Summary

Spectrum Analyzer Market: Scope of Report The latest publication by Persistence Market Research on the global Spectrum Analyzer Market evaluates the opportunities and current market landscape, provides detailed analysis, and updates about corresponding sections affecting the market. The study offers detailed insights on current market dynamics, which include the drivers, restraints, trends, and opportunities in the market. The principal aim of the market study is to present exclusive information about how the market will perform during the forecast period of 2023-2033. Important indicators for the successful growth of the market are presented in this comprehensive report, which includes a Year-on-Year (Y-o-Y) growth analysis of the market, and compounded annual growth rate (CAGR), which are described exhaustively in Persistence Market Research's study. This research study can support readers to know the demand for Spectrum Analyzer products and the quantitative development opportunities during the study period. The research is beneficial for shareholders in the landscape, including investors, manufacturers, service providers, distributors, and suppliers, and can help them in developing suitable business strategies to flourish in the Spectrum Analyzer Market. Shareholders in the Spectrum Analyzer Market, industry experts, investors, researchers, and reporters, as well as business enthusiasts can leverage insights and information presented in this Persistence Market Research study. Market statistics, as well as information linked to the macro- as well as micro-economic variables affecting the business scenario in the Spectrum Analyzer Market, are also included in the current study. Depending on potential developments in the market, substantive insights are also encountered in this report. Additionally, by the data submitted in this report, minor companies and new entrants in the industry can be aided in making suitable company choices to achieve traction in the market. Key Market Segments Persistence Market Research’s study on the Spectrum Analyzer Market offers information divided into three important segments - Offering, Type, Frequency Range, Form Factor, Network Technology, End-User Technology and region. This report offers comprehensive data and information about the important market dynamics and growth parameters associated with these categories. Attribute Details Offering Product Software Type Swept-Tuned Spectrum Analyzer RF Tuning Method Super Heterodyne Vector Signal Spectrum Analyzer Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer Fast Fourier Spectrum Analyzer Parallel Filter Analyzer Frequency Range <6 Ghz 6 Ghz - 18 GHz >18 GHz Form Factor Handheld Spectrum Analyzer Portable Spectrum Analyzer Benchtop Spectrum Analyzer Network Technology Wired Network Technology Wireless Network Technology End-User Technology Automotive & Transportation Aerospace & Defense IT & Telecommunication Medical & Healthcare Semiconductors & Electronics Industrial & Energy Sector Others - Educational Institutes and Government Sector Region North America Latin America Europe Asia Pacific Middle East and Africa Key Questions Answered in Report Which regions will continue to remain the most profitable markets for Spectrum Analyzer over the coming years? How will changing trends impact the market? How has the COVID-19 crisis impacted market growth? How can market players capture the low-hanging opportunities in developed regions? What are the strategies of stakeholders in the market to shape their position in this landscape? What are the restraining factors that investors need to be aware of and might tackle while investing in the market? What are the developmental trends that will impact the market? How can companies in the Spectrum Analyzer Market avail themselves the growth opportunities in developed and emerging sectors? Research Methodology In Persistence Market Research’s study, a unique research methodology is utilized to conduct extensive research on the growth of the Spectrum Analyzer Market, and reach conclusions on the future growth parameters of the market. This research methodology is a combination of primary and secondary research, which helps analysts to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the conclusions. Secondary resources referred to by analysts during the production of the market study include statistics from governmental organizations, trade journals, white papers, and internal and external proprietary databases. Analysts have interviewed senior managers, product portfolio managers, CEOs, VPs, marketing/product managers, and market intelligence managers, who contributed to the development of this report as a primary resource. Comprehensive information acquired from primary and secondary resources acts as validation from companies in the market, and makes Persistence Market Research’s projections on the growth prospects of the Spectrum Analyzer Market are more accurate and reliable.

