サマリー

自動車用アフターマーケットブレーキパッドの世界市場は、2024年には64.3億米ドルと推定され、2031年には77.9億米ドルに再調整され、予測期間2025-2031年のCAGRは2.65％と予測されている。
自動車アフターマーケットブレーキパッドの世界主要企業には、BOSCH、ZFアフターマーケット（TRW）、TMDフリクション（AEQUITA）、Tenneco（Federal Mogul）、ITT Corporation、MAT Holdings、日立製作所、日清紡、Sangsin Brake、アドヴィックス、山東金鳳凰、GM（ACDelco）、Brake Parts Inc、BorgWarner（Delphi）などがある。2024年には、世界の大手5社が収益ベースで約38%のシェアを占める。
本レポートは、自動車用ブレーキパッドの世界市場を包括的に紹介することを目的としており、自動車用ブレーキパッドの地域別・国別、タイプ別、用途別の分析とともに、総販売量、販売収益、価格、主要企業の市場シェア、ランキングに焦点を当てている。

自動車用補修ブレーキパッドの市場規模、推計、予測は、2024年を基準年として、2020年から2031年までの期間の履歴データと予測データとともに、販売量（単位：万個）と販売収入（単位：百万ドル）で提供されます。定量・定性分析により、読者がビジネス/成長戦略を策定し、市場競争状況を評価し、現在の市場における自社のポジションを分析し、自動車用アフターマーケットブレーキパッドに関する十分な情報に基づいたビジネス上の意思決定を行えるよう支援します。

市場区分
企業別
ボッシュ
ゼット・エフ・アフターマーケット（TRW）
TMDフリクション（AEQUITA）
テネコ（フェデラル・モーグル）
ITTコーポレーション
MATホールディングス
日立製作所
日清紡
サンシンブレーキ
アドヴィックス
山東金鳳凰
GM (ACDelco)
ブレーキパーツ
ボルグワーナー（デルファイ）
フラス・ル
曙ブレーキ工業
コンチネンタル（ATE）
ブレンボ
ABSフリクション
アイサーブレーキ
FBK
MKカシヤマ
EBCブレーキ
塩城方天汽車零部件

タイプ別
セラミック
セミメタリック
ローメタリックNAO
その他

用途別セグメント
乗用車
商用車

地域別
北米
米国
カナダ

アジア太平洋
中国
日本
韓国
インド
東南アジア
その他のアジア太平洋地域

欧州
英国
フランス
ロシア
イタリア
その他のヨーロッパ

ラテンアメリカ
メキシコ
ブラジル
その他のラテンアメリカ

中東・アフリカ
GCC諸国
イラン
エジプト
トルコ
南アフリカ
その他のMEA

章の概要
第1章： レポートの対象範囲、世界の総市場規模（バルブ、数量、価格）を紹介します。また、市場ダイナミクス、市場の最新動向、市場の促進要因と制限要因、業界のメーカーが直面する課題とリスク、業界の関連政策の分析などを提供します。
第2章：自動車アフターマーケット用ブレーキパッドメーカーの競争環境、価格、売上高、市場シェア、最新の開発計画、合併・買収情報などを詳細に分析。
第3章：各種市場セグメントをタイプ別に分析し、各市場セグメントの市場規模と発展可能性を網羅し、読者が各市場セグメントのブルーオーシャン市場を見つけやすくする。
第4章：アプリケーション別の様々な市場セグメントの分析を提供し、各市場セグメントの市場規模と発展の可能性をカバーし、読者が異なる川下市場のブルーオーシャン市場を見つけるのに役立ちます。
第5章：自動車用アフターマーケットブレーキパッドの地域別売上高、収益。各地域の市場規模と発展可能性を定量的に分析し、世界各国の市場発展、将来発展見込み、市場空間、市場規模を紹介しています。
第6章：自動車用アフターマーケットブレーキパッドの国別売上高、収益。各国・地域のタイプ別、用途別のシグメイトデータを提供。
第7章：主要企業のプロファイルを提供し、製品の売上高、収益、価格、粗利益率、製品紹介、最近の開発など、市場の主要企業の基本的な状況を詳細に紹介する。
第8章：産業の上流と下流を含む産業チェーンの分析。
第9章：結論

