Summary

Market Overview:

The GCC camel dairy market size reached US$ 702.4 Million in 2022. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 922.6 Million by 2028, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 4.51% during 2023-2028.

Camels play a vital role in various communities of the GCC region on account of their adaptability to the high temperatures, scarce agricultural areas and insignificant amounts of precipitation. In recent years, camel dairy farming has evolved as an alternative to traditional dairy farming in the GCC region, as the latter requires large amounts of electricity and water for the maintenance of cattle. In comparison with cow milk, camel milk is considered more nutritious in nature owing to the higher amounts of iron, copper, sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, and vitamin A and C. Moreover, camel milk is endowed with a high content of potent immunoglobulins which assist consumers suffering from allergies, autism, and heart and immunity disorders. Additionally, as camel milk is a natural probiotic, it promotes healthy bacterial growth in the gut, thereby aiding digestion. Moreover, the presence of lactoferrin helps in protecting the body from viral as well as bacterial infections.

Camel milk is often referred to as a complete meal since it has ample nutrients to sustain an individual throughout the day. On account of this, it was used to support nomads and herders while traveling long distances in ancient times. As opposed to the rest of the world, the GCC region has had the advantage of consuming camel milk and camel dairy products for decades. This can be accredited to the presence of a large number of camels in the region which has proliferated with the passage of time. GCC countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE and Qatar have abundance of camels owing to the animals’ physiological peculiarities linked to their adaptation ability to harsh conditions of the desert. The dromedary camel is considered to be one of the most important livestock animals in semi-arid areas of the GCC region. This makes the raw material procurement process easier for camel milk processing companies. Other factors driving the demand of camel milk in the GCC region include increasing health awareness among the consumers, large diabetic population, increasing export market, numerous new product launches, etc.

The GCC camel dairy market has witnessed significant growth in the last few years, catalyzed by the health benefits of camel milk that are increasingly being recognized by the consumers. It has garnered attention particularly among lactose-intolerant and diabetic people as it contains a lower amount of lactose and higher amount of insulin that is imminent for regulating type 1 diabetes. Rising health awareness in the GCC region, especially in the UAE and Saudi Arabia has led to a surge in the sales of healthy food products. The urban population in these regions is continuously increasing, whereas the expanding number of Western emigrants is influencing dietary habits. These trends are expected to drive the camel dairy market in the GCC region over the coming years as camel milk and milk products are considered to be healthier than other forms of dairy products.

Key Market Segmentation:
IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each sub-segment of the GCC camel dairy market report, along with forecasts at the regional and country level from 2023-2028. Our report has categorized the market based on product type, packaging type and distribution channel.

Breakup by Product Type:

Pasteurized Camel Milk
Flavoured Camel Milk
Camel Milk Powder
Camel Milk Ice Cream
Camel Milk Cheese
Camel Milk Laban
Camel Milk Ghee
Camel Milk Drinking Yoghurt
Camel Milk Infant Formula
Others

On the basis of product type, the GCC camel dairy market has been segmented into flavoured milk, milk powder, pasteurized milk, ice cream, cheese, Laban, ghee, drinking yogurt, infant formula and others.

Breakup by Packaging Type:

Bottles
Cartons
Cans
Jars
Others

Based on packaging, the report has analysed bottles, cartons, cans and jars. Bottles, currently dominate the GCC camel dairy market, accounting for the largest share.

Breakup by Distribution Channel:

Traditional
Modern
Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
Online
Specialty Stores
Convenience Stores
Others

On the basis of distribution channels, the market has been divided into traditional and modern. The modern segment has been further divided into supermarkets and hypermarkets, online, specialty stores, convenience stores and others. Supermarkets and hypermarkets currently hold the largest market share.

Regional Insights:

Saudi Arabia
UAE
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Bahrain

Region-wise, the market has been segmented into Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman.

Competitive Landscape:

The competitive landscape and the profiles of key players operating in the GCC camel dairy market have also been provided in the report.

This report provides a deep insight into the GCC camel dairy market covering all its essential aspects. This ranges from macro overview of the market to micro details of the industry performance, recent trends, key market drivers and challenges, SWOT analysis, Porter’s five forces analysis, value chain analysis, etc. This report is a must-read for entrepreneurs, investors, researchers, consultants, business strategists, and all those who have any kind of stake or are planning to foray into the GCC camel dairy in any manner

Key Questions Answered in This Report

1. What was the GCC camel dairy market size in 2022?
2. What will be the GCC camel dairy market outlook during the forecast period (2023-2028)?
3. What is the impact of COVID-19 on the GCC camel dairy market?
4. What are the GCC camel dairy market drivers?
5. What are the major trends in the GCC camel dairy market?
6. What is the GCC camel dairy market breakup by product type?
7. What is the GCC camel dairy market breakup by distribution channel?
8. What is the GCC camel dairy market breakup by packaging type?
9. What are the major regions in the GCC camel dairy market?