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Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary     1.1. Global Market Outlook     1.2. Demand-side Trends     1.3. Supply-side Trends     1.4. Technology Roadmap Analysis     1.5. Analysis and Recommendations 2. Market Overview     2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy     2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations 3. Market Background     3.1. Market Dynamics         3.1.1. Drivers         3.1.2. Restraints         3.1.3. Opportunity         3.1.4. Trends     3.2. Scenario Forecast         3.2.1. Demand in Optimistic Scenario         3.2.2. Demand in Likely Scenario         3.2.3. Demand in Conservative Scenario     3.3. Opportunity Map Analysis     3.4. Investment Feasibility Matrix     3.5. PESTLE and Porter’s Analysis     3.6. Regulatory Landscape         3.6.1. By Key Regions         3.6.2. By Key Countries     3.7. Regional Parent Market Outlook 4. Global Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast, 2023-2033     4.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis, 2018-2022     4.2. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Projections, 2023-2033         4.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis         4.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis 5. Global Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Offering     5.1. Introduction / Key Findings     5.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Offering, 2018-2022     5.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Offering, 2023-2033         5.3.1. Product         5.3.2. Software     5.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Offering, 2018-2022     5.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Offering, 2023-2033 6. Global Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Type     6.1. Introduction / Key Findings     6.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Type, 2018-2022     6.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Type, 2023-2033         6.3.1. Swept-Tuned Spectrum Analyzer             6.3.1.1. RF Tuning Method             6.3.1.2. Super Heterodyne         6.3.2. Vector Signal Spectrum Analyzer         6.3.3. Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer             6.3.3.1. Fast Fourier Spectrum Analyzer             6.3.3.2. Parallel Filter Analyzer     6.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Type, 2018-2022     6.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Type, 2023-2033 7. Global Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Frequency Range     7.1. Introduction / Key Findings     7.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Frequency Range , 2018-2022     7.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Frequency Range , 2023-2033         7.3.1. <6 GHz         7.3.2. 6 GHz - 18 GHz         7.3.3. >18 GHz     7.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Frequency Range , 2018-2022     7.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Frequency Range , 2023-2033 8. Global Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Form Factor     8.1. Introduction / Key Findings     8.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Form Factor, 2018-2022     8.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Form Factor, 2023-2033         8.3.1. Handheld Spectrum Analyzer         8.3.2. Portable Spectrum Analyzer         8.3.3. Benchtop Spectrum Analyzer     8.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Form Factor, 2018-2022     8.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Form Factor, 2023-2033 9. Global Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Network Technology     9.1. Introduction / Key Findings     9.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Network Technology, 2018-2022     9.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Network Technology, 2023-2033         9.3.1. Wired Network Technology         9.3.2. Wireless Network Technology     9.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Network Technology, 2018-2022     9.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Network Technology, 2023-2033 10. Global Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By End-User Technology     10.1. Introduction / Key Findings     10.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By End-User Technology, 2018-2022     10.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By End-User Technology, 2023-2033         10.3.1. Automotive & Transportation         10.3.2. Aerospace & Defense         10.3.3. IT & Telecommunication         10.3.4. Medical & Healthcare         10.3.5. Semiconductors & Electronics         10.3.6. Industrial & Energy Sector         10.3.7. Others - Educational Institutes and Government Sector     10.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By End-User Technology, 2018-2022     10.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By End-User Technology, 2023-2033 11. Global Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Region     11.1. Introduction     11.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis By Region, 2018-2022     11.3. Current Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2023-2033         11.3.1. North America         11.3.2. Latin America         11.3.3. Europe         11.3.4. Asia Pacific         11.3.5. MEA     11.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region 12. North America Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Country     12.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018-2022     12.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023-2033         12.2.1. By Country             12.2.1.1. U.S.             12.2.1.2. Canada         12.2.2. By Offering         12.2.3. By Type         12.2.4. By Frequency Range         12.2.5. By Form Factor         12.2.6. By Network Technology         12.2.7. By End-User Technology     12.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis         12.3.1. By Country         12.3.2. By Offering         12.3.3. By Type         12.3.4. By Frequency Range         12.3.5. By Form Factor         12.3.6. By Network Technology         12.3.7. By End-User Technology     12.4. Key Takeaways 13. Latin America Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Country     13.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018-2022     13.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023-2033         13.2.1. By Country             13.2.1.1. Brazil             13.2.1.2. Mexico             13.2.1.3. Rest of Latin America         13.2.2. By Offering         13.2.3. By Type         13.2.4. By Frequency Range         13.2.5. By Form Factor         13.2.6. By Network Technology         13.2.7. By End-User Technology     13.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis         13.3.1. By Country         13.3.2. By Offering         13.3.3. By Type         13.3.4. By Frequency Range         13.3.5. By Form Factor         13.3.6. By Network Technology         13.3.7. By End-User Technology     13.4. Key Takeaways 14. Europe Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Country     14.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018-2022     14.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023-2033         14.2.1. By Country             14.2.1.1. Germany             14.2.1.2. U.K.             14.2.1.3. France             14.2.1.4. Spain             14.2.1.5. Italy             14.2.1.6. Rest of Europe         14.2.2. By Offering         14.2.3. By Type         14.2.4. By Frequency Range         14.2.5. By Form Factor         14.2.6. By Network Technology         14.2.7. By End-User Technology     14.