1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. |
Cement is the main component of concrete |
1.2. |
Cement demand will continue to increase |
1.3. |
Technologies for cement decarbonization introduction |
1.4. |
Cement decarbonization technologies covered in this report |
1.5. |
Benchmarking cement decarbonization technologies |
1.6. |
Why is cement production hard to decarbonize? |
1.7. |
The most favourable decarbonization technologies will vary by region |
1.8. |
Methods for stimulating demand for low-carbon cement |
1.9. |
Fossil fuels provide the high temperatures required for cement production |
1.10. |
Fossil fuel combustion dominates cement production |
1.11. |
Percentage distribution of fuels in global cement production forecast (2025-2035) |
1.12. |
Introduction to supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) |
1.13. |
Overview of major supplementary cementitious materials |
1.14. |
Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - megatonnes per annum of SCMs (2025-2035) |
1.15. |
Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - discussion |
1.16. |
CCUS will be the most important cement decarbonization technology by 2050 |
1.17. |
Status of carbon capture in the cement industry |
1.18. |
Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector (1/2) |
1.19. |
Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector (2/2) |
1.20. |
US 45Q tax credits and CCUS |
1.21. |
CCUS in the cement sector - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ captured (2025-2035) |
1.22. |
Technologies for cement decarbonization - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ avoided (2025-2035) |
1.23. |
Technologies for cement decarbonization forecast: Discussion |
1.24. |
Cement decarbonization - Analyst viewpoint: Value proposition and status |
1.25. |
Cement decarbonization - Analyst viewpoint: Benchmarking of cement decarbonization technologies |
1.26. |
Key players in the cement industry |
2. |
INTRODUCTION |
2.1. |
Introduction |
2.1.1. |
Cement is the main component of concrete |
2.1.2. |
Clinkering manufacturing process |
2.1.3. |
Cement demand will continue to increase |
2.1.4. |
Technologies for cement decarbonization introduction |
2.1.5. |
Cement decarbonization technologies covered in this report |
2.1.6. |
Benchmarking cement decarbonization technologies |
2.1.7. |
Why cement decarbonization needs immediate action |
2.1.8. |
Key players in the cement industry |
2.1.9. |
Emissions profile of making clinker (kg of CO₂/tonne of clinker) |
2.1.10. |
Why is cement production hard to decarbonize? |
2.1.11. |
Current progress: Cement decarbonization |
2.1.12. |
Cement sector progress towards net-zero |
2.1.13. |
Which cement decarbonization technology will have the biggest impact? |
2.1.14. |
The most favourable decarbonization technologies will vary by region |
2.1.15. |
Cement standards can delay adoption of new materials |
2.1.16. |
How much will the green premium be for decarbonized cement? |
2.2. |
Stimulating demand for low-carbon cement |
2.2.1. |
Methods for stimulating demand for low-carbon cement |
2.2.2. |
Introduction to carbon pricing and carbon markets |
2.2.3. |
Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
2.2.4. |
EU ETS: Cement |
2.2.5. |
EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) |
2.2.6. |
EU CBAM: Cement |
2.2.7. |
Government procurement of low-carbon cement |
2.2.8. |
US: Cement decarbonization roadmap |
2.2.9. |
Voluntary demand for green cement: Private sector |
2.2.10. |
Data centre decarbonization - driving voluntary demand |
2.2.11. |
Book and claim system for low-carbon cement |
2.2.12. |
China's plans for cement decarbonization |
3. |
CCUS |
3.1. |
Carbon capture in the cement sector |
3.1.1. |
What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
3.1.2. |
The CCUS value chain |
3.1.3. |
