing the need for effective MPD management solutions. Government agencies and healthcare organizations are actively conducting public health campaigns to raise awareness about MPDs. These campaigns educate the public and healthcare professionals about the symptoms, risk factors, and importance of early detection, leading to increased diagnosis rates. Advocacy groups play a crucial role in disseminating information about MPDs, providing support to patients and families, and advocating for better treatment options. Their efforts contribute to greater public awareness and demand for effective therapies. The adoption of advanced diagnostic technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and high-resolution imaging, has significantly improved the ability to detect MPDs accurately and early. These tools allow for precise identification of genetic mutations and disease markers, facilitating timely and appropriate therapeutic interventions. Increased implementation of routine screening programs in healthcare settings has led to higher detection rates of MPDs. Early diagnosis through routine check-ups enables prompt treatment initiation, thereby driving the demand for therapeutic solutions.
Training programs and continuous medical education for healthcare providers ensure they are well-equipped to recognize the early symptoms of MPDs. Improved symptom recognition leads to quicker referrals to specialists and earlier treatment initiation. Efforts to educate patients about the symptoms of MPDs, such as unexplained fatigue, splenomegaly, and abnormal blood counts, encourage individuals to seek medical attention sooner. Early patient engagement with the healthcare system drives demand for diagnostic and therapeutic services. The rise of digital health platforms and online resources provides patients and healthcare providers with easy access to information about MPDs. These platforms offer educational materials, symptom checkers, and support networks, empowering patients to seek timely diagnosis and treatment. Telemedicine services have expanded access to specialist consultations, particularly for patients in remote areas. By facilitating easier access to hematologists and oncologists, telemedicine supports early diagnosis and management of MPDs, contributing to market growth.
Increased Research and Development Activities
The surge in research and development (R&D) activities is a crucial factor driving the growth of the Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market. These activities encompass extensive investments in pharmaceutical innovations, strategic collaborations, and robust clinical trial frameworks, all contributing to the development and introduction of advanced therapies for MPDs.
Leading pharmaceutical companies are channeling substantial investments into R&D aimed at discovering and developing new therapies for MPDs. These investments cover the entire drug development pipeline, from initial research through clinical trials to market approval. The focus on innovative drug development has led to the creation of novel therapeutic agents, such as JAK inhibitors and other targeted treatments. These advanced drugs offer better efficacy and safety profiles compared to traditional therapies, driving their adoption in clinical practice and boosting market growth. The integration of cutting-edge biotechnological advancements, such as CRISPR gene editing and monoclonal antibody production, has opened new avenues for developing precise and effective MPD treatments. These technologies enable the targeting of specific genetic mutations and pathways involved in MPDs. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in drug discovery and development accelerates the identification of potential therapeutic targets and optimizes clinical trial designs. This technological integration enhances the efficiency and success rates of R&D activities, leading to faster market introduction of new therapies.
Collaborations between academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies leverage the research expertise of academia and the development and commercialization capabilities of the industry. These synergistic partnerships facilitate the rapid translation of scientific discoveries into viable therapeutic products. Joint research initiatives enable resource sharing, including access to advanced laboratory facilities, funding, and specialized knowledge. This collaborative approach accelerates the pace of innovation and the development of novel MPD therapies. Japanese pharmaceutical companies are increasingly forming alliances with international biotech firms and research institutions to co-develop new MPD treatments. These global partnerships bring diverse expertise, foster cross-border knowledge exchange, and enhance the scope and scale of R&D activities. Participation in international clinical trial networks provides Japanese companies with access to a broader patient population and diverse genetic backgrounds, improving the robustness of clinical data and supporting the global competitiveness of Japanese-developed therapies.
Japan has a strong clinical trial infrastructure that supports the testing of new MPD therapies within the local population. Conducting localized trials ensures that the treatments are effective and safe for Japanese patients, fostering greater acceptance and adoption of new therapies. Initiatives such as early access programs for experimental therapies allow patients to benefit from cutting-edge treatments before they receive full regulatory approval. These programs drive early market entry and generate real-world evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of new treatments. The Japanese regulatory environment provides incentives for R&D activities, including tax credits, grants, and streamlined approval processes for innovative therapies. These incentives reduce the financial burden on companies and encourage sustained investment in MPD research. Adaptive licensing pathways enable the phased approval of new therapies based on emerging clinical data, allowing patients earlier access to promising treatments while continuing to monitor their long-term safety and efficacy.