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis         14.3.1. By Country         14.3.2. By Offering         14.3.3. By Type         14.3.4. By Frequency Range         14.3.5. By Form Factor         14.3.6. By Network Technology         14.3.7. By End-User Technology     14.4. Key Takeaways 15. Asia Pacific Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Country     15.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018-2022     15.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023-2033         15.2.1. By Country             15.2.1.1. China             15.2.1.2. Japan             15.2.1.3. South Korea             15.2.1.4. Singapore             15.2.1.5. Thailand             15.2.1.6. Indonesia             15.2.1.7. Australia             15.2.1.8. New Zealand             15.2.1.9. Rest of Asia Pacific         15.2.2. By Offering         15.2.3. By Type         15.2.4. By Frequency Range         15.2.5. By Form Factor         15.2.6. By Network Technology         15.2.7. By End-User Technology     15.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis         15.3.1. By Country         15.3.2. By Offering         15.3.3. By Type         15.3.4. By Frequency Range         15.3.5. By Form Factor         15.3.6. By Network Technology         15.3.7. By End-User Technology     15.4. Key Takeaways 16. MEA Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis 2018-2022 and Forecast 2023-2033, By Country     16.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2018-2022     16.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2023-2033         16.2.1. By Country             16.2.1.1. GCC Countries             16.2.1.2. South Africa             16.2.1.3. Israel             16.2.1.4. Rest of MEA         16.2.2. By Offering         16.2.3. By Type         16.2.4. By Frequency Range         16.2.5. By Form Factor         16.2.6. By Network Technology         16.2.7. By End-User Technology     16.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis         16.3.1. By Country         16.3.2. By Offering         16.3.3. By Type         16.3.4. By Frequency Range         16.3.5. By Form Factor         16.3.6. By Network Technology         16.3.7. By End-User Technology     16.4. Key Takeaways 17. Key Countries Spectrum Analyzer Market Analysis     17.1. U.S.         17.1.1. Pricing Analysis         17.1.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.1.2.1. By Offering             17.1.2.2. By Type             17.1.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.1.2.4. By Form Factor             17.1.2.5. By Network Technology             17.1.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.2. Canada         17.2.1. Pricing Analysis         17.2.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.2.2.1. By Offering             17.2.2.2. By Type             17.2.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.2.2.4. By Form Factor             17.2.2.5. By Network Technology             17.2.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.3. Brazil         17.3.1. Pricing Analysis         17.3.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.3.2.1. By Offering             17.3.2.2. By Type             17.3.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.3.2.4. By Form Factor             17.3.2.5. By Network Technology             17.3.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.4. Mexico         17.4.1. Pricing Analysis         17.4.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.4.2.1. By Offering             17.4.2.2. By Type             17.4.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.4.2.4. By Form Factor             17.4.2.5. By Network Technology             17.4.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.5. Germany         17.5.1. Pricing Analysis         17.5.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.5.2.1. By Offering             17.5.2.2. By Type             17.5.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.5.2.4. By Form Factor             17.5.2.5. By Network Technology             17.5.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.6. U.K.         17.6.1. Pricing Analysis         17.6.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.6.2.1. By Offering             17.6.2.2. By Type             17.6.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.6.2.4. By Form Factor             17.6.2.5. By Network Technology             17.6.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.7. France         17.7.1. Pricing Analysis         17.7.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.7.2.1. By Offering             17.7.2.2. By Type             17.7.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.7.2.4. By Form Factor             17.7.2.5. By Network Technology             17.7.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.8. Spain         17.8.1. Pricing Analysis         17.8.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.8.2.1. By Offering             17.8.2.2. By Type             17.8.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.8.2.4. By Form Factor             17.8.2.5. By Network Technology             17.8.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.9. Italy         17.9.1. Pricing Analysis         17.9.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.9.2.1. By Offering             17.9.2.2. By Type             17.9.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.9.2.4. By Form Factor             17.9.2.5. By Network Technology             17.9.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.10. China         17.10.1. Pricing Analysis         17.10.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.10.2.1. By Offering             17.10.2.2. By Type             17.10.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.10.2.4. By Form Factor             17.10.2.5. By Network Technology             17.10.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.11. Japan         17.11.1. Pricing Analysis         17.11.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.11.2.1. By Offering             17.11.2.2. By Type             17.11.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.11.2.4. By Form Factor             17.11.2.5. By Network Technology             17.11.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.12. South Korea         17.12.1. Pricing Analysis         17.12.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.12.2.1. By Offering             17.12.2.2. By Type             17.12.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.12.2.4. By Form Factor             17.12.2.5. By Network Technology             17.12.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.13. Singapore         17.13.1. Pricing Analysis         17.13.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.13.2.1. By Offering             17.13.2.2. By Type             17.13.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.13.2.4. By Form Factor             17.13.2.5. By Network Technology             17.13.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.14. Thailand         17.14.1. Pricing Analysis         17.14.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.14.2.1. By Offering             17.14.2.2. By Type             17.14.