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Table of Contents

1 Preface
2 Scope and Methodology
2.1 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Stakeholders
2.3 Data Sources
2.3.1 Primary Sources
2.3.2 Secondary Sources
2.4 Market Estimation
2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
2.5 Forecasting Methodology
2.6 Study Assumptions
3 Executive Summary
4 Introduction
4.1 Overview
4.2 Key Industry Trends
5 Global Camel Dairy Market
5.1 Market Overview
5.2 Market Performance
5.2.1 Volume Trends
5.2.2 Value Trends
5.3 Market Breakup by Product Type
5.4 Market Breakup by Distribution Channel
5.5 Market Breakup by Region
5.6 Market Breakup by Packaging Type
5.7 Market Forecast
5.7.1 Volume Trends
5.7.2 Value Trends
6 GCC Camel Dairy Market
6.1 Market Overview
6.2 Market Performance
6.2.1 Volume Trends
6.2.1.1 Current and Historical Market Trends
6.2.1.2 Market Forecast
6.2.2 Value Trends
6.2.2.1 Current and Historical Market Trends
6.2.2.2 Market Forecast
6.3 Market Breakup by Product Type
6.3.1 Pasteurized Camel Milk
6.3.1.1 Market Trends
6.3.1.2 Market Forecast
6.3.2 Flavoured Camel Milk
6.3.2.1 Market Trends
6.3.2.2 Market Forecast
6.3.3 Camel Milk Powder
6.3.3.1 Market Trends
6.3.3.2 Market Forecast
6.3.4 Camel Milk Ice Cream
6.3.4.1 Market Trends
6.3.4.2 Market Forecast
6.3.5 Camel Milk Cheese
6.3.5.1 Market Trends
6.3.5.2 Market Forecast
6.3.6 Camel Milk Laban
6.3.6.1 Market Trends
6.3.6.2 Market Forecast
6.3.7 Camel Milk Ghee
6.3.7.1 Market Trends
6.3.7.2 Market Forecast
6.3.8 Camel Milk Drinking Yoghurt
6.3.8.1 Market Trends
6.3.8.2 Market Forecast
6.3.9 Camel Milk Infant Formula
6.3.9.1 Market Trends
6.3.9.2 Market Forecast
6.3.10 Others
6.3.10.1 Market Trends
6.3.10.2 Market Forecast
6.4 Market Breakup by Distribution Channel
6.4.1 Traditional
6.4.1.1 Market Trends
6.4.1.2 Market Forecast
6.4.2 Modern
6.4.2.1 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
6.4.2.1.1 Market Trends
6.4.2.1.2 Market Forecast
6.4.2.2 Online
6.4.2.2.1 Market Trends
6.4.2.2.2 Market Forecast
6.4.2.3 Specialty Stores
6.4.2.3.1 Market Trends
6.4.2.3.2 Market Forecast
6.4.2.4 Convenience Stores
6.4.2.4.1 Market Trends
6.4.2.4.2 Market Forecast
6.4.2.5 Others
6.4.2.5.1 Market Trends
6.4.2.5.2 Market Forecast
6.5 Market Breakup by Packaging Type
6.5.1 Bottles
6.5.1.1 Market Trends
6.5.1.2 Market Forecast
6.5.2 Cartons
6.5.2.1 Market Trends
6.5.2.2 Market Forecast
6.5.3 Cans
6.5.3.1 Market Trends
6.5.3.2 Market Forecast
6.5.4 Jars
6.5.4.1 Market Trends
6.5.4.2 Market Forecast
6.5.5 Others
6.5.5.1 Market Trends
6.5.5.2 Market Forecast
6.6 SWOT Analysis
6.6.1 Strengths
6.6.2 Weaknesses
6.6.3 Opportunities
6.6.4 Threats