Key Market Challenges
High Cost of Targeted Therapies
Developing targeted therapies for MPDs involves significant investment in research and development, including extensive clinical trials and regulatory compliance. These high costs are often passed on to consumers, making treatments expensive.
The production of targeted therapies, especially biologics and gene therapies, requires sophisticated manufacturing processes that are costly to maintain. These expenses contribute to the high price of the final product. Despite government efforts to include advanced therapies in national health insurance schemes, the coverage for some high-cost treatments may still be limited. This restricts patient access to the most effective therapies. High co-payments and out-of-pocket expenses can deter patients from pursuing targeted therapies, leading to lower adoption rates and slowing market growth.
Regulatory Hurdles and Approval Delays
The approval process for new MPD therapies in Japan is rigorous, involving multiple stages of evaluation for safety and efficacy. Meeting these stringent requirements can be time-consuming and costly for pharmaceutical companies.
Even after approval, therapies are subject to extensive post-marketing surveillance to monitor adverse effects and long-term outcomes. This ongoing scrutiny can create additional burdens for companies. Differences in regulatory standards between Japan and other countries can complicate the approval process for multinational companies. Ensuring compliance with varying international guidelines requires additional resources and time. While efforts are being made to harmonize regulatory standards globally, discrepancies still exist, causing delays in the introduction of innovative therapies in the Japanese market.
Limited Patient Awareness and Diagnosis Rates
General awareness about MPDs is relatively low among the Japanese population. Many patients and even some healthcare providers may not be fully informed about the latest diagnostic methods and treatment options available.
Insufficient educational programs and outreach initiatives result in delayed diagnosis and treatment. Increasing public knowledge through targeted campaigns is essential but currently underdeveloped. MPDs often present with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily overlooked or misdiagnosed. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment, but current diagnostic practices may not be adequately optimized for this purpose. Advanced diagnostic tools required for precise identification of MPDs, such as genomic testing, may not be readily available in all healthcare settings, particularly in rural areas. This limits the ability to accurately diagnose and subsequently treat MPDs.
Key Market Trends
Advancements in Genetic and Molecular Research
The increasing use of genomic profiling to understand the molecular underpinnings of MPDs is driving the development of highly targeted therapies. Identifying specific mutations and genetic markers allows for the creation of personalized treatment plans, enhancing efficacy and minimizing side effects.
As research uncovers more about the biomarkers associated with MPDs, new therapies can be designed to target these specific pathways. This precision in treatment is expected to improve patient outcomes and expand the therapeutic options available. AI and machine learning are being integrated into genomic research to analyze vast amounts of data and identify potential therapeutic targets more efficiently. These technologies accelerate drug discovery and development processes, leading to quicker introduction of innovative therapies to the market.
Advancements in gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR, hold promise for correcting genetic abnormalities at the source, potentially offering curative treatments for MPDs in the future.
Expansion of Clinical Trials and Research Collaborations
Japan is witnessing a surge in clinical trials focused on MPDs, driven by both domestic and international pharmaceutical companies. The expansion of clinical trials within Japan ensures that new treatments are tested on the local population, leading to more relevant and effective therapies. Initiatives like early access programs for experimental therapies are being promoted, allowing patients to benefit from cutting-edge treatments before they receive full regulatory approval. Collaborations between academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies are becoming more prevalent. These partnerships leverage the research capabilities of academic institutions and the development and commercialization expertise of the industry.
Japanese companies are increasingly forming alliances with global biotech firms to co-develop innovative MPD treatments. These collaborations bring in diverse expertise and accelerate the pace of therapeutic advancements.