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.14.2.4. By Form Factor             17.14.2.5. By Network Technology             17.14.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.15. Indonesia         17.15.1. Pricing Analysis         17.15.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.15.2.1. By Offering             17.15.2.2. By Type             17.15.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.15.2.4. By Form Factor             17.15.2.5. By Network Technology             17.15.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.16. Australia         17.16.1. Pricing Analysis         17.16.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.16.2.1. By Offering             17.16.2.2. By Type             17.16.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.16.2.4. By Form Factor             17.16.2.5. By Network Technology             17.16.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.17. New Zealand         17.17.1. Pricing Analysis         17.17.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.17.2.1. By Offering             17.17.2.2. By Type             17.17.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.17.2.4. By Form Factor             17.17.2.5. By Network Technology             17.17.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.18. GCC Countries         17.18.1. Pricing Analysis         17.18.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.18.2.1. By Offering             17.18.2.2. By Type             17.18.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.18.2.4. By Form Factor             17.18.2.5. By Network Technology             17.18.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.19. South Africa         17.19.1. Pricing Analysis         17.19.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.19.2.1. By Offering             17.19.2.2. By Type             17.19.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.19.2.4. By Form Factor             17.19.2.5. By Network Technology             17.19.2.6. By End-User Technology     17.20. Israel         17.20.1. Pricing Analysis         17.20.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021             17.20.2.1. By Offering             17.20.2.2. By Type             17.20.2.3. By Frequency Range             17.20.2.4. By Form Factor             17.20.2.5. By Network Technology             17.20.2.6. By End-User Technology 18. Market Structure Analysis     18.1. Competition Dashboard     18.2. Competition Benchmarking     18.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players         18.3.1. By Regional         18.3.2. By Offering         18.3.3. By Type         18.3.4. By Frequency Range         18.3.5. By Form Factor         18.3.6. By Network Technology         18.3.7. By End-User Technology 19. Competition Analysis     19.1. Competition Deep Dive         19.1.1. Keysight Technologies             19.1.1.1. Overview             19.1.1.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.1.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.1.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.1.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.1.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.2. Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co KG             19.1.2.1. Overview             19.1.2.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.2.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.2.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.2.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.2.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.3. Fortive Corporation             19.1.3.1. Overview             19.1.3.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.3.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.3.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.3.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.3.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.4. Anritsu Corporation             19.1.4.1. Overview             19.1.4.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.4.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.4.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.4.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.4.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.5. Advantest Corporation             19.1.5.1. Overview             19.1.5.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.5.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.5.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.5.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.5.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.6. Cobham PLC             19.1.6.1. Overview             19.1.6.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.6.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.6.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.6.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.6.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.7. Giga-tronics Incorporated             19.1.7.1. Overview             19.1.7.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.7.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.7.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.7.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.7.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.8. Yokogawa Electric Corporation             19.1.8.1. Overview             19.1.8.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.8.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.8.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.8.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.8.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.9. National Instruments Corporation             19.1.9.1. Overview             19.1.9.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.9.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.9.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.9.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.9.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.10. L P Technologies Inc.             19.1.10.1. Overview             19.1.10.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.10.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.10.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.10.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.10.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.11. Teledyne Lecroy Inc.             19.1.11.1. Overview             19.1.11.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.11.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.11.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.11.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.11.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.12. Avcom of Virginia, Inc.             19.1.12.1. Overview             19.1.12.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.12.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.12.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.12.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.12.5.1. Marketing Strategy         19.1.13. B & K Precision Corporation             19.1.13.1. Overview             19.1.13.2. Product Portfolio             19.1.13.3. Profitability by Market Segments             19.1.13.4. Sales Footprint             19.1.13.5. Strategy Overview                 19.1.13.5.1. Marketing Strategy 20. Assumptions & Acronyms Used 21. Research Methodology