自動車用V2X市場:コネクティビティ(DSRC、セルラー)、通信(V2V、V2I、V2P、V2G、V2C、V2D)、車種(乗用車、商用車)、推進方式(ICE、EV)、ユニット、サービス、技術、地域別 - 2028年までの世界市場予測Automotive V2X Market by Connectivity (DSRC, and Cellular), Communication (V2V, V2I, V2P, V2G, V2C, and V2D), Vehicle Type (Passenger Cars, and Commercial Vehicles), Propulsion (ICE and EV), Unit, Offering, Technology and Region - Global Forecast to 2028 自動車用V2Xの世界市場は、2022年の26億米ドルから2028年には195億米ドルへ、CAGR39.7%で成長すると予測されています。自律走行モビリティの需要増とともに、コネクテッドビークルの需要増などのパラメータがあ... もっと見る
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サマリー自動車用V2Xの世界市場は、2022年の26億米ドルから2028年には195億米ドルへ、CAGR39.7%で成長すると予測されています。自律走行モビリティの需要増とともに、コネクテッドビークルの需要増などのパラメータがある。また、5G技術の進歩と、V2X技術に対する政府のサポートが相まって、この市場に新たな機会を生み出すでしょう。"接続性別ではDSRC分野が予測期間中最大の市場になる見込み" 自動車V2X市場のDSRC(Dedicated Short-Range Communications)は、予測期間中に最大のセグメントとなると予測されています。DSRCは、Wi-Fiの分派であるIEEE 802.11p接続をベースにしています。これは、免許不要の5.9GHz周波数帯で実行されます。この接続方式は、WAVE(Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments)、欧州のC-ITS(Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems)ではITS-G5と呼ばれています。DSRCによるV2X通信は、レーダー、カメラ、LiDARなどのセンサーとは異なり、視線外を通過します。この接続は主にV2IとV2Vのケースをカバーしており、速度制限警告、電子駐車場、料金支払い、衝突警告などを提供します。DSRCの機能面では、低遅延(~2ms)、短距離(1km以下)、高信頼性が挙げられます。DSRC V2X市場を牽引する主な要素は、高速で移動する車両間で、少なくとも300mの距離を3~27Mbpsのデータレートで効率的に通信できることです。DSRCは10年以上前に導入されて以来、年々成熟しており、すでに試験運用も行われています。これらの要因も、この分野の成長を後押しすることになるでしょう。 "北米は予測期間中に大きな成長を示すと予想される" 北米地域は、予測期間中に大きな成長を示すと推定されます。北米の自動車産業は、世界レベルで最も急成長している産業の一つです。ビッグ3(フォードモーターズ、ゼネラルモーターズ、フィアット・クライスラー・オートモービルズ)の本拠地である米国の自動車市場は、高度な快適・安全技術を備えた乗用車が好まれてきました。米国はこの地域で最大の市場であり、市場全体の3分の2以上を占めており、メキシコ、カナダがこれに続いています。この市場は、Ford Motors、General Motors、Fiat-Chrysler Automotiveなどの米国のOEMと、トヨタ(日本)、日産(日本)、ホンダ(日本)、現代・起亜(韓国)、BMWグループ(ドイツ)、Volkswagenグループ(ドイツ)などの欧州およびアジアのOEMによって支配されています。米国ではリアビューカメラの搭載が義務化される可能性があり、V2V通信に関する義務化の議論など、北米諸国での安全規制が継続的に進行していることが、今後数年間の北米コネクテッドカー市場を牽引すると思われます。Qualcomm IncorporatedやHARMAN Internationalなどの主要な自動車関連企業の存在が、北米のV2X市場の推進力になると思われる。 "予測期間中、電気自動車セグメントが自動車V2X市場の有望セグメントと推定される" 電気自動車は、予測期間中、推進力別の有望なセグメントになると予想されます。電気自動車は、公害に関連する環境問題を抑制するための重要な一歩となります。しかし、電気自動車のエネルギー需要の増大は、電力網の安定性に大きな課題をもたらすものでもあります。このため、Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G)技術の需要が高まると予想されます。V2Gは、電気自動車が使用しないバッテリー容量を送電網に戻し、再生可能エネルギー発電のギャップを埋めることを可能にします。V2Xを搭載した電気自動車は、ICE車と比較して、さらにV2G(ビークル・トゥ・グライド)機能を実現することができます。V2G機能により、電気自動車の充電量を調整したり、電気自動車が必要としない電力を系統に戻したりすることが可能になります。この通信により、電気自動車の経済性、環境性、運用性を向上させることができます。V2V、V2I通信は、高い安全性と燃費を実現し、V2Gと合わせて、V2Xを搭載したICE車と比較して、性能向上が期待できる。この主要な要因が、予測期間中のEV V2X市場を牽引すると思われます。日産など多くの自動車メーカーがV2X搭載のEVを提供しています。また、Virta Global(フィンランド)、Nuvve Holding Corp.(米国)、AC Propulsion, Inc.(米国)などの企業が、エンドユーザー向けにV2X技術を提供しています。 この市場で活動する様々な主要組織のCEO、マーケティングディレクター、その他のイノベーションおよびテクノロジーディレクター、経営陣に対して詳細なインタビューを実施した。 - 企業タイプ別OEM:21%、Tier I:31%、Tier II:48%。 - 役職別CXO(最高経営責任者):40%、ディレクター:35%、その他:25 - 地域別北米:30%、欧州:50%、アジア太平洋:15%、RoW:5 自動車V2X市場は、Qualcomm Incorporated(米国)、Autotalks(イスラエル)、Continental AG(ドイツ)、Cohda Wireless(オーストラリア)、Robert Bosch GmbH(ドイツ)などの大手企業によって支配されています。これらの企業は、強力な製品ポートフォリオだけでなく、世界レベルでの強力な販売網を持っています。 調査対象範囲 本レポートでは、自動車V2X市場を、接続性(DSRC、セルラー)、通信(V2V、V2I、V2P、V2G、V2C、V2D)、車両タイプ(乗用車、商用車)、推進力(内燃機関、電気自動車)、ユニット(オンボードユニット、ロードサイドユニット)、提供(ハードウェア、ソフトウェア)、テクノロジー(自動運転、自動走行、車載機)の観点からカバーしています。技術(自動運転支援、インテリジェント交通システム、緊急車両通知、乗客情報システム、車両・資産管理、駐車管理システム、見通し線、見通し線以外、後退、その他)、地域(アジア太平洋、欧州、北米、列島)です。)自動車V2X市場のエコシステムにおける競争環境と主要企業のプロファイルをカバーしています。 また、市場の主要企業の詳細な競合分析、企業プロファイル、製品や事業の提供に関する主要な観測、最近の開発、主要な市場戦略も掲載しています。 レポート購入の主なメリット - 本レポートは、自動車用V2X市場全体とそのサブセグメントに関する収益数の最も近い近似値に関する情報を提供し、この市場における市場リーダー/新規参入者を支援します。 - 本レポートは、利害関係者が競争環境を理解し、より良いビジネスの位置づけと適切な市場参入戦略を計画するためのより多くの洞察を得るのに役立ちます。 - また、本レポートは、利害関係者が市場の脈動を理解するのに役立ち、主要な市場促進要因、阻害要因、課題、機会に関する情報を提供します。 - また、本レポートは、関係者が様々な車載用V2Xの容量に基づく現在および将来の価格動向を理解するのに役立ちます。 目次1 INTRODUCTION 251.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 25 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 26 TABLE 1 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET DEFINITION, BY COMMUNICATION 26 TABLE 2 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET DEFINITION, BY VEHICLE TYPE 27 TABLE 3 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET DEFINITION, BY CONNECTIVITY 27 TABLE 4 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET DEFINITION, BY UNIT 27 1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 28 TABLE 5 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 28 1.3 STUDY SCOPE 29 FIGURE 1 MARKETS COVERED 29 1.3.1 YEARS CONSIDERED 29 1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 30 TABLE 6 CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES 30 1.5 PACKAGE SIZE 30 1.6 STAKEHOLDERS 30 1.7 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 31 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32 2.1 RESEARCH DATA 32 FIGURE 2 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN 32 FIGURE 3 RESEARCH DESIGN MODEL 33 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 33 2.1.1.1 Key secondary sources for automotive V2X market 34 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources 35 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 36 FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS 36 2.1.2.1 List of primary participants 37 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 37 FIGURE 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING 38 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 39 FIGURE 6 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 39 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 39 FIGURE 7 TOP-DOWN APPROACH: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 39 FIGURE 8 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: MARKET ESTIMATION NOTES 40 FIGURE 9 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY FOR ICE VEHICLES– DEMAND SIDE 41 FIGURE 10 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES– DEMAND SIDE 42 2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION 43 FIGURE 11 DATA TRIANGULATION METHODOLOGY 43 2.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS 44 FIGURE 12 FACTOR ANALYSIS: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 44 FIGURE 13 FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR MARKET SIZING: DEMAND AND SUPPLY SIDES 45 2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 46 2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 47 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 48 TABLE 7 C-V2X EQUIPPED VEHICLES LAUNCHED IN CHINA 48 FIGURE 14 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET OVERVIEW 49 FIGURE 15 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 50 FIGURE 16 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY CONNECTIVITY, 2022 VS. 2028 50 FIGURE 17 KEY PLAYERS IN AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 51 4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 52 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 52 FIGURE 18 INCREASING FOCUS TOWARD AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY AND CONNECTED CAR TECHNOLOGY TO BOOST GROWTH OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 52 4.2 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION 52 FIGURE 19 V2V TO BE DOMINANT SEGMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (USD MILLION) 52 4.3 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY CONNECTIVITY 53 FIGURE 20 DSRC TO BE LARGER SEGMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (THOUSAND UNITS) 53 4.4 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY PROPULSION 53 FIGURE 21 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES TO REMAIN LARGER MARKET SEGMENT (THOUSAND UNITS) 53 4.5 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY OFFERING 54 FIGURE 22 SOFTWARE TO BE LARGER SEGMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET IN 2022 (USD MILLION) 54 4.6 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 54 FIGURE 23 PASSENGER CARS TO HAVE LARGER SHARE OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 54 4.7 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY UNIT 55 FIGURE 24 ON-BOARD UNITS TO HAVE LARGER SHARE OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 55 4.8 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY 55 FIGURE 25 AUTOMATED DRIVER ASSISTANCE TO BE LARGEST MARKET SEGMENT, 2022 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 55 4.9 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY REGION 56 FIGURE 26 ASIA PACIFIC PROJECTED TO BE LARGEST MARKET FOR AUTOMOTIVE V2X 56 5 MARKET OVERVIEW 57 5.1 INTRODUCTION 57 FIGURE 27 KEY