Summary
Semiconductor technology surrounding the alternative energy markets includes advanced IGBT design, optoelectronics, advanced power conversion ICs, digital signal processing, MCUs, and advanced mixed signal and analog circuits. This report discussed the potential for these products to be the next killer application. Markets are forecast for ICs for each alternative energy application.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1
Chapter 2 Solar Energy 2-1
2.1 Solar Infrastructure 2-1
2.1.1 Current developments 2-2
2.1.2 Worldwide installed photovoltaic totals 2-9
2.1.3 Applications of PV 2-11
2.1.3.1 PV Power Stations 2-11
2.1.3.2 PV in Buildings 2-13
2.1.3.3 PV in Transport 2-15
2.1.3.4 PV in Standalone Devices 2-18
2.1.3.5 Rural Electrification 2-18
2.1.3.6 Solar Roadways 2-19
2.1.4 Economics of PV 2-19
2.1.4.1 Power Costs 2-19
2.1.4.2 Grid Parity 2-20
2.1.4.3 Financial Incentives 2-21
2.1.5 Solar Forecast 2-22
2.2 Semiconductor Technology 2-24
2.2.1 Inverter/Converter Devices 2-24
2.2.2 Inverter Analysis 2-28
2.2.3 Inverter Pricing 2-34
Chapter 3 Wind Energy 3-1
3.1 Wind Energy Infrastructure 3-1
3.1.1 Electricity Generation 3-2
3.1.1.1 Grid Management System 3-2
3.1.1.2 Capacity Factor 3-3
3.1.2 Turbine Placement 3-4
3.1.3 Offshore Wind Farms 3-4
3.1.4 Utilization Of Wind Power 3-9
3.1.5 Economics And Feasibility 3-16
3.1.5.1 Growth And Cost Trends 3-16
3.1.5.2 Theoretical Potential 3-20
3.1.5.3 Direct Costs 3-20
3.1.5.4 External Costs 3-21
3.1.5.5 Incentives 3-22
3.2 Semiconductor Technology 3-23
3.2.1 Key Component Semiconductor Devices 3-23
3.2.2 Semiconductor Analysis 3-25
Chapter 4 Fuel Cells 4-1
4.1 Fuel Cell Infrastructure 4-1
4.1.1 Fuel Cell Design 4-1
4.1.2 History 4-3
4.1.3 Types of fuel cells 4-4
4.1.3.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane 4-4
4.1.3.2 Phosphoric Acid 4-6
4.1.3.3 Direct Methanol 4-8
4.1.3.4 Alkaline 4-8
4.1.3.6 Molten Carbonate 4-10
4.1.3.7 Solid Oxide 4-12
4.1.3.8 Proton Exchange Fuel Cells 4-15
4.1.3.9 Regenerative (Reversible) Fuel Cells 4-20
4.1.4 Efficiency 4-20
4.1.4.1 Fuel cell efficiency 4-20
4.1.4.2 In practice 4-21
4.1.5 Fuel cell applications 4-23
4.1.5.1 Applications 4-24
4.1.5.2 Hydrogen Transportation And Refueling 4-28
4.1.6 Fuel Cell Manufacturers 4-34
4.2 Semiconductor Technology 4-46
4.2.1 Key Component Semiconductor Devices 4-46
Chapter 5 Storage/Electric Vehicle Technology 5-1
5.1 Storage/Electric Vehicle Infrastructure 5-1
5.1.1 Usage And Applications 5-2
5.1.2 Charging And Discharging 5-4
5.1.3 Active Components 5-6
5.1.3.1 Common Rechargeable Battery Types 5-9
5.1.3.2 Less Common Types 5-10
5.1.4 Recent Developments 5-11
5.1.5 Batteries for Electric Vehicles 5-13
5.1.5.1 NiMH Batteries 5-13
5.1.5.2 EV Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 5-17
5.1.6 Vehicle Charging 5-46
5.1.6.1 Grid Impacts 5-50
5.1.6.2 Communication 5-50
5.2 Forecasts 5-57
5.2.1 HEV/EV Forecast 5-57
5.2.2 Key Component Semiconductor Devices - HEV/EV 5-57
5.2.3 ADAS (Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems) 5-62
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List of Tables/Graphs
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Total Photovoltaic Peak Power Capacity By Country 2-10
2.2 World's Largest Photovoltaic Power Plants 2-12
2.3 PV Inverter Market Distribution 2-32
2.4 Solar Inverter Market Analysis 2-35
3.1 Operational Offshore Wind Farms 3-7
3.2 Offshore Wind Farms Under Construction 3-8
3.3 Installed Windpower Capacity (MW) 3-10
3.4 Annual Wind Power Generation (TWh) 3-11
3.5 U.S. Installed Capacity (Megawatts) 3-13
4.1 Fuel Cell Comparisons 4-17
4.2 Fuel Cell Details 4-18
4.3 Worldwide Fuel Cell Shipments By Type 4-40
5.1 Rechargeable Battery Technologies 5-7
5.2 10-Year Costs For Electric Vehicle Batteries 5-15
5.3 Breakeven Costs For EV Batteries – 40 Mile Range 5-16
5.4 Breakeven Costs For EV Batteries – 100 Mile Range 5-18
5.5 Summary Table Of Future Batteries 5-45
5.6 Types Of Charging Stations 5-47
5.7 Typical Charging Times By Power Level And Electric Vehicle 5-49
5.8 Forecast Of Global Sales Of HEVs And EVs 5-58
5.9 BOM Cost Breakdown—Tesla Model 3, VW ID.3 and VW Golf 5-60
5.10 ADAS System Key IC Components And Suppliers 5-63
5.11 Automotive Semiconductor By Application 5-65
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Flat Plate Solar Collector 2-3
2.2 Parabolic Trough Solar Collector 2-4
2.3 Solar Dish/Engine Collector 2-5
2.4 Solar Power Tower Collector 2-6
2.5 Global Solar PV Module Forecast 2-23
3.1 Evolution Of U.S. Commercial Wind Technology 3-5
3.2 U.S. Installed Capacity (Megawatts) 3-14
3.3 Worldwide Wind Turbine Shipments 3-17
3.4 Wind Power As Percent Of Electricity 3-19
4.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell 4-5
4.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) Fuel Cell 4-7
4.3 Alkaline (AFC) Fuel Cell 4-9
4.4 Molten Carbonate (MCFC) Fuel Cell 4-11
4.5 Solid Oxide (SOFC) Fuel Cell 4-13
4.6 Proton Exchange Fuel Cell 4-16
4.7 Transition To A Hydrogen Economy 4-29
4.8 Hydrogen Reformer Fueling Station 4-32
4.9 Diversified Fuel Cell Development 4-38
5.1 Mass And Volume Energy Densities Of Secondary Cells 5-8
5.2 Battery Capacity For An Electric Vehicle 5-20
5.3 Battery Price With Time 5-21
5.4 Cathode Material Cost 5-24
5.5 Target For Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 5-26
5.6 Diverse Range Of Candidates For Cathodes 5-29
5.7 Improving Cathode Materials 5-31
5.8 Comparison Between A Conventional And All-Solid-State LiB 5-41
5.9 Comparison Between A Conventional And Metal Polysulfide LiB 5-43
5.10 EV Communications Control System Overview 5-53
5.11 Forecast of Global Sales of HEVs and EVs 5-58
5.18 Circuit Diagram For Level 3 Charger 5-71
5.19 Revenue Forecast For Semiconductors For HEV/EV Chargers 5-77