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目次

1 Market Overview 1
1.1 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Introduction 1
1.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Market Size Forecast 1
1.2.1 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value (2020-2031) 2
1.2.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume (2020-2031) 3
1.2.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Price (2020-2031) 5
1.3 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Market Trends & Drivers 5
1.3.1 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Industry Trends 5
1.3.2 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Market Drivers & Opportunity 7
1.3.3 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Market Challenges 8
1.3.4 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Market Restraints 9
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations 9
1.5 Study Objectives 10
1.6 Years Considered 11
2 Competitive Analysis by Company 12
2.1 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Players Revenue Ranking (2024) 12
2.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Revenue by Company (2020-2025) 13
2.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024) 16
2.4 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025) 17
2.5 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Average Price by Company (2020-2025) 20
2.6 Key Manufacturers Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Manufacturing Base and Headquarter 21
2.7 Key Manufacturers Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offered 23
2.8 Founded Time of Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Manufacturers 24
2.9 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Market Competitive Analysis 25
2.9.1 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025) 25
2.9.2 Global 5 and 3 Largest Manufacturers by Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Revenue in 2024 27
2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads as of 2024) 27
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 29
3 Segmentation by Type 30
3.1 Introduction by Type 30
3.1.1 Ceramic 30
3.1.2 Semi Metallic 30
3.1.3 Low Metallic NAO 31
3.1.4 Others 31
3.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Type 32
3.2.1 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) 33
3.2.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031) 34
3.2.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031) 35
3.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Type 36
3.3.1 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) 36
3.3.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031) 37
3.3.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031) 38
3.4 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Average Price by Type (2020-2031) 39
4 Segmentation by Application 41
4.1 Introduction by Application 41
4.1.1 Passenger Car 41
4.1.2 Commercial Vehicle 41
4.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Application 42
4.2.1 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) 43
4.2.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031) 44
4.2.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031) 45
4.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Application 46
4.3.1 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) 46
4.3.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031) 47
4.3.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031) 48
4.4 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Average Price by Application (2020-2031) 49
5 Segmentation by Region 51
5.1 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Region 51
5.1.1 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 51
5.1.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Region (2020-2025) 52
5.1.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Region (2026-2031) 52
5.1.4 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031) 53
5.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Region 54
5.2.1 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 54
5.2.2 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025) 54
5.2.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031) 55
5.2.4 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031) 55
5.3 Global Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Average Price by Region (2020-2031) 56
5.4 North America 58
5.4.1 North America Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 58
5.4.2 North America Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 59
5.5 Europe 60
5.5.1 Europe Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 60
5.5.2 Europe Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 61
5.6 Asia Pacific 62
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 62
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 63
5.7 Latin America 64
5.7.1 Latin America Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 64
5.7.2 Latin America Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 65
5.8 Middle East & Africa 66
5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 66
5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 67
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions 68