ELEMENTS OF VEHICLE-TO-EVERYTHING (V2X) 57 TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF V2X TECHNOLOGIES 58 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 59 FIGURE 28 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS 59 5.2.1 DRIVERS 59 5.2.1.1 Increasing demand for fully autonomous driving and safe vehicles 59 TABLE 9 SAFETY FACTS CONCERNING V2X COMMUNICATION 60 FIGURE 29 ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES FACT 60 5.2.1.2 Concerns over environmental pollution 60 TABLE 10 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FACTS 61 5.2.1.3 Developments in connected car technology and growing collaborations 61 FIGURE 30 IMPACT OF CONNECTED VEHICLES 61 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 62 5.2.2.1 Latency/reliability challenges 62 5.2.2.2 Lack of infrastructure for proper functioning 62 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 63 5.2.3.1 Government support for V2X technology 63 5.2.3.2 Advancements in 5G technology 63 FIGURE 31 HIGH-SPEED DATA AND PERFORMANCE LEVEL 63 TABLE 11 SPEED COMPARISON OF VARIOUS NETWORK TYPES 64 TABLE 12 5G-V2X USE CASE PERFORMANCES 64 5.2.3.3 Development in autonomous vehicles 64 FIGURE 32 US L3 AND L4 AUTONOMOUS CAR MARKET, 2018 VS. 2022 VS. 2025 (THOUSAND UNITS) 65 5.2.4 CHALLENGES 65 5.2.4.1 Vulnerability to cyberattacks 65 TABLE 13 BASE STANDARDS FOR SECURITY AND PRIVACY DEVELOPED BY EUROPEAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ETSI) 66 TABLE 14 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: IMPACT OF MARKET DYNAMICS 66 5.3 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SCENARIOS (2022–2028) 67 FIGURE 33 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET FUTURE TRENDS & SCENARIOS, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 67 5.3.1 MOST LIKELY SCENARIO 67 TABLE 15 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (MOST LIKELY), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 67 5.3.2 OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO 68 TABLE 16 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (OPTIMISTIC), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 68 5.3.3 PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO 68 TABLE 17 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (PESSIMISTIC), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 68 5.4 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 69 5.4.1 GDP TRENDS AND FORECASTS FOR MAJOR ECONOMIES 69 TABLE 18 GDP TRENDS AND FORECASTS FOR MAJOR ECONOMIES, 2018–2026 (USD BILLION) 69 5.4.2 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION STATISTICS IN 2021 70 TABLE 19 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION STATISTICS IN 2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 70 5.5 TRENDS & DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING MARKET 71 FIGURE 34 REVENUE SHIFT DRIVING AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET GROWTH 71 6 INDUSTRY TRENDS 72 6.1 INTRODUCTION 72 6.2 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 72 FIGURE 35 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 72 TABLE 20 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: IMPACT OF PORTER’S FIVE FORCES 73 6.2.1 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 73 6.2.2 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 73 6.2.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 73 6.2.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 73 6.2.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 74 6.3 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET ECOSYSTEM 74 FIGURE 36 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 74 TABLE 21 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: ROLE OF COMPANIES IN ECOSYSTEM 75 6.4 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 76 FIGURE 37 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 76 6.5 TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 77 TABLE 22 C-V2X TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES OVER IEEE 802.11P (ITS-G5 OR DSRC) 77 6.5.1 CELLULAR V2X (C-V2X) 78 TABLE 23 CUMULATIVE GAIN WHILE USING 5G NR (NEW RADIO) C-V2X 78 6.5.1.1 LTE-V2X 78 6.5.1.2 5G-V2X 79 6.6 PATENT ANALYSIS 79 FIGURE 38 PUBLICATION TRENDS (2015–2021) 79 6.6.1 LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS (2012–2021) 80 FIGURE 39 LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS FILED FOR AUTOMOTIVE V2X (2012–2021) 80 6.6.2 TOP PATENT APPLICANTS (2012–2021) 80 FIGURE 40 AUTOMOTIVE V2X, BY APPLICANT 80 TABLE 24 IMPORTANT PATENT REGISTRATIONS RELATED TO AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 81 6.7 CASE STUDY 83 6.7.1 PILOT PROJECT ON VIRGINIA SMART ROAD 83 6.7.2 VEHICLE POSITIONING ACCURACY IN NEW YORK 83 6.7.3 TOWARDS ZERO ROAD SAFETY STRATEGY 84 6.7.4 PREPARING ROADS FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES 84 6.7.5 PILOT PROJECT ON SAN DIEGO ROADWAYS 84 6.8 REGULATORY OVERVIEW 85 TABLE 25 REGULATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE V2X 85 TABLE 26 US AND EU SPECIFICATION STANDARDS 85 7 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY OFFERING 86 7.1 INTRODUCTION 87 FIGURE 41 SOFTWARE SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGER MARKET SHARE, BY VALUE, BY 2028 (USD MILLION) 87 TABLE 27 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY OFFERING, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 87 TABLE 28 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY OFFERING, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 88 7.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 88 TABLE 29 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS 88 7.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 89 TABLE 30 ASSUMPTIONS: OFFERING 89 7.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 89 7.2 HARDWARE 89 7.2.1 INCREASING FOCUS ON AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY AND ROAD SAFETY 89 TABLE 31 V2X HARDWARE MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 90 TABLE 32 V2X HARDWARE MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 90 7.3 SOFTWARE 91 7.3.1 DEPLOYMENT OF 5G 91 TABLE 33 V2X SOFTWARE MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 91 TABLE 34 V2X SOFTWARE MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 91 7.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 92 8 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION 93 8.1 INTRODUCTION 94 FIGURE 42 V2G SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE, BY VALUE, BY 2028 (USD MILLION) 94 TABLE 35 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 94 TABLE 36 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 95 TABLE 37 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 95 TABLE 38 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 95 8.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 96 TABLE 39 VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH VARIOUS V2X COMMUNICATIONS 96 8.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 96 TABLE 40 ASSUMPTIONS: BY COMMUNICATION 96 8.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 97 8.2 V2V 97 8.2.1 FOCUS ON ROAD SAFETY 97 TABLE 41 V2V MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 97 TABLE 42 V2V MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 98 TABLE 43 V2V MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 98 TABLE 44 V2V MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 98 8.3 V2I 99 8.3.1 IMPROVEMENT IN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 99 TABLE 45 V2I MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 99 TABLE 46 V2I MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 99 TABLE 47 V2I MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 100 TABLE 48 V2I MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 100 8.4 V2G 100 8.4.1 INCREASING SALES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES 100 TABLE 49 V2G MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 101 TABLE 50 V2G MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 101 TABLE 51 V2G MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 101 TABLE 52 V2G MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 101 8.5 V2P 102 8.5.1 PEDESTRIAN SAFETY CONCERNS 102 TABLE 53 V2P MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 102 TABLE 54 V2P MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 103 TABLE 55 V2P MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 103 TABLE 56 V2P MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 103 8.6 VEHICLE-TO-CLOUD (V2C) 104 8.7 VEHICLE-TO-DEVICE (V2D) 104 8.8 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 104 9 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY PROPULSION 105 9.1 INTRODUCTION 106 FIGURE 43 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 107 TABLE 57 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY PROPULSION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 107 TABLE 58 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY PROPULSION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 107 9.