6.7 Value Chain Analysis
6.7.1 Overview
6.7.2 Input Suppliers
6.7.3 Milk Producers
6.7.4 Marketing and Distribution
6.7.5 Processors
6.7.6 Exporters
6.7.7 Retailers
6.7.8 Consumers
6.8 Porter’s Five Force Analysis
6.8.1 Overview
6.8.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
6.8.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
6.8.4 Degree of Rivalry
6.8.5 Threat of New Entrants
6.8.6 Threat of Substitutes
6.9 Price Analysis
6.9.1 Key Price Indicators
6.9.2 Price Trends
6.9.3 Margin Analysis
6.10 Key Success Factors and Risk Factors
7 Saudi Arabia Camel Dairy Market
7.1 Market Overview
7.2 Market Performance
7.2.1 Volume Trends
7.2.2 Value Trends
7.3 Market Forecast
7.3.1 Volume Trends
7.3.2 Value Trends
8 UAE Camel Dairy Market
8.1 Market Overview
8.2 Market Performance
8.2.1 Volume Trends
8.2.2 Value Trends
8.3 Market Forecast
8.3.1 Volume Trends
8.3.2 Value Trends
9 Kuwait Camel Dairy Market
9.1 Market Overview
9.2 Market Performance
9.2.1 Volume Trends
9.2.2 Value Trends
9.3 Market Forecast
9.3.1 Volume Trends
9.3.2 Value Trends
10 Oman Camel Dairy Market
10.1 Market Overview
10.2 Market Performance
10.2.1 Volume Trends
10.2.2 Value Trends
10.3 Market Forecast
10.3.1 Volume Trends
10.3.2 Value Trends
11 Qatar Camel Dairy Market
11.1 Market Overview
11.2 Market Performance
11.2.1 Volume Trends
11.2.2 Value Trends
11.3 Market Forecast
11.3.1 Volume Trends
11.3.2 Value Trends
12 Bahrain Camel Dairy Market
12.1 Market Overview
12.2 Market Performance
12.2.1 Volume Trends
12.2.2 Value Trends
12.3 Market Forecast
12.3.1 Volume Trends
12.3.2 Value Trends
13 Competitive Landscape
13.1 Market Structure
13.2 Key Players
14 Dairy Industry Analysis
14.1 Processing and Manufacturing of Dairy Products
14.1.1 Dairy Processing Plant: Introduction
14.1.2 Dairy Processing Plant: Various Types of Unit Operations Involved
14.1.3 Dairy Processing Plant: Detailed Process Flow
15 Project Details, Requirements and Costs Involved
15.1 Land, Location and Site Development
15.2 Construction Requirements and Expenditures
15.3 Plant Machinery
15.4 Raw Material Requirements and Expenditures
15.5 Packaging Requirements and Expenditures
15.6 Transportation Requirements and Expenditures
15.7 Utility Requirements and Expenditures
15.8 Manpower Requirements and Expenditures
15.9 Other Capital Investments
16 Loans and Financial Assistance
17 Project Economics
17.1 Capital Cost of the Project
17.2 Techno-Economic Parameters
17.3 Product Pricing and Margins Across Various Levels of the Supply Chain
17.4 Income Projections
17.5 Expenditure Projections
17.6 Taxation and Depreciation
17.7 Financial Analysis
17.8 Profit Analysis
18 Profile of Key Players