6.1 Key Countries/Regions Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031 68
6.2 Key Countries/Regions Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value and Sales Volume 69
6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 69
6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Volume, 2020-2031 72
6.3 USA 76
6.3.1 USA Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 76
6.3.2 USA Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 77
6.3.3 USA Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Application, 2024 78
6.4 Europe 79
6.4.1 Europe Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 79
6.4.2 Europe Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 80
6.4.3 Europe Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Application, 2024 81
6.5 China 82
6.5.1 China Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 82
6.5.2 China Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 83
6.5.3 China Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Application, 2024 84
6.6 Japan 85
6.6.1 Japan Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 85
6.6.2 Japan Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 86
6.6.3 Japan Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Application, 2024 87
6.7 South Korea 88
6.7.1 South Korea Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 88
6.7.2 South Korea Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 89
6.7.3 South Korea Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Application, 2024 90
6.8 India 91
6.8.1 India Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 91
6.8.2 India Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 92
6.8.3 India Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Application, 2024 93
6.9 Southeast Asia 94
6.9.1 Southeast Asia Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value, 2020-2031 94
6.9.2 Southeast Asia Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 95
6.9.3 Southeast Asia Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Value by Application, 2024 96
7 Company Profiles 97
7.1 BOSCH 97
7.1.1 BOSCH Company Information 97
7.1.2 BOSCH Introduction and Business Overview 97
7.1.3 BOSCH Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 99
7.1.4 BOSCH Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 99
7.1.5 BOSCH Recent Development 100
7.2 ZF Aftermarket (TRW) 100
7.2.1 ZF Aftermarket (TRW) Company Information 100
7.2.2 ZF Aftermarket (TRW) Introduction and Business Overview 101
7.2.3 ZF Aftermarket (TRW) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 101
7.2.4 ZF Aftermarket (TRW) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 102
7.2.5 ZF Aftermarket (TRW) Recent Development 103
7.3 TMD Friction (AEQUITA) 103
7.3.1 TMD Friction (AEQUITA) Company Information 103
7.3.2 TMD Friction (AEQUITA) Introduction and Business Overview 104
7.3.3 TMD Friction (AEQUITA) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 105
7.3.4 TMD Friction (AEQUITA) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 105
7.3.5 TMD Friction (AEQUITA) Recent Development 106
7.4 Tenneco (Federal Mogul) 107
7.4.1 Tenneco (Federal Mogul) Company Information 107
7.4.2 Tenneco (Federal Mogul) Introduction and Business Overview 107
7.4.3 Tenneco (Federal Mogul) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 109
7.4.4 Tenneco (Federal Mogul) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 109
7.4.5 Tenneco (Federal Mogul) Recent Development 111
7.5 ITT Corporation 111
7.5.1 ITT Corporation Company Information 111
7.5.2 ITT Corporation Introduction and Business Overview 112
7.5.3 ITT Corporation Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 114
7.5.4 ITT Corporation Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 114
7.5.5 ITT Corporation Recent Development 115
7.6 MAT Holdings 115
7.6.1 MAT Holdings Company Information 115
7.6.2 MAT Holdings Introduction and Business Overview 116
7.6.3 MAT Holdings Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 117
7.6.4 MAT Holdings Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 117
7.6.5 MAT Holdings Recent Development 118
7.7 Hitachi 118
7.7.1 Hitachi Company Information 118
7.7.2 Hitachi Introduction and Business Overview 119
7.7.3 Hitachi Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 120
7.7.4 Hitachi Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 120
7.8 Nisshinbo 121
7.8.1 Nisshinbo Company Information 121
7.8.2 Nisshinbo Introduction and Business Overview 122
7.8.3 Nisshinbo Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 123
7.8.4 Nisshinbo Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 123
7.8.5 Nisshinbo Recent Development 124
7.9 Sangsin Brake 125
7.9.1 Sangsin Brake Company Information 125
7.9.2 Sangsin Brake Introduction and Business Overview 125
7.9.3 Sangsin Brake Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 126
7.9.4 Sangsin Brake Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 126
7.10 ADVICS 128
7.10.1 ADVICS Company Information 129
7.10.2 ADVICS Introduction and Business Overview 129
7.10.3 ADVICS Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 130
7.10.4 ADVICS Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 130
7.10.5 ADVICS Recent Development 131