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 108 TABLE 59 CARS EQUIPPED WITH V2X (BY PROPULSION) 108 9.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 108 TABLE 60 ASSUMPTIONS: BY PROPULSION 108 9.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 108 9.2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 109 9.2.1 REVIVAL OF ICE VEHICLE PRODUCTION 109 TABLE 61 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 109 TABLE 62 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 109 9.3 ELECTRIC VEHICLES 110 9.3.1 GROWING ADOPTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES GLOBALLY 110 TABLE 63 ELECTRIC VEHICLES V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 111 TABLE 64 ELECTRIC VEHICLES V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 111 9.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 111 10 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY CONNECTIVITY 112 10.1 INTRODUCTION 113 TABLE 65 DSRC VS. C-V2X, PHYSICAL LAYER MAIN PARAMETERS 113 TABLE 66 COMPARISON BETWEEN DSRC AND C-V2X 114 FIGURE 44 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY CONNECTIVITY, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 114 TABLE 67 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY CONNECTIVITY, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 115 TABLE 68 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY CONNECTIVITY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 115 10.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 115 TABLE 69 COMPANIES OFFERING V2X PRODUCTS (BY CONNECTIVITY) 115 10.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 116 TABLE 70 ASSUMPTIONS: BY CONNECTIVITY 116 10.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 116 10.2 DSRC (DEDICATED SHORT-RANGE COMMUNICATIONS) 116 10.2.1 EFFECTIVE NON-LINE OF SIGHT AWARENESS 116 TABLE 71 DSRC V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 117 TABLE 72 DSRC V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 117 10.3 CELLULAR 118 10.3.1 ADVENT OF 5G NETWORK 118 FIGURE 45 C-V2X ARCHITECTURE 118 FIGURE 46 C-V2X IMPACT ON DRIVING EXPERIENCE AND SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 119 FIGURE 47 CELLULAR-V2X SOLUTION FOR CONNECTED VEHICLE CHALLENGES 119 TABLE 73 PERFORMANCE OF DSRC VS. CELLULAR 120 TABLE 74 V2X STANDARDS FOR VARIOUS COMMUNICATION RANGES 120 TABLE 75 CELLULAR MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 120 TABLE 76 CELLULAR MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 121 10.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 121 11 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY 122 11.1 INTRODUCTION 123 FIGURE 48 AUTOMATED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE, BY VALUE, BY 2028 (USD MILLION) 123 TABLE 77 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 124 TABLE 78 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 124 11.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 125 TABLE 79 VARIOUS V2X TECHNOLOGIES BY COMMUNICATION TYPE 125 11.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 125 TABLE 80 ASSUMPTIONS: BY TECHNOLOGY 125 11.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 126 11.2 V2V 126 11.2.1 INCREASING FOCUS ON AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY 126 11.2.2 AUTOMATED DRIVER ASSISTANCE 126 TABLE 81 V2V MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 127 TABLE 82 V2V MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 127 11.3 V2I 127 11.3.1 RISING FOCUS ON TRAFFIC CONGESTION 127 TABLE 83 V2I MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 127 TABLE 84 V2I MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 128 11.3.2 INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEMS (ITS) 128 TABLE 85 ITS SERVICES 128 11.3.3 EMERGENCY VEHICLE NOTIFICATION 129 11.3.4 PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 129 11.3.5 FLEET AND ASSET MANAGEMENT 129 11.3.6 PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 130 11.4 V2P 130 11.4.1 GROWING CONCERNS PERTAINING TO PEDESTRIAN SAFETY 130 TABLE 86 V2P MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 130 TABLE 87 V2P MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 130 11.4.2 LINE OF SIGHT 131 11.4.3 NON-LINE OF SIGHT 131 TABLE 88 RANKING OF STATE PEDESTRIAN FATALITY RATES (2019) 131 11.4.4 BACKING 132 11.5 KEY INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 132 12 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 133 12.1 INTRODUCTION 134 TABLE 89 GLOBAL PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PRODUCTION DATA, 2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 134 TABLE 90 GLOBAL SALES DATA OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES OVER YEARS (MILLION UNITS) 134 FIGURE 49 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 135 TABLE 91 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 135 TABLE 92 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 135 TABLE 93 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 136 TABLE 94 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 136 12.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 136 TABLE 95 PASSENGER CARS EQUIPPED WITH V2X 136 12.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 137 TABLE 96 ASSUMPTIONS: BY VEHICLE TYPE 137 12.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 137 12.2 PASSENGER CARS 137 12.2.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR PREMIUM VEHICLES 137 TABLE 97 FATALITIES CAUSED BY PASSENGER CARS 138 TABLE 98 PASSENGER CARS: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 138 TABLE 99 PASSENGER CARS: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 139 TABLE 100 PASSENGER CARS: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 139 TABLE 101 PASSENGER CARS: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 139 12.3 COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 140 12.3.1 GROWTH FROM STRONG ROAD TRANSPORTATION SECTOR 140 TABLE 102 COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 140 TABLE 103 COMMERCIAL VEHICLE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 140 12.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 141 13 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY UNIT 142 13.1 INTRODUCTION 143 FIGURE 50 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY UNIT, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 144 TABLE 104 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY UNIT, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 144 TABLE 105 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY UNIT, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 144 TABLE 106 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY UNIT, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 144 TABLE 107 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY UNIT, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 145 13.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 145 TABLE 108 COMPANIES OFFERING RSU AND OBU 145 13.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 146 TABLE 109 ASSUMPTIONS: BY UNIT 146 13.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 146 13.2 ON-BOARD UNITS (OBUS) 147 13.2.1 DEMAND FOR SAFETY AND V2V COMMUNICATION 147 13.3 ROADSIDE UNITS (RSUS) 147 13.3.1 SMART CITIES 147 13.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 148 14 AUTOMOTIVE V2X AFTERMARKET, BY OFFERING 149 14.1 INTRODUCTION 150 FIGURE 51 SOFTWARE SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGER MARKET SIZE, BY VALUE BY 2028 (USD MILLION) 150 TABLE 110 AUTOMOTIVE V2X AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 151 TABLE 111 AUTOMOTIVE V2X AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 151 TABLE 112 AUTOMOTIVE V2X AFTERMARKET, BY OFFERING, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 151 14.