List of Figures

Figure 1: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Major Drivers and Challenge
Figure 2: Global: Camel Dairy Market: Volume Trend (in Million Tons), 2017-2022
Figure 3: Global: Camel Dairy Market: Value Trend (in Billion US$), 2017-2022
Figure 4: Global: Camel Dairy Market: Breakup by Product Type (in %), 2022
Figure 5: Global: Camel Dairy Market: Breakup by Distribution Channel (in %), 2022
Figure 6: Global: Camel Dairy Market: Breakup by Modern Distribution Channels (in %), 2022
Figure 7: Global: Camel Dairy Market: Breakup by Region (in %), 2022
Figure 8: Global: Camel Dairy Market: Breakup by Packaging Type (in %), 2022
Figure 9: Global: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in Million Tons), 2023-2028
Figure 10: Global: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Billion US$), 2023-2028
Figure 11: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2017-2022
Figure 12: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2023-2028
Figure 13: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017-2022
Figure 14: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 15: GCC: Organized Camel Dairy Market: Breakup by Product Type (in %), 2022
Figure 16: GCC: Organized Pasteurized Camel Milk Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 17: GCC: Organized Pasteurized Camel Milk Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 18: GCC: Organized Flavoured Camel Milk Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 19: GCC: Organized Flavoured Camel Milk Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 20: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Powder Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 21: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Powder Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 22: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Ice Cream Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 23: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Ice Cream Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 24: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Cheese Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 25: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Cheese Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 26: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Laban Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 27: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Laban Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 28: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Ghee Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 29: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Ghee Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 30: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Drinking Yoghurt Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 31: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Drinking Yoghurt Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 32: GCC: Organized Camel Milk Infant Formula Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 33: GCC: Other Organized Camel Dairy Products Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 34: GCC: Other Organized Camel Dairy Products Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 35: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Breakup by Distribution Channel (in %), 2022
Figure 36: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Sales through Traditional Channel (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 37: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Sales through Traditional channel (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 38: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Breakup by Modern Distribution Channels (in %), 2022
Figure 39: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Sales through Modern Channel (Supermarkets and Hypermarkets) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 40: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Sales through Modern channel (Supermarkets and Hypermarkets) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 41: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Sales through Modern Channel (Online) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 42: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Sales through Modern channel (Online) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 43: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Sales through Modern Channel (Specialty Stores) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 44: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Sales through Modern channel (Specialty Stores) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 45: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Sales through Modern Channel (Convenience stores) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 46: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Sales through Modern channel (Convenience stores) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 47: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Sales through Modern Channel (Others) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 48: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Sales through Modern channel (Others) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 49: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Breakup by Packaging Type (in %), 2022
Figure 50: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Packaging Type (Bottles) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 51: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Packaging Type (Bottles) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 52: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Packaging Type (Cartons) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 53: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Packaging Type (Cartons) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 54: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Packaging Type (Cans) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 55: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Packaging Type (Cans) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 56: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Packaging Type (Jars) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 57: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Packaging Type (Jars) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 58: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Packaging Type (Others) (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 59: GCC: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Packaging Type (Others) (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 60: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: SWOT Analysis
Figure 61: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Value Chain Analysis
Figure 62: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Figure 63: GCC: Camel dairy Market: Milk Average Price Trends (in US$/Ton), 2023-2028
Figure 64: Pasteurized Milk Industry: Margins Across Various Stages of the Supply Chain
Figure 65: Saudi Arabia: Camel Dairy Market: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2017-2022
Figure 66: Saudi Arabia: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2023-2028
Figure 67: Saudi Arabia: Camel Dairy Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017-2022
Figure 68: Saudi Arabia: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 69: UAE: Camel Dairy Market: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2017-2022
Figure 70: UAE: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2023-2028
Figure 71: UAE: Camel Dairy Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017-2022
Figure 72: UAE: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 73: Kuwait: Camel Dairy Market: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2017-2022
Figure 74: Kuwait: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2023-2028
Figure 75: Kuwait: Camel Dairy Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017-2022
Figure 76: Kuwait: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 77: Oman: Camel Dairy Market: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2017-2022
Figure 78: Oman: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2023-2028
Figure 79: Oman: Camel Dairy Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017-2022
Figure 80: Oman: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 81: Qatar: Camel Dairy Market: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2017-2022
Figure 82: Qatar: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2023-2028
Figure 83: Qatar: Camel Dairy Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017-2022
Figure 84: Qatar: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 85: Bahrain: Camel Dairy Market: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2017-2022
Figure 86: Bahrain: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Volume Trend (in 000’ Tons), 2023-2028
Figure 87: Bahrain: Camel Dairy Market: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2017-2022
Figure 88: Bahrain: Camel Dairy Market Forecast: Value Trend (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 89: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Detailed Process Flow
Figure 90: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Breakup of Capital Costs (in %)
Figure 91: Pasteurized Milk Industry: Margins Across Various Stages of the Supply Chain
Figure 92: Pasteurized Milk Production: Manufacturing Cost Breakup (in %)

List of Tables

Table 1: Global: Camel Dairy Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
Table 2: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
Table 3: GCC: Camel Dairy Market: Camel Population and Milk Production by Country
Table 4: Saudi Arabia: Camel Dairy Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
Table 5: UAE: Camel Dairy Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
Table 6: Kuwait: Camel Dairy Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
Table 7: Oman: Camel Dairy Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
Table 8: Qatar: Camel Dairy Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
Table 9: Bahrain: Camel Dairy Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
Table 10: GCC: Camel Dairy Industry: Competitive Structure
Table 11: Key Companies of Camel Dairy Market
Table 12: Types of Pasteurization and Process Conditions
Table 13: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Costs Related to Land and Site Development (in US$)
Table 14: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Costs Related to Civil Works (in US$)
Table 15: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Machinery Costs (in US$)
Table 16: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Raw Material Requirements (in Tons/Day) and Expenditures (in US$/CBM)
Table 17: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Costs Related to Salaries and Wages (in US$)
Table 18: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Costs Related to Other Capital Investments (in US$)
Table 19: Details of Financial Assistance Offered by Financial Institutions
Table 20: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Capital Costs (in US$)
Table 21: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Techno-Economic Parameters
Table 22: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Income Projections (in US$)
Table 23: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Expenditure Projections (in US$)
Table 24: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Taxation (in US$/Year)
Table 25: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Depreciation (in US$/Year)
Table 26: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Cash Flow Analysis Without Considering the Income Tax Liability (in US$)
Table 27: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Cash Flow Analysis on Considering the Income Tax Liability
Table 28: Pasteurized Milk Manufacturing Plant: Profit and Loss Account (in US$/Year)