1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. |
What are critical materials |
1.2. |
The number of critical materials is increasing globally |
1.3. |
Critical material recovery from primary and secondary sources |
1.4. |
Technologies for critical material recovery from secondary sources |
1.5. |
Established and emerging secondary sources for critical material recovery |
1.6. |
Business models of secondary source critical material recovery |
1.7. |
20-year overall global recovered critical materials forecast, annual value forecast, 2025-2045 |
1.8. |
Electrification driving transfer of critical material recovery value from platinum group metals to Li-ion battery technology metals |
1.9. |
Critical material extraction technology overview |
1.10. |
Technology readiness evaluation of critical material extraction techniques |
1.11. |
Critical material extraction methods evaluated by key performance metrics |
1.12. |
Evolution of the value proposition for critical material extraction technologies |
1.13. |
Critical material recovery technology overview |
1.14. |
Critical metal recovery technologies evaluated and compared |
1.15. |
Critical material recovery technologies from secondary materials - Key findings |
1.16. |
Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources - Key conclusions |
1.17. |
Rare-earth magnet market outlook |
1.18. |
Critical Li-ion battery technology metal recovery - Key conclusions |
1.19. |
Li-ion battery recycling technology outlook |
1.20. |
Critical semiconductor materials: Rising demand and supply chain challenges |
1.21. |
Critical semiconductor material recovery from secondary sources - Key conclusions |
1.22. |
Critical platinum group metal recovery from secondary sources - Key conclusions |
1.23. |
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2. |
MARKET FORECASTS |
2.1. |
Forecasting methodology |
2.2. |
Discontinuity in secondary source availability from renewable energy applications |
2.3. |
Critical Li-ion battery metal price assumptions |
2.4. |
Critical platinum group metal price assumptions |
2.5. |
20-year overall global recovered critical materials forecast, annual weight forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.6. |
20-year overall global recovered critical materials forecast, annual weight forecast, excluding from Li-ion batteries, 2025-2045 |
2.7. |
20-year overall global recovered critical materials forecast by metal, annual weight forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.8. |
20-year overall global recovered critical materials forecast by element, annual weight forecast, excluding Li-ion battery metals, 2025-2045 |
2.9. |
Global recovered critical materials, annual weight forecast, by element (ktonnes), 2025-2045 - Summary |
2.10. |
20-year overall global recovered critical materials forecast, annual value forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.11. |
20-year overall global recovered critical materials forecast, annual value forecast, excluding from Li-ion batteries, 2025-2045 |
2.12. |
Electrification driving transfer of critical material recovery value from platinum group metals to Li-ion battery metals |
2.13. |
20-year global recovered critical rare-earth element forecast, annual weight forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.14. |
20-year global recovered critical rare-earth element forecast, segmented by secondary source, annual weight proportion forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.15. |
20-year global recovered critical rare-earth element forecast, annual value forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.16. |
20-year global recovered critical materials from Li-ion batteries, annual weight forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.17. |
20-year global recovered critical materials from Li-ion batteries, annual value forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.18. |
20-year global recovered critical semiconductor material forecast, annual weight forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.19. |
20-year global recovered critical semiconductor material forecast, annual weight forecast, excluding silicon, 2025-2045 |
2.20. |
20-year global recovered critical semiconductor material forecast, annual value forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.21. |
20-year global recovered critical platinum group metal forecast, annual weight forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.22. |