CO₂ capture cost for a specific sector depends on CO₂ concentration |
3.1.4. |
The challenges in CCUS |
3.1.5. |
CCUS will be the most important cement decarbonization technology by 2050 |
3.1.6. |
Status of carbon capture in the cement industry |
3.1.7. |
Largest operational cement sector CCUS project |
3.1.8. |
Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector (1/2) |
3.1.9. |
Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector (2/2) |
3.1.10. |
Post-combustion solvent capture is less disruptive to clinker manufacturing |
3.1.11. |
Carbon capture technologies demonstrated in the cement sector |
3.1.12. |
SkyMine® chemical absorption: The largest CCU demonstration in the cement sector |
3.1.13. |
Algae CO₂ capture from cement plants |
3.1.14. |
Benchmarking carbon capture technologies in the cement sector |
3.1.15. |
Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector |
3.1.16. |
Which sectors will see the biggest growth in CCUS? |
3.1.17. |
Major CCUS players |
3.1.18. |
Mixed performance from CCUS projects |
3.1.19. |
How much does CCUS cost? |
3.1.20. |
Enabling large-scale CCUS |
3.1.21. |
Carbon capture in the cement sector: Key takeaways |
3.1.22. |
IDTechEx CCUS Portfolio |
3.2. |
Business models for CCUS |
3.2.1. |
Development of the CCUS business model |
3.2.2. |
Government funding support mechanisms for CCUS |
3.2.3. |
Government ownership of CCUS projects varies across countries |
3.2.4. |
CCUS business model: Full value chain |
3.2.5. |
CCUS business model: Networks and hub model |
3.2.6. |
First cross-border CO₂ T&S project: Northern Lights Longship project |
3.2.7. |
Emerging CCUS business model: Partial-chain |
3.2.8. |
Why CO₂ utilization should not be overlooked |
3.2.9. |
Alternative to carbon pricing: 45Q tax credits |
3.2.10. |
Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
3.2.11. |
Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
3.2.12. |
What is the price of CO₂ in global carbon pricing mechanisms? |
3.2.13. |
Challenges with carbon pricing |
3.2.14. |
Can carbon pricing support CCS in the cement sector? |
3.2.15. |
How high does carbon pricing need to be to support CCS? |
3.3. |
Introduction to carbon capture technologies |
3.3.1. |
Main CO₂ capture systems |
3.3.2. |
Comparison of point-source CO₂ capture systems |
3.3.3. |
Post-combustion CO₂ capture |
3.3.4. |
Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
3.3.5. |
CO₂ concentration and partial pressure varies with emission source |
3.3.6. |
How does CO₂ partial pressure influence cost? |
3.3.7. |
Main CO₂ capture technologies |
3.3.8. |
Comparison of CO₂ capture technologies |
3.3.9. |
When should different carbon capture technologies be used? |
3.3.10. |
CO₂ recovery rate considerations in cement production |
3.4. |
Solvents for CO₂ capture |
3.4.1. |
Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
3.4.2. |
Chemical absorption solvents |
3.4.3. |
Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption |
3.4.4. |
Innovation addressing solvent-based CO₂ capture drawbacks |
3.4.5. |
When should solvent-based carbon capture be used? |
3.4.6. |
Innovation in carbon capture solvents |
3.4.7. |
Chilled ammonia process (CAP) |
3.4.8. |
Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems - emerging |
3.4.9. |
Applicability of chemical absorption solvents capture solvents for post-combustion applications |
3.5. |
Oxyfuel combustion capture |
3.5.1. |
Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
3.5.2. |
Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion |
3.5.3. |
Oxyfuel CCUS projects in the cement industry |
3.5.4. |
Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects in the pipeline |
3.6. |
Novel CO₂ capture technologies |
3.6.1. |
LEILAC process: Direct CO₂ capture in cement plants |
3.6.2. |
LEILAC process: Configuration options |
3.6.3. |
Calcium Looping (CaL) |