7.11 Shandong Gold Phoenix 131
7.11.1 Shandong Gold Phoenix Company Information 132
7.11.2 Shandong Gold Phoenix Introduction and Business Overview 132
7.11.3 Shandong Gold Phoenix Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 133
7.11.4 Shandong Gold Phoenix Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 133
7.11.5 Shandong Gold Phoenix Recent Development 134
7.12 GM (ACDelco) 134
7.12.1 GM (ACDelco) Company Information 134
7.12.2 GM (ACDelco) Introduction and Business Overview 135
7.12.3 GM (ACDelco) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 136
7.12.4 GM (ACDelco) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 136
7.12.5 GM (ACDelco) Recent Development 138
7.13 Brake Parts Inc 138
7.13.1 Brake Parts Inc Company Information 138
7.13.2 Brake Parts Inc Introduction and Business Overview 139
7.13.3 Brake Parts Inc Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 139
7.13.4 Brake Parts Inc Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 140
7.14 BorgWarner (Delphi) 142
7.14.1 BorgWarner (Delphi) Company Information 142
7.14.2 BorgWarner (Delphi) Introduction and Business Overview 142
7.14.3 BorgWarner (Delphi) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 143
7.14.4 BorgWarner (Delphi) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 144
7.14.5 BorgWarner (Delphi) Recent Development 145
7.15 Fras-le 145
7.15.1 Fras-le Company Information 145
7.15.2 Fras-le Introduction and Business Overview 146
7.15.3 Fras-le Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 146
7.15.4 Fras-le Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 147
7.15.5 Fras-le Recent Development 148
7.16 Akebono 148
7.16.1 Akebono Company Information 148
7.16.2 Akebono Introduction and Business Overview 149
7.16.3 Akebono Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 149
7.16.4 Akebono Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 150
7.16.5 Akebono Recent Development 151
7.17 Continental (ATE) 151
7.17.1 Continental (ATE) Company Information 152
7.17.2 Continental (ATE) Introduction and Business Overview 152
7.17.3 Continental (ATE) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 153
7.17.4 Continental (ATE) Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 154
7.17.5 Continental (ATE) Recent Development 155
7.18 Brembo 155
7.18.1 Brembo Company Information 155
7.18.2 Brembo Introduction and Business Overview 156
7.18.3 Brembo Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 157
7.18.4 Brembo Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 157
7.18.5 Brembo Recent Development 158
7.19 ABS Friction 158
7.19.1 ABS Friction Company Information 158
7.19.2 ABS Friction Introduction and Business Overview 159
7.19.3 ABS Friction Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 159
7.19.4 ABS Friction Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 160
7.20 Icer Brakes 160
7.20.1 Icer Brakes Company Information 160
7.20.2 Icer Brakes Introduction and Business Overview 161
7.20.3 Icer Brakes Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 161
7.20.4 Icer Brakes Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 162
7.20.5 Icer Brakes Recent Development 163
7.21 FBK 163
7.21.1 FBK Company Information 163
7.21.2 FBK Introduction and Business Overview 164
7.21.3 FBK Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 164
7.21.4 FBK Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 165
7.22 MK Kashiyama 165
7.22.1 MK Kashiyama Company Information 165
7.22.2 MK Kashiyama Introduction and Business Overview 166
7.22.3 MK Kashiyama Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 166
7.22.4 MK Kashiyama Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 167
7.23 EBC Brakes 168
7.23.1 EBC Brakes Company Information 168
7.23.2 EBC Brakes Introduction and Business Overview 168
7.23.3 EBC Brakes Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 169
7.23.4 EBC Brakes Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 169
7.24 Yancheng Fangtian Autopart 170
7.24.1 Yancheng Fangtian Autopart Company Information 170
7.24.2 Yancheng Fangtian Autopart Introduction and Business Overview 171
7.24.3 Yancheng Fangtian Autopart Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025) 171
7.24.4 Yancheng Fangtian Autopart Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Product Offerings 172
8 Industry Chain Analysis 173
8.1 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Industrial Chain 173
8.2 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Upstream Analysis 173
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials 173
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers 174
8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure 175
8.3 Midstream Analysis 175
8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis) 176
8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels 177
8.5.1 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Sales Model 177
8.5.2 Sales Channel 178
8.5.3 Automotive Aftermarket Brake Pads Distributors 178
9 Research Findings and Conclusion 180
10 Appendix 182
10.1 Research Methodology 182
10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach 182
10.1.2 Data Source 185
10.2 Author Details 188
10.3 Disclaimer 189