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 152 TABLE 113 TOP INDUSTRIES FOR V2X MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA 152 14.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 152 TABLE 114 ASSUMPTIONS: OFFERING (AFTERMARKET) 152 14.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 152 14.2 HARDWARE 153 14.2.1 INCREASING FOCUS ON INFRASTRUCTURAL ACTIVITIES 153 TABLE 115 V2X HARDWARE AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 153 14.3 SOFTWARE 154 14.3.1 ADVENT OF 5G NETWORK TO SUPPORT SEGMENT GROWTH 154 TABLE 116 V2X SOFTWARE AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 154 14.4 SERVICES 155 14.4.1 FLEET MANAGEMENT 155 14.4.2 AUTOMOTIVE ADVANCED DRIVER-ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS (ADAS) 155 14.4.3 TELEMATICS 155 14.4.4 CYBERSECURITY 156 14.4.5 AUTONOMOUS DRIVING 156 14.4.6 CHALLENGES FACED BY FLEET OPERATORS FOR V2X SERVICES 156 14.4.6.1 Hardware and software/firmware design challenge 156 14.4.6.2 Integration of data with existing and past database 156 14.4.6.3 Data privacy and security 156 14.4.6.4 Supporting infrastructure availability 156 14.5 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 157 15 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY REGION 158 15.1 INTRODUCTION 159 TABLE 117 V2X SHORT-RANGE ENVIRONMENT 159 FIGURE 52 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2022 VS. 2028 160 TABLE 118 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE AND EV), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 160 TABLE 119 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE AND EV), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 160 TABLE 120 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE AND EV), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 161 TABLE 121 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE AND EV), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 161 TABLE 122 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 161 TABLE 123 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 162 TABLE 124 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 162 TABLE 125 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 162 TABLE 126 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (EV), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 163 TABLE 127 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (EV), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 163 TABLE 128 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (EV), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 163 TABLE 129 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (EV), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 163 15.2 ASIA PACIFIC 164 FIGURE 53 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SNAPSHOT 165 TABLE 130 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 165 TABLE 131 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 166 TABLE 132 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 166 TABLE 133 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 166 15.2.1 CHINA 167 15.2.1.1 Strong government support toward C-V2X technology 167 TABLE 134 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 167 TABLE 135 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 168 TABLE 136 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 168 TABLE 137 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 168 15.2.2 JAPAN 169 15.2.2.1 Increased performance and reduced costs of V2X 169 FIGURE 54 V2X SYSTEMS IN JAPAN 170 TABLE 138 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 171 TABLE 139 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 171 TABLE 140 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 171 TABLE 141 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 171 15.2.3 SOUTH KOREA 172 15.2.3.1 Growing government initiatives toward 5G-V2X 172 TABLE 142 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 172 TABLE 143 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 173 TABLE 144 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 173 TABLE 145 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 173 15.2.4 INDIA 174 15.2.4.1 Improving infrastructure for installation of RSUs 174 TABLE 146 INDIA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 174 TABLE 147 INDIA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 174 15.2.5 AUSTRALIA 175 15.2.5.1 Increasing number of tests and trials 175 15.2.6 TAIWAN 175 15.2.6.1 Technological advancements and R&D 175 15.3 EUROPE 176 FIGURE 55 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, 2022 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 176 TABLE 148 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 177 TABLE 149 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 177 TABLE 150 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 177 TABLE 151 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 178 15.3.1 GERMANY 178 15.3.1.1 Increase in C-V2X trials and tests 178 TABLE 152 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 179 TABLE 153 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 179 TABLE 154 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 179 TABLE 155 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 179 15.3.2 ITALY 180 15.3.2.1 Testing of V2X for truck platooning 180 TABLE 156 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 180 TABLE 157 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 181 TABLE 158 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 181 TABLE 159 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 181 15.3.3 FRANCE 182 15.3.3.1 Government funded projects to drive market 182 TABLE 160 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 182 TABLE 161 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 182 TABLE 162 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 183 TABLE 163 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 183 15.3.4 UK 183 15.3.4.1 Government initiatives for connected and autonomous vehicles 183 TABLE 164 UK: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 184 TABLE 165 UK: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 184 TABLE 166 UK: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 184 TABLE 167 UK: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 184 15.3.5 SPAIN 185 15.3.5.1 Growing traffic and safety concerns 185 TABLE 168 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 185 TABLE 169 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 186 TABLE 170 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 186 TABLE 171 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 186 15.4 NORTH AMERICA 187 FIGURE 56 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SNAPSHOT 187 TABLE 172 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 188 TABLE 173 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 188 TABLE 174 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 188 TABLE 175 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 188 15.4.1 US 189 15.4.1.1 High sales of V2V/V2I-enabled cars coupled with trails related to V2X 189 TABLE 176 US: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 189 TABLE 177 US: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 190 TABLE 178 US: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 190 TABLE 179 US: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 190 15.4.2 CANADA 191 15.4.2.1 Entry of more vehicles equipped with V2X 191 TABLE 180 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 191 TABLE 181 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 191 TABLE 182 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 192 TABLE 183 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 192 15.4.3 MEXICO 193 15.4.3.1 Improving infrastructure facilities 193 TABLE 184 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 193 TABLE 185 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 193 TABLE 186 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 193 TABLE 187 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 194 15.5 REST OF THE WORLD 194 FIGURE 57 ROW: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 194 TABLE 188 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 195 TABLE 189 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 195 15.5.1 ARGENTINA 195 15.5.1.1 Future technological advancements 195 TABLE 190 ARGENTINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 195 TABLE 191 ARGENTINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 196 15.5.2 BRAZIL 196 15.5.2.1 Government initiatives to curb pollution and growing vehicle sales 196 TABLE 192 BRAZIL: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 196 TABLE 193 BRAZIL: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 197 16 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 198 16.1 OVERVIEW 198 16.2 MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS 198 FIGURE 58 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: MARKET RANKING, 2021 198 16.3 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 199 TABLE 194 NEW PRODUCT LAUNCHES, 2016–2021 200 16.3.1 DEALS 202 TABLE 195 DEALS, 2017–2021 202 16.3.2 EXPANSIONS 213 TABLE 196 EXPANSIONS, 2017-2019 213 16.4 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING (V2X SOLUTION PROVIDERS) 214 16.4.1 STARS 214 16.4.2 EMERGING LEADERS 214 16.4.