3.6.4. |
Calcium Looping (CaL) configuration options |
3.7. |
CO₂ transportation |
3.7.1. |
Introduction to CO₂ transportation |
3.7.2. |
Overview of CO₂ transportation methods and conditions across all sectors |
3.7.3. |
CO₂ transportation by pipeline |
3.7.4. |
CO₂ transportation by ship |
3.7.5. |
CO₂ transportation by rail and truck |
3.7.6. |
Purity requirements of CO₂ transportation |
3.7.7. |
General cost comparison of CO₂ transportation methods |
3.7.8. |
Cost considerations in CO₂ transport |
3.7.9. |
CO₂ transport operators |
3.7.10. |
CO₂ transport and/or storage as a service business model |
3.7.11. |
Key takeaways |
3.8. |
CO₂ storage |
3.8.1. |
CO₂ storage in the cement sector |
3.8.2. |
The case for carbon dioxide storage or sequestration |
3.8.3. |
Storage type for geologic CO₂ storage: Saline aquifers |
3.8.4. |
Storage type for geologic CO₂ storage: Depleted oil and gas fields |
3.8.5. |
Unconventional storage resources: Coal seams and shale |
3.8.6. |
Unconventional storage resources: Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks |
3.8.7. |
Estimates of global CO₂ storage space |
3.8.8. |
CO₂ storage potential by country |
3.8.9. |
Permitting and authorization of CO₂ storage |
3.8.10. |
What is CO₂-EOR? |
3.8.11. |
What happens to the injected CO₂? |
3.8.12. |
CO₂-EOR SWOT analysis |
3.8.13. |
Technology status of CO₂ storage |
3.8.14. |
The cost of carbon sequestration (1/2) |
3.8.15. |
The cost of carbon sequestration (2/2) |
3.8.16. |
Storage-type TRL and operator landscape |
3.9. |
CO₂ utilization |
3.9.1. |
Why CO₂ utilization? |
3.9.2. |
CO₂ utilization pathways |
3.9.3. |
Emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
3.9.4. |
Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications |
3.9.5. |
Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO₂U products |
3.9.6. |
Key players in emerging CO₂ Utilization technologies |
3.9.7. |
Production of CO₂-derived building materials is growing fast |
3.9.8. |
Competitive landscape: TRL of players in CO₂U concrete |
3.9.9. |
Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials |
4. |
ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN THE CEMENT SECTOR |
4.1. |
Introduction |
4.1.1. |
Fossil fuels provide the high temperatures required for cement production |
4.1.2. |
Benchmarking cement high temperature heat technologies |
4.1.3. |
Using alternatives to fossil fuels only addresses 1/3 of cement's carbon footprint |
4.1.4. |
Temperature ranges achieved by different energy sources for cement kilns |
4.1.5. |
Key technology providers in renewable power sources for electric kilns |
4.2. |
Fuel switching for cement kilns |
4.2.1. |
Introduction to alternative fuels for cement kilns |
4.2.2. |
Fossil fuel combustion dominates cement production |
4.2.3. |
Alternative fuels in cement production by region |
4.2.4. |
Waste as an alternative fuel in cement production |
4.2.5. |
Biomass as an alternative fuel in cement production |
4.2.6. |
When can fuel switching for cement plants be net-zero? |
4.2.7. |
Major planned fuel switching and CCS projects in the cement sector |
4.2.8. |
Net-zero by 2050: fuel mix in cement sector |
4.2.9. |
Cement plants can already run on 100% alternative fuels |
4.2.10. |
Burner design considerations when fuel switching at cement plants |
4.2.11. |
Hydrogen as a fuel in cement production |
4.2.12. |
Status of hydrogen |
4.2.13. |
Barriers remain for low-carbon hydrogen |
4.2.14. |
Further info - IDTechEx Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Portfolio |
4.2.15. |
Benchmarking of alternative fuels |
4.2.16. |
Key takeaways - switching to alternative fuels in the cement sector |
4.3. |
Technologies for kiln electrification |
4.3.1. |
Introduction to kiln electrification |
4.3.2. |
Coolbrook's RotoDynamic Heater |
4.3.3. |
Economics of cement electrification: Coolbrook case study |