Supportive Regulatory and Policy Frameworks
The Japanese government has implemented fast-track approval processes for innovative therapies, particularly those addressing unmet medical needs like MPDs. This regulatory support facilitates quicker market entry for new treatments. Adaptive licensing pathways allow for the iterative approval of therapies based on emerging data, enabling patients to access promising treatments sooner while continuing to collect efficacy and safety data.
Generous tax credits for research and development activities encourage pharmaceutical companies to invest in the discovery and development of new MPD therapies. Government subsidies for the development of treatments for rare diseases, including certain types of MPDs, reduce the financial burden on companies and stimulate innovation in this area. Government and non-profit organizations are increasing efforts to raise awareness about MPDs and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment, leading to higher diagnosis rates and treatment uptake. Initiatives that provide financial and emotional support to patients undergoing treatment for MPDs help improve adherence to therapeutic regimens and overall outcomes, thereby boosting the market for MPD therapeutics.
Segmental Insights
Treatment Insights
Based on the category of treatment, the Targeted Therapy segment emerged as the dominant in the market for Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market in 2024. Targeted therapies are designed to specifically attack cancer cells without harming normal cells, which reduces side effects and improves patient outcomes. This precision is particularly valuable in treating MPDs, where traditional chemotherapy can be less effective and more toxic. Advances in genetic and molecular understanding of MPDs have identified specific mutations and pathways, such as the JAK2 mutation in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Targeted therapies that inhibit these pathways, like JAK inhibitors, show significant efficacy. Clinical trials and real-world studies have demonstrated that targeted therapies improve survival rates and reduce the risk of disease progression in MPD patients. These therapies effectively manage symptoms and reduce complications associated with MPDs, such as blood clots and splenomegaly. The Japanese regulatory authorities, such as the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), often provide fast-track approvals for innovative targeted therapies, expediting their availability in the market. Japanese hematology societies and oncology groups frequently update their treatment guidelines to incorporate the latest targeted therapies, encouraging their use in clinical practice. Targeted therapies are often included in national health insurance schemes, making them accessible to a broader patient population despite their high costs. Government subsidies and grants for innovative cancer treatments further support the adoption of targeted therapies.
Leading pharmaceutical companies, such as Takeda and Astellas, are heavily invested in the research and development of new targeted therapies for MPDs. This continuous innovation leads to the introduction of more effective and safer treatments. Collaborations between Japanese pharmaceutical companies and global biotech firms enhance the development pipeline and bring advanced targeted therapies to the Japanese market. Japan has a robust framework for conducting clinical trials, which allows for the rapid testing and approval of new targeted therapies. This also provides patients with early access to cutting-edge treatments. Japan has numerous specialized hematology and oncology centers that focus on the treatment of MPDs. These centers are well-equipped to administer and monitor targeted therapies. Japanese physicians and researchers are highly skilled in the latest treatment protocols and have extensive experience with targeted therapies, ensuring optimal patient management. The availability of advanced diagnostic tools, such as next-generation sequencing, allows for the precise identification of genetic mutations and monitoring of treatment response, which is crucial for the effective use of targeted therapies. These factors collectively contribute to the growth of this segment.
Regional Insights
Kanto emerged as the dominant in the Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics market in 2024, holding the largest market share in terms of value. The Kanto region, particularly Tokyo, is home to renowned university hospitals such as the University of Tokyo Hospital and Keio University Hospital. These institutions are at the forefront of medical research and treatment, offering advanced therapeutic options for MPD. The region hosts numerous research centers dedicated to hematology and oncology, including the National Cancer Center. These centers contribute significantly to the development and clinical trials of novel MPD therapies. Facilities like the Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital specialize in hematologic malignancies, providing cutting-edge treatments and contributing to the overall market growth. The Kanto region's hospitals and clinics are equipped with advanced diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, ensuring precise diagnosis and effective treatment of MPDs. The region offers comprehensive healthcare services, from early diagnosis to advanced treatment and follow-up care, creating a robust ecosystem for MPD therapeutics. Excellent transportation networks, including major airports and extensive rail systems, make it easier for patients from other regions to access specialized care in the Kanto region.