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 214 16.4.4 PARTICIPANTS 214 FIGURE 59 AUTOMOTIVE V2X SOLUTION PROVIDERS MARKET: COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING, 2021 215 16.5 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING (OEMS) 216 16.5.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 216 16.5.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 216 16.5.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 216 16.5.4 STARTING BLOCKS 216 FIGURE 60 AUTOMOTIVE OEMS IN V2X MARKET: COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING, 2021 217
SummaryThe global automotive V2X market is projected to grow from USD 2.6 billion in 2022 to USD 19.5 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 39.7%. Parameters such as increase in demand for connected vehicles, along with increase in demand for autonomous mobility. In addition, the advancements in 5G technology, paired with government support for V2X technology will create new opportunities for this market. Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION 251.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 25 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 26 TABLE 1 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET DEFINITION, BY COMMUNICATION 26 TABLE 2 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET DEFINITION, BY VEHICLE TYPE 27 TABLE 3 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET DEFINITION, BY CONNECTIVITY 27 TABLE 4 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET DEFINITION, BY UNIT 27 1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 28 TABLE 5 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 28 1.3 STUDY SCOPE 29 FIGURE 1 MARKETS COVERED 29 1.3.1 YEARS CONSIDERED 29 1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 30 TABLE 6 CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES 30 1.5 PACKAGE SIZE 30 1.6 STAKEHOLDERS 30 1.7 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 31 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32 2.1 RESEARCH DATA 32 FIGURE 2 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN 32 FIGURE 3 RESEARCH DESIGN MODEL 33 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 33 2.1.1.1 Key secondary sources for automotive V2X market 34 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources 35 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 36 FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS 36 2.1.2.1 List of primary participants 37 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 37 FIGURE 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING 38 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 39 FIGURE 6 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 39 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 39 FIGURE 7 TOP-DOWN APPROACH: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 39 FIGURE 8 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: MARKET ESTIMATION NOTES 40 FIGURE 9 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY FOR ICE VEHICLES– DEMAND SIDE 41 FIGURE 10 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES– DEMAND SIDE 42 2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION 43 FIGURE 11 DATA TRIANGULATION METHODOLOGY 43 2.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS 44 FIGURE 12 FACTOR ANALYSIS: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 44 FIGURE 13 FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR MARKET SIZING: DEMAND AND SUPPLY SIDES 45 2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 46 2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 47 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 48 TABLE 7 C-V2X EQUIPPED VEHICLES LAUNCHED IN CHINA 48 FIGURE 14 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET OVERVIEW 49 FIGURE 15 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 50 FIGURE 16 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY CONNECTIVITY, 2022 VS. 2028 50 FIGURE 17 KEY PLAYERS IN AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 51 4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 52 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 52 FIGURE 18 INCREASING FOCUS TOWARD AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY AND CONNECTED CAR TECHNOLOGY TO BOOST GROWTH OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 52 4.2 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION 52 FIGURE 19 V2V TO BE DOMINANT SEGMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (USD MILLION) 52 4.3 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY CONNECTIVITY 53 FIGURE 20 DSRC TO BE LARGER SEGMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (THOUSAND UNITS) 53 4.4 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY PROPULSION 53 FIGURE 21 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES TO REMAIN LARGER MARKET SEGMENT (THOUSAND UNITS) 53 4.5 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY OFFERING 54 FIGURE 22 SOFTWARE TO BE LARGER SEGMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET IN 2022 (USD MILLION) 54 4.6 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 54 FIGURE 23 PASSENGER CARS TO HAVE LARGER SHARE OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 54 4.7 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY UNIT 55 FIGURE 24 ON-BOARD UNITS TO HAVE LARGER SHARE OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 55 4.8 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY 55 FIGURE 25 AUTOMATED DRIVER ASSISTANCE TO BE LARGEST MARKET SEGMENT, 2022 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 55 4.9 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY REGION 56 FIGURE 26 ASIA PACIFIC PROJECTED TO BE LARGEST MARKET FOR AUTOMOTIVE V2X 56 5 MARKET OVERVIEW 57 5.1 INTRODUCTION 57 FIGURE 27 KEY ELEMENTS OF VEHICLE-TO-EVERYTHING (V2X) 57 TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF V2X TECHNOLOGIES 58 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 59 FIGURE 28 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS 59 5.2.1 DRIVERS 59 5.2.1.1 Increasing demand for fully autonomous driving and safe vehicles 59 TABLE 9 SAFETY FACTS CONCERNING V2X COMMUNICATION 60 FIGURE 29 ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES FACT 60 5.2.1.2 Concerns over environmental pollution 60 TABLE 10 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FACTS 61 5.2.1.3 Developments in connected car technology and growing collaborations 61 FIGURE 30 IMPACT OF CONNECTED VEHICLES 61 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 62 5.2.2.1 Latency/reliability challenges 62 5.2.2.2 Lack of infrastructure for proper functioning 62 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 63 5.2.3.1 Government support for V2X technology 63 5.2.3.2 Advancements in 5G technology 63 FIGURE 31 HIGH-SPEED DATA AND PERFORMANCE LEVEL 63 TABLE 11 SPEED COMPARISON OF VARIOUS NETWORK TYPES 64 TABLE 12 5G-V2X USE CASE PERFORMANCES 64 5.2.3.3 Development in autonomous vehicles 64 FIGURE 32 US L3 AND L4 AUTONOMOUS CAR MARKET, 2018 VS. 2022 VS. 2025 (THOUSAND UNITS) 65 5.2.4 CHALLENGES 65 5.2.4.1 Vulnerability to cyberattacks 65 TABLE 13 BASE STANDARDS FOR SECURITY AND PRIVACY DEVELOPED BY EUROPEAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ETSI) 66 TABLE 14 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: IMPACT OF MARKET DYNAMICS 66 5.3 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SCENARIOS (2022–2028) 67 FIGURE 33 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET FUTURE TRENDS & SCENARIOS, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 67 5.3.1 MOST LIKELY SCENARIO 67 TABLE 15 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (MOST LIKELY), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 67 5.3.2 OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO 68 TABLE 16 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (OPTIMISTIC), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 68 5.3.3 PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO 68 TABLE 17 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (PESSIMISTIC), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 68 5.4 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 69 5.4.1 GDP TRENDS AND FORECASTS FOR MAJOR ECONOMIES 69 TABLE 18 GDP TRENDS AND FORECASTS FOR MAJOR ECONOMIES, 2018–2026 (USD BILLION) 69 5.4.2 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION STATISTICS IN 2021 70 TABLE 19 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION STATISTICS IN 2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 70 5.5 TRENDS & DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING MARKET 71 FIGURE 34 REVENUE SHIFT DRIVING AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET GROWTH 71 6 INDUSTRY TRENDS 72 6.1 INTRODUCTION 72 6.2 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 72 FIGURE 35 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 72 TABLE 20 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: IMPACT OF PORTER’S FIVE FORCES 73 6.2.1 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 73 6.2.2 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 73 6.2.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 73 6.2.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 73 6.2.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 74 6.3 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET ECOSYSTEM 74 FIGURE 36 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 74 TABLE 21 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: ROLE OF COMPANIES IN ECOSYSTEM 75 6.4 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 76 FIGURE 37 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 76 6.5 TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 77 TABLE 22 C-V2X TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES OVER IEEE 802.11P (ITS-G5 OR DSRC) 77 6.5.1 CELLULAR V2X (C-V2X) 78 TABLE 23 CUMULATIVE GAIN WHILE USING 5G NR (NEW RADIO) C-V2X 78 6.5.1.1 LTE-V2X 78 6.5.1.2 5G-V2X 79 6.6 PATENT ANALYSIS 79 FIGURE 38 PUBLICATION TRENDS (2015–2021) 79 6.6.1 LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS (2012–2021) 80 FIGURE 39 LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS FILED FOR AUTOMOTIVE V2X (2012–2021) 80 6.6.2 TOP PATENT APPLICANTS (2012–2021) 80 FIGURE 40 AUTOMOTIVE V2X, BY APPLICANT 80 TABLE 24 IMPORTANT PATENT REGISTRATIONS RELATED TO AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET 81 6.7 CASE STUDY 83 6.7.1 PILOT PROJECT ON VIRGINIA SMART ROAD 83 6.7.2 VEHICLE POSITIONING ACCURACY IN NEW YORK 83 6.7.3 TOWARDS ZERO ROAD SAFETY STRATEGY 84 6.7.4 PREPARING ROADS FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES 84 6.7.5 PILOT PROJECT ON SAN DIEGO ROADWAYS 84 6.8 REGULATORY OVERVIEW 85 TABLE 25 REGULATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE V2X 85 TABLE 26 US AND EU SPECIFICATION STANDARDS 85 7 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY OFFERING 86 7.1 INTRODUCTION 87 FIGURE 41 SOFTWARE SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGER MARKET SHARE, BY VALUE, BY 2028 (USD MILLION) 87 TABLE 27 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY OFFERING, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 87 TABLE 28 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY OFFERING, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 88 7.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 88 TABLE 29 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS 88 7.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 89 TABLE 30 ASSUMPTIONS: OFFERING 89 7.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 89 7.2 HARDWARE 89 7.2.1 INCREASING FOCUS ON AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY AND ROAD SAFETY 89 TABLE 31 V2X HARDWARE MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 90 TABLE 32 V2X HARDWARE MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 90 7.3 SOFTWARE 91 7.3.1 DEPLOYMENT OF 5G 91 TABLE 33 V2X SOFTWARE MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 91 TABLE 34 V2X SOFTWARE MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 91 7.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 92 8 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION 93 8.1 INTRODUCTION 94 FIGURE 42 V2G SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE, BY VALUE, BY 2028 (USD MILLION) 94 TABLE 35 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 94 TABLE 36 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 95 TABLE 37 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 95 TABLE 38 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 95 8.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 96 TABLE 39 VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH VARIOUS V2X COMMUNICATIONS 96 8.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 96 TABLE 40 ASSUMPTIONS: BY COMMUNICATION 96 8.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 97 8.2 V2V 97 8.2.1 FOCUS ON ROAD SAFETY 97 TABLE 41 V2V MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 97 TABLE 42 V2V MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 98 TABLE 43 V2V MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 98 TABLE 44 V2V MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 98 8.3 V2I 99 8.3.1 IMPROVEMENT IN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 99 TABLE 45 V2I MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 99 TABLE 46 V2I MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 99 TABLE 47 V2I MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 100 TABLE 48 V2I MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 100 8.4 V2G 100 8.4.1 INCREASING SALES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES 100 TABLE 49 V2G MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 101 TABLE 50 V2G MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 101 TABLE 51 V2G MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 101 TABLE 52 V2G MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 101 8.5 V2P 102 8.5.1 PEDESTRIAN SAFETY CONCERNS 102 TABLE 53 V2P MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 102 TABLE 54 V2P MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 103 TABLE 55 V2P MARKET, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 103 TABLE 56 V2P MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 103 8.6 VEHICLE-TO-CLOUD (V2C) 104 8.7 VEHICLE-TO-DEVICE (V2D) 104 8.8 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 104 9 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY PROPULSION 105 9.1 INTRODUCTION 106 FIGURE 43 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 107 TABLE 57 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY PROPULSION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 107 TABLE 58 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY PROPULSION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 107 9.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 108 TABLE 59 CARS EQUIPPED WITH V2X (BY PROPULSION) 108 9.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 108 TABLE 60 ASSUMPTIONS: BY PROPULSION 108 9.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 108 9.2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 109 9.2.1 REVIVAL OF ICE VEHICLE PRODUCTION 109 TABLE 61 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 109 TABLE 62 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 109 9.3 ELECTRIC VEHICLES 110 9.3.1 GROWING ADOPTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES GLOBALLY 110 TABLE 63 ELECTRIC VEHICLES V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 111 TABLE 64 ELECTRIC VEHICLES V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 111 9.