20-year global recovered critical platinum group metal forecast, segmented by application market, annual weight forecast, 2025-2045 |
2.23. |
20-year global recovered critical platinum group forecast, annual value forecast, 2025-2045 |
3. |
INTRODUCTION |
3.1. |
What are critical materials |
3.2. |
The number of critical materials is increasing globally |
3.3. |
Critical material recovery from primary and secondary sources |
3.4. |
Established critical material recovery from primary sources |
3.5. |
How critical materials are recovered from secondary sources |
3.6. |
Technologies for critical material recovery from secondary sources |
3.7. |
Lessons from the established critical platinum group metal recovery market |
3.8. |
Market drivers for critical material recovery from secondary sources |
3.9. |
Established and emerging secondary sources for critical material recovery |
3.10. |
Business models of secondary source critical material recovery |
3.11. |
Enabling technological and commercial innovation required to unlock critical material recovery |
3.12. |
Critical material recovery report content and outline |
4. |
CRITICAL MATERIAL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY FROM SECONDARY SOURCES |
4.1.1. |
Critical material extraction technology from secondary sources - Chapter overview |
4.1.2. |
Critical material extraction: Introduction and technology overview |
4.1.3. |
Critical material extraction: Extraction technologies |
4.2. |
Critical material extraction technologies |
4.2.1. |
Hydrometallurgical extraction |
4.2.2. |
Lixiviants used in hydrometallurgical metal extraction from secondary material sources |
4.2.3. |
SWOT analysis of hydrometallurgical extraction of critical material |
4.2.4. |
Pyrometallurgical extraction: Introduction |
4.2.5. |
Pyrometallurgical extraction: Methods |
4.2.6. |
SWOT analysis of pyrometallurgical extraction of critical materials |
4.2.7. |
Biometallurgy: Introduction |
4.2.8. |
Bioleaching processes and their applicability to critical materials |
4.2.9. |
Biometallurgy: Areas of development |
4.2.10. |
SWOT analysis of biometallurgy for critical material extraction |
4.2.11. |
Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents |
4.2.12. |
Challenges facing commercialisation of ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent technologies |
4.2.13. |
SWOT analysis of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material extraction |
4.2.14. |
Electroleaching extraction |
4.2.15. |
SWOT analysis of electrochemical leaching for critical material extraction |
4.2.16. |
Supercritical fluid extraction |
4.2.17. |
SWOT analysis of supercritical fluid extraction technology |
4.3. |
Summary and conclusions |
4.3.1. |
Summary of critical material extraction from secondary sources |
4.3.2. |
Technology readiness evaluation of critical material extraction techniques |
4.3.3. |
Critical material extraction technologies and state of adoption |
4.3.4. |
Critical material extraction methods evaluated by key metric |
4.3.5. |
Evolution of the value proposition for critical material extraction technologies |
5. |
CRITICAL MATERIAL RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY FROM SECONDARY SOURCES |
5.1.1. |
Critical material recovery technology from secondary sources - Chapter overview |
5.1.2. |
Critical material recovery: Introduction and process overview |
5.1.3. |
Critical metal recovery: Recovery technologies |
5.2. |
Recovery technologies |
5.2.1. |
Critical material recovery by solvent extraction |
5.2.2. |
Rare-earth element recovery by solvent extraction |
5.2.3. |
Critical metal recovery from Li-ion batteries, fuel cells and electrolysers with solvent extraction and associated challenges |
5.2.4. |
SWOT analysis of solvent extraction recovery technology |
5.2.5. |
Ion exchange recovery |
5.2.6. |
Critical metal extraction using ion exchange resins |
5.2.7. |
SWOT analysis of ion exchange resin recovery technology |
5.2.8. |
Ionic liquid (IL) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) recovery |
5.2.9. |
Coupling ionic liquid / deep eutectic solvent recovery with electrodeposition |
5.2.10. |
Challenges facing ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent recovery technology |
5.2.11. |
SWOT analysis of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material recovery |
5.2.12. |
Critical metal recovery by precipitation |
5.2.13. |
Selective coagulation and flocculation to enhance precipitation efficiency |
5.2.14. |
SWOT analysis of precipitation for critical material recovery |
5.2.15. |
Critical metal recovery using biosorption |