4.3.4. |
Rotodynamic heating for electrified cement production: SWOT analysis |
4.3.5. |
Electric arc plasma technologies |
4.3.6. |
Electric arc furnaces for cement recycling: SWOT analysis |
4.3.7. |
Resistive heating for kiln electrification (i) |
4.3.8. |
Resistive heating for kiln electrification (ii) |
4.3.9. |
Microwave and induction heating for kiln electrification |
4.3.10. |
Kiln electrification enables cheaper carbon capture |
4.3.11. |
Initial focus is on electrifying calciner |
4.3.12. |
Comparing conventional cement production with CCUS to electrified cement production with CCUS |
4.3.13. |
Electrochemical cement processing |
4.3.14. |
Benchmarking kiln electrification technologies for cement production |
4.3.15. |
Kiln electrification: Key takeaways |
4.4. |
Concentrated solar power for cement production |
4.4.1. |
Concentrated solar power (CSP) |
4.4.2. |
Synhelion: CSP in cement production technology |
4.4.3. |
Process flow diagram: solar-driven clinker production |
4.4.4. |
State-of-the-art technologies in CSP for cement pyroprocesses |
4.4.5. |
Concentrated solar power (CSP) in cement production: Key takeaways |
5. |
EMERGING CEMENT RAW MATERIALS, CHEMISTRIES AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES |
5.1. |
Introduction |
5.1.1. |
Introduction to alternative cement raw materials, chemistries, and production processes |
5.1.2. |
Cement standards can delay adoption of new cement materials/chemistries/production processes |
5.1.3. |
Innovation landscape for low-carbon cement and concrete |
5.2. |
Supplementary cementitious materials - clinker substitutes |
5.2.1. |
Main supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.2. |
Introduction to supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) |
5.2.3. |
How common are SCMs currently: Global clinker-to-cement ratio |
5.2.4. |
Overview of major supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.5. |
Economics of major low-carbon cement blends |
5.2.6. |
Which SCMs are most used today? |
5.2.7. |
Which SCMs will dominate by 2050? |
5.2.8. |
Portland limestone cement (PLC) |
5.2.9. |
Fly ash blended cement |
5.2.10. |
Slag cement (GGBFS/GBFS cement) |
5.2.11. |
Natural pozzolans blended cement |
5.2.12. |
Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) |
5.2.13. |
Overview of operational clay calcination kiln projects |
5.2.14. |
Overview of future clay calcination kiln projects |
5.2.15. |
Technologies for clay calcination: Rotary kiln or flash calciner |
5.2.16. |
Alternatives methods of clay activation: Mechanochemical |
5.2.17. |
Key takeaways main supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.18. |
Alternative supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.19. |
Emerging alternative supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.20. |
Silica fume blended cement |
5.2.21. |
Burnt oil shale as an SCM |
5.2.22. |
Emerging coal fly ash SCMs |
5.2.23. |
Mine tailings and biomass ashes as SCMs |
5.2.24. |
Waste glass and zeolites as SCMs |
5.2.25. |
Recycled concrete as an SCM |
5.2.26. |
CO₂ utilization enables supplementary cementitious materials through accelerated carbonation |
5.2.27. |
Key players in alternative supplementary cementitious materials |
5.3. |
Alternative cementitious materials (non-Portland cements) |
5.3.1. |
Introduction to alternative binders |
5.3.2. |
Benchmarking main alternative cementitious materials |
5.3.3. |
Production scale of alternative cement chemistries (tonnes per annum) |
5.3.4. |
Calcium sulphoaluminate cements |
5.3.5. |
Belite-rich Portland cement |
5.3.6. |
Geopolymers and alkali-activated binders |
5.3.7. |
Alkali activators |
5.3.8. |
Commercial players in alkali-activated concrete |
5.3.9. |
Vaterite cement (calcium carbonate cement): Fortera |
5.3.10. |
CO₂ utilization enables alternative cementitious materials through mineralization |