The Kanto region, particularly Tokyo, has the highest population density in Japan, leading to a larger patient pool and higher demand for MPD therapeutics. Urban areas tend to have higher incidences of certain diseases, including myeloproliferative disorders, due to factors like lifestyle and environmental influences. Corporate Headquarters: Many leading pharmaceutical and biotech companies, such as Takeda Pharmaceutical Company and Astellas Pharma, have their headquarters or major operations in the Kanto region. These companies invest heavily in R&D for MPD treatments. The presence of innovation clusters and biotech parks fosters collaboration and accelerates the development and commercialization of new MPD therapies. The region's economic strength translates into substantial investment in healthcare infrastructure, research, and development, driving the growth of the MPD therapeutics market.
Key Market Players
• Pfizer Inc,
• F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
• Viatris Inc
• Fresenius Kabi AG
• Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC
• Novartis AG
• Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
• GSK plc
• Bayer AG
Report Scope:
In this report, the Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:
• Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market, By Treatment:
o Chemotherapy
o Targeted Therapy
o Immunotherapy
o Stem Cell Transplantation
o Others
• Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market, By Type:
o Polycythemia Vera
o Essential Thrombocythemia
o Myelofibrosis
o Others
• Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market, By End User:
o Hospital
o Specialty Clinics
o Homecare
o Online
• Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market, By Region:
o Hokkaido
o Tohoku
o Kanto
o Chubu
o Kansai
o Chugoku
o Shikoku
o Kyushu
Competitive Landscape
Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market.
Available Customizations:
Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics market report with the given market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:
Company Information
• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

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Table of Contents

1. Product Overview
1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
1.2.1. Markets Covered
1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. Executive Summary
3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends
4. Voice of Customer
5. Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market Outlook
5.1. Market Size & Forecast
5.1.1. By Value
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
5.2.1. By Treatment (Chemotherapy, Targeted Therapy, Immunotherapy, Stem Cell Transplantation, Others)
5.2.2. By Type (Polycythemia Vera, Essential Thrombocythemia, Myelofibrosis, Others)
5.2.3. By End User (Hospital, Specialty Clinics, Homecare, Online)
5.2.4. By Region
5.2.5. By Company (2024)
5.3. Market Map
6. Hokkaido Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market Outlook
6.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.1.1. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.2.1. By Treatment
6.2.2. By Type
6.2.3. By End User
7. Tohoku Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market Outlook
7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.1.1. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.2.1. By Treatment
7.2.2. By Type
7.2.3. By End User
8. Kanto Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market Outlook
8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.1.1. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.2.1. By Treatment
8.2.2. By Type
8.2.3. By End User
9. Chubu Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market Outlook
9.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.1.1. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.2.1. By Treatment
9.2.2. By Type
9.2.3. By End User
10. Kansai Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market Outlook
10.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.1.1. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.2.1. By Treatment
10.2.2. By Type
10.2.3. By End User
11. Chugoku Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market Outlook
11.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.1.1. By Value
11.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.2.1. By Treatment
11.2.2. By Type
11.2.3. By End User
12. Shikoku Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market Outlook
12.1. Market Size & Forecast
12.1.1. By Value
12.2. Market Share & Forecast
12.2.1. By Treatment
12.2.2. By Type
12.2.3. By End User
13. Kyushu Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market Outlook
13.1. Market Size & Forecast
13.1.1. By Value
13.2. Market Share & Forecast
13.2.1. By Treatment
13.2.2. By Type
13.2.3. By End User
14. Market Dynamics
14.1. Drivers
14.2. Challenges
15. Market Trends & Developments
15.1. Recent Developments
15.2. Product Launches
15.3. Mergers & Acquisitions
16. Japan Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD) Therapeutics Market: SWOT Analysis
17. Competitive Landscape
17.1. Pfizer Inc,
17.1.1. Business Overview
17.1.2. Product & Service Offerings
17.1.3. Recent Developments
17.1.4. Financials (If Listed)
17.1.5. Key Personnel
17.1.6. SWOT Analysis
17.2. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
17.3. Viatris Inc
17.4. Fresenius Kabi AG
17.5. Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC
17.6. Novartis AG
17.7. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
17.8. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
17.9. GSK plc
17.10.Bayer AG
18. Strategic Recommendations
19. About Us & Disclaimer