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 111 10 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY CONNECTIVITY 112 10.1 INTRODUCTION 113 TABLE 65 DSRC VS. C-V2X, PHYSICAL LAYER MAIN PARAMETERS 113 TABLE 66 COMPARISON BETWEEN DSRC AND C-V2X 114 FIGURE 44 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY CONNECTIVITY, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 114 TABLE 67 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY CONNECTIVITY, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 115 TABLE 68 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY CONNECTIVITY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 115 10.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 115 TABLE 69 COMPANIES OFFERING V2X PRODUCTS (BY CONNECTIVITY) 115 10.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 116 TABLE 70 ASSUMPTIONS: BY CONNECTIVITY 116 10.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 116 10.2 DSRC (DEDICATED SHORT-RANGE COMMUNICATIONS) 116 10.2.1 EFFECTIVE NON-LINE OF SIGHT AWARENESS 116 TABLE 71 DSRC V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 117 TABLE 72 DSRC V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 117 10.3 CELLULAR 118 10.3.1 ADVENT OF 5G NETWORK 118 FIGURE 45 C-V2X ARCHITECTURE 118 FIGURE 46 C-V2X IMPACT ON DRIVING EXPERIENCE AND SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT 119 FIGURE 47 CELLULAR-V2X SOLUTION FOR CONNECTED VEHICLE CHALLENGES 119 TABLE 73 PERFORMANCE OF DSRC VS. CELLULAR 120 TABLE 74 V2X STANDARDS FOR VARIOUS COMMUNICATION RANGES 120 TABLE 75 CELLULAR MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 120 TABLE 76 CELLULAR MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 121 10.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 121 11 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY 122 11.1 INTRODUCTION 123 FIGURE 48 AUTOMATED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE, BY VALUE, BY 2028 (USD MILLION) 123 TABLE 77 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 124 TABLE 78 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 124 11.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 125 TABLE 79 VARIOUS V2X TECHNOLOGIES BY COMMUNICATION TYPE 125 11.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 125 TABLE 80 ASSUMPTIONS: BY TECHNOLOGY 125 11.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 126 11.2 V2V 126 11.2.1 INCREASING FOCUS ON AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY 126 11.2.2 AUTOMATED DRIVER ASSISTANCE 126 TABLE 81 V2V MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 127 TABLE 82 V2V MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 127 11.3 V2I 127 11.3.1 RISING FOCUS ON TRAFFIC CONGESTION 127 TABLE 83 V2I MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 127 TABLE 84 V2I MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 128 11.3.2 INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEMS (ITS) 128 TABLE 85 ITS SERVICES 128 11.3.3 EMERGENCY VEHICLE NOTIFICATION 129 11.3.4 PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 129 11.3.5 FLEET AND ASSET MANAGEMENT 129 11.3.6 PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 130 11.4 V2P 130 11.4.1 GROWING CONCERNS PERTAINING TO PEDESTRIAN SAFETY 130 TABLE 86 V2P MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 130 TABLE 87 V2P MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 130 11.4.2 LINE OF SIGHT 131 11.4.3 NON-LINE OF SIGHT 131 TABLE 88 RANKING OF STATE PEDESTRIAN FATALITY RATES (2019) 131 11.4.4 BACKING 132 11.5 KEY INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 132 12 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 133 12.1 INTRODUCTION 134 TABLE 89 GLOBAL PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PRODUCTION DATA, 2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 134 TABLE 90 GLOBAL SALES DATA OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES OVER YEARS (MILLION UNITS) 134 FIGURE 49 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 135 TABLE 91 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 135 TABLE 92 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 135 TABLE 93 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 136 TABLE 94 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 136 12.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 136 TABLE 95 PASSENGER CARS EQUIPPED WITH V2X 136 12.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 137 TABLE 96 ASSUMPTIONS: BY VEHICLE TYPE 137 12.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 137 12.2 PASSENGER CARS 137 12.2.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR PREMIUM VEHICLES 137 TABLE 97 FATALITIES CAUSED BY PASSENGER CARS 138 TABLE 98 PASSENGER CARS: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 138 TABLE 99 PASSENGER CARS: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 139 TABLE 100 PASSENGER CARS: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 139 TABLE 101 PASSENGER CARS: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 139 12.3 COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 140 12.3.1 GROWTH FROM STRONG ROAD TRANSPORTATION SECTOR 140 TABLE 102 COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 140 TABLE 103 COMMERCIAL VEHICLE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 140 12.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 141 13 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY UNIT 142 13.1 INTRODUCTION 143 FIGURE 50 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY UNIT, 2022 VS. 2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 144 TABLE 104 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY UNIT, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 144 TABLE 105 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY UNIT, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 144 TABLE 106 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY UNIT, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 144 TABLE 107 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SIZE, BY UNIT, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 145 13.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 145 TABLE 108 COMPANIES OFFERING RSU AND OBU 145 13.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 146 TABLE 109 ASSUMPTIONS: BY UNIT 146 13.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 146 13.2 ON-BOARD UNITS (OBUS) 147 13.2.1 DEMAND FOR SAFETY AND V2V COMMUNICATION 147 13.3 ROADSIDE UNITS (RSUS) 147 13.3.1 SMART CITIES 147 13.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 148 14 AUTOMOTIVE V2X AFTERMARKET, BY OFFERING 149 14.1 INTRODUCTION 150 FIGURE 51 SOFTWARE SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGER MARKET SIZE, BY VALUE BY 2028 (USD MILLION) 150 TABLE 110 AUTOMOTIVE V2X AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 151 TABLE 111 AUTOMOTIVE V2X AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 151 TABLE 112 AUTOMOTIVE V2X AFTERMARKET, BY OFFERING, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 151 14.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 152 TABLE 113 TOP INDUSTRIES FOR V2X MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA 152 14.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 152 TABLE 114 ASSUMPTIONS: OFFERING (AFTERMARKET) 152 14.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 152 14.2 HARDWARE 153 14.2.1 INCREASING FOCUS ON INFRASTRUCTURAL ACTIVITIES 153 TABLE 115 V2X HARDWARE AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 153 14.3 SOFTWARE 154 14.3.1 ADVENT OF 5G NETWORK TO SUPPORT SEGMENT GROWTH 154 TABLE 116 V2X SOFTWARE AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 154 14.4 SERVICES 155 14.4.1 FLEET MANAGEMENT 155 14.4.2 AUTOMOTIVE ADVANCED DRIVER-ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS (ADAS) 155 14.4.3 TELEMATICS 155 14.4.4 CYBERSECURITY 156 14.4.5 AUTONOMOUS DRIVING 156 14.4.6 CHALLENGES FACED BY FLEET OPERATORS FOR V2X SERVICES 156 14.4.6.1 Hardware and software/firmware design challenge 156 14.4.6.2 Integration of data with existing and past database 156 14.4.6.3 Data privacy and security 156 14.4.6.4 Supporting infrastructure availability 156 14.5 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 157 15 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY REGION 158 15.1 INTRODUCTION 159 TABLE 117 V2X SHORT-RANGE ENVIRONMENT 159 FIGURE 52 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2022 VS. 2028 160 TABLE 118 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE AND EV), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 160 TABLE 119 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE AND EV), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 