5.3.11. |
Microbial biocement (calcium carbonate cement) |
5.3.12. |
New calcium silicate cements start-ups |
5.3.13. |
Key players in alternative cementitious materials |
5.4. |
Alternative cement production processes for ordinary Portland cement |
5.4.1. |
Making ordinary Portland cement from alternative raw materials and/or production processes |
5.4.2. |
Alternative production processes for Portland cement |
5.4.3. |
LEILAC process: Indirect calcination |
5.5. |
Other additives for concrete decarbonization |
5.5.1. |
Strength enhancers and grinding aids |
5.5.2. |
CO₂ as a performance enhancing additive |
6. |
MARKET FORECASTS |
6.1. |
Introduction |
6.1.1. |
Breakdown of IDTechEx cement decarbonization forecast |
6.1.2. |
Global cement forecast 2000-2045 (million tonnes per annum of cement) |
6.1.3. |
Global cement forecast 2000-2045: Discussion |
6.2. |
Overall cement decarbonization market forecast |
6.2.1. |
Technologies for cement decarbonization - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ avoided (2025-2035) |
6.2.2. |
Technologies for cement decarbonization forecast: discussion |
6.2.3. |
Cement sector progress towards net-zero forecast (2025-2035) |
6.2.4. |
Cement sector progress towards net-zero - discussion |
6.3. |
CCUS for cement decarbonization forecast |
6.3.1. |
CCUS in the cement sector - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ captured (2025-2035) |
6.3.2. |
CCUS for cement decarbonization forecast: Discussion (1/2) |
6.3.3. |
CCUS for cement decarbonization forecast: Discussion (2/2) |
6.3.4. |
CCUS in the cement sector - million US$ in expected CCUS costs (2025-2035) |
6.4. |
Alternative fuels in the cement sector forecast |
6.4.1. |
Percentage distribution of fuels in global cement production (2025-2035) |
6.4.2. |
Fuel switching in the cement sector - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ avoided (2025-2035) |
6.4.3. |
Fuel switching in the cement sector forecast: discussion |
6.5. |
Supplementary cementitious materials forecast |
6.5.1. |
Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - megatonnes per annum of SCMs (2025-2035) |
6.5.2. |
Supplementary cementitious materials forecast - discussion (1/3) |
6.5.3. |
Supplementary cementitious materials forecast - discussion (2/3) |
6.5.4. |
Supplementary cementitious materials forecast - discussion (3/3) |
6.5.5. |
Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ avoided (2025-2035) |
6.5.6. |
Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - million US$ from raw material savings (2025-2035) |
6.5.7. |
Clinker-to-cement ratio breakdowns: 2024 and 2035 |
7. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
7.1. |
1414 Degrees |
7.2. |
Airco Process Technology |
7.3. |
Aker Carbon Capture |
7.4. |
Antora Energy |
7.5. |
Ardent |
7.6. |
Biomason |
7.7. |
Bright Renewables: Carbon Capture |
7.8. |
C-Capture |
7.9. |
Cambridge Electric Cement |
7.10. |
Capsol Technologies |
7.11. |
CarbiCrete |
7.12. |
Carbonaide |
7.13. |
CarbonCure |
7.14. |
Chiyoda: CCUS |
7.15. |
Coolbrook |
7.16. |
Electrified Thermal Solutions |
7.17. |
Fluor: Carbon Capture |
7.18. |
FuelCell Energy |
7.19. |
Giammarco Vetrocoke |
7.20. |
Greenore |
7.21. |
Honeywell UOP: CO₂ Solutions |
7.22. |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries: KM CDR Process |
7.23. |
MTR (Membrane Technology and Research) |
7.24. |
NovoMOF |
7.25. |
Nuada: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
7.26. |
Orchestra Scientific: MOF-Based Carbon Separation |
7.27. |
Paebbl |
7.28. |
Pentair: Carbon Capture |
7.29. |
Pyrowave |
7.30. |
Rondo Energy |
7.31. |
Saipem: Bluenzyme |
7.32. |
SaltX |
7.33. |
Seratech |
7.34. |
Solidia Technologies |
7.35. |
Sumitomo SHI FW: Carbon Capture |
7.36. |
Svante: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
7.37. |
Synhelion |