160 TABLE 120 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE AND EV), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 161 TABLE 121 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE AND EV), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 161 TABLE 122 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 161 TABLE 123 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 162 TABLE 124 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 162 TABLE 125 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 162 TABLE 126 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (EV), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 163 TABLE 127 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (EV), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 163 TABLE 128 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (EV), BY REGION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 163 TABLE 129 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET (EV), BY REGION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 163 15.2 ASIA PACIFIC 164 FIGURE 53 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SNAPSHOT 165 TABLE 130 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 165 TABLE 131 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 166 TABLE 132 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 166 TABLE 133 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 166 15.2.1 CHINA 167 15.2.1.1 Strong government support toward C-V2X technology 167 TABLE 134 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 167 TABLE 135 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 168 TABLE 136 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 168 TABLE 137 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 168 15.2.2 JAPAN 169 15.2.2.1 Increased performance and reduced costs of V2X 169 FIGURE 54 V2X SYSTEMS IN JAPAN 170 TABLE 138 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 171 TABLE 139 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 171 TABLE 140 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 171 TABLE 141 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 171 15.2.3 SOUTH KOREA 172 15.2.3.1 Growing government initiatives toward 5G-V2X 172 TABLE 142 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 172 TABLE 143 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 173 TABLE 144 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 173 TABLE 145 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 173 15.2.4 INDIA 174 15.2.4.1 Improving infrastructure for installation of RSUs 174 TABLE 146 INDIA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 174 TABLE 147 INDIA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 174 15.2.5 AUSTRALIA 175 15.2.5.1 Increasing number of tests and trials 175 15.2.6 TAIWAN 175 15.2.6.1 Technological advancements and R&D 175 15.3 EUROPE 176 FIGURE 55 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, 2022 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 176 TABLE 148 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 177 TABLE 149 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 177 TABLE 150 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 177 TABLE 151 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 178 15.3.1 GERMANY 178 15.3.1.1 Increase in C-V2X trials and tests 178 TABLE 152 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 179 TABLE 153 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 179 TABLE 154 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 179 TABLE 155 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 179 15.3.2 ITALY 180 15.3.2.1 Testing of V2X for truck platooning 180 TABLE 156 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 180 TABLE 157 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 181 TABLE 158 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 181 TABLE 159 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 181 15.3.3 FRANCE 182 15.3.3.1 Government funded projects to drive market 182 TABLE 160 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 182 TABLE 161 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 182 TABLE 162 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 183 TABLE 163 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 183 15.3.4 UK 183 15.3.4.1 Government initiatives for connected and autonomous vehicles 183 TABLE 164 UK: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 184 TABLE 165 UK: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 184 TABLE 166 UK: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 184 TABLE 167 UK: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 184 15.3.5 SPAIN 185 15.3.5.1 Growing traffic and safety concerns 185 TABLE 168 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 185 TABLE 169 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 186 TABLE 170 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 186 TABLE 171 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 186 15.4 NORTH AMERICA 187 FIGURE 56 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET SNAPSHOT 187 TABLE 172 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 188 TABLE 173 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 188 TABLE 174 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 188 TABLE 175 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 188 15.4.1 US 189 15.4.1.1 High sales of V2V/V2I-enabled cars coupled with trails related to V2X 189 TABLE 176 US: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 189 TABLE 177 US: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 190 TABLE 178 US: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 190 TABLE 179 US: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 190 15.4.2 CANADA 191 15.4.2.1 Entry of more vehicles equipped with V2X 191 TABLE 180 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 191 TABLE 181 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 191 TABLE 182 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 192 TABLE 183 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 192 15.4.3 MEXICO 193 15.4.3.1 Improving infrastructure facilities 193 TABLE 184 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 193 TABLE 185 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 193 TABLE 186 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2018–2021 (USD MILLION) 193 TABLE 187 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 194 15.5 REST OF THE WORLD 194 FIGURE 57 ROW: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 194 TABLE 188 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 195 TABLE 189 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 195 15.5.1 ARGENTINA 195 15.5.1.1 Future technological advancements 195 TABLE 190 ARGENTINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 195 TABLE 191 ARGENTINA: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 196 15.5.2 BRAZIL 196 15.5.2.1 Government initiatives to curb pollution and growing vehicle sales 196 TABLE 192 BRAZIL: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS) 196 TABLE 193 BRAZIL: AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET, BY COMMUNICATION, 2022–2028 (USD MILLION) 197 16 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 198 16.1 OVERVIEW 198 16.2 MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS 198 FIGURE 58 AUTOMOTIVE V2X MARKET: MARKET RANKING, 2021 198 16.3 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 199 TABLE 194 NEW PRODUCT LAUNCHES, 2016–2021 200 16.3.1 DEALS 202 TABLE 195 DEALS, 2017–2021 202 16.3.2 EXPANSIONS 213 TABLE 196 EXPANSIONS, 2017-2019 213 16.4 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING (V2X SOLUTION PROVIDERS) 214 16.4.1 STARS 214 16.4.2 EMERGING LEADERS 214 16.4.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 214 16.4.4 PARTICIPANTS 214 FIGURE 59 AUTOMOTIVE V2X SOLUTION PROVIDERS MARKET: COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING, 2021 215 16.5 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING (OEMS) 216 16.5.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 216 16.5.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 216 16.5.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 216 16.5.4 STARTING BLOCKS 216 FIGURE 60 AUTOMOTIVE OEMS IN V2X MARKET: COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING, 2021 217
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