5.2.16. |
SWOT analysis of biosorption for critical material recovery |
5.2.17. |
Critical metal recovery by electrowinning |
5.2.18. |
Nickel and cobalt recovery from Li-ion batteries and consumer electronics waste using electrowinning |
5.2.19. |
Rare-earth oxide (REO) processing using molten salt electrolysis |
5.2.20. |
Emerging electrowinning systems for critical material recovery and areas for innovation |
5.2.21. |
SWOT analysis of electrowinning for critical material recovery |
5.2.22. |
Direct recovery approaches: Rare-earth magnet recycling by hydrogen decrepitation |
5.2.23. |
Direct recovery approaches: Direct recycling of Li-ion battery cathodes by sintering |
5.2.24. |
SWOT analysis of direct critical material recovery technology |
5.3. |
Summary and Conclusions |
5.3.1. |
Critical metal recovery technologies evaluated and compared |
5.3.2. |
Summary of critical material recovery technologies from secondary sources |
5.3.3. |
Technology readiness of critical material recovery technologies by secondary material sources |
5.3.4. |
Evolving requirements of critical material recovery technologies |
6. |
CRITICAL RARE-EARTH ELEMENT RECOVERY |
6.1.1. |
Rare-Earth Element Recovery - Chapter overview |
6.1.2. |
Critical rare-earth elements (REEs): Introduction |
6.1.3. |
Critical rare-earth elements (REEs): Product markets and applications |
6.1.4. |
Critical rare-earth elements (REEs): Geographic concentration of primary material supply chain |
6.1.5. |
Rare-earth element demand concentrating in magnet applications |
6.1.6. |
Primary and secondary material streams for rare-earth element recovery |
6.1.7. |
Rare-earth element content in secondary material sources |
6.2. |
Rare-earth element recovery technologies |
6.2.1. |
Overview of critical rare-earth element recovery technologies |
6.2.2. |
Long-loop and short-loop rare-earth recovery methods |
6.2.3. |
Short-loop rare-earth magnet recycling by hydrogen decrepitation |
6.2.4. |
Short-loop rare-earth magnet recycling by powder metallurgy |
6.2.5. |
SWOT analysis of short-loop rare-earth magnet recovery |
6.2.6. |
Long-loop magnet recycling |
6.2.7. |
Long-loop rare-earth magnet recycling: Recovery technologies |
6.2.8. |
Long-loop magnet recovery using solvent extraction |
6.2.9. |
Rare-earth element recovery using ion exchange resin chromatography |
6.2.10. |
Rare-earth oxide (REO) processing using electrolysis and metallothermic processing |
6.2.11. |
SWOT analysis of long-loop rare-earth element recovery |
6.2.12. |
Short-loop and long-loop rare-earth element recovery: Summary and key players |
6.3. |
Rare-earth element recovery markets |
6.3.1. |
Emerging rare-earth magnet recycling value chain |
6.3.2. |
Global rare-earth magnet key players |
6.3.3. |
Key partnerships driving rare-earth element recovery |
6.3.4. |
Short-loop magnet recycling technologies process more NdFeB magnets per year than long-loop technologies |
6.3.5. |
Emerging REE recovery technologies face underutilization until secondary source streams are defined |
6.3.6. |
Timeline for availability of secondary source materials streams unclear |
6.3.7. |
Pre-processing challenges for rare-earth magnet recycling from electric rotors |
6.3.8. |
Barriers to growth and areas requiring development for rare-earth element recovery growth to be realized |
6.4. |
Summary and outlook |
6.4.1. |
Rare-earth magnet recovery technology summary and outlook |
6.4.2. |
Technology readiness of REE recovery technologies |
6.4.3. |
Rare-earth magnet market summary and outlook |
6.4.4. |
Innovation areas for rare-earth magnet recycling |
6.4.5. |
Rare-earth magnet recycling value chain |
7. |
CRITICAL LI-ION BATTERY TECHNOLOGY METAL RECOVERY |
7.1.1. |
Critical Li-ion battery technology metal recovery - Chapter overview |
7.1.2. |
Critical Li-ion battery metals: Introduction |
7.1.3. |
Drivers for recycling Li-ion batteries |
7.2. |
Li-ion battery metal recovery technologies |
7.2.1. |
Lithium-ion battery recycling approaches overview |
7.2.2. |
Pyrometallurgical recycling |
7.2.3. |
Hydrometallurgical recycling |
7.2.4. |
Recycling example via hydrometallurgy |
7.2.5. |
Direct recycling |
7.2.6. |
Recycling techniques compared |
7.3. |
Li-ion battery metal recovery markets |
7.3.1. |
EV battery recycling value chain |
7.3.2. |
When will Li-ion batteries be recycled? |
7.3.3. |
Is recycling Li-ion batteries economical? |
7.3.4. |
Economic analysis of Li-ion battery recycling |
7.3.5. |
Impact of cathode chemistries on recycling economics |
7.3.6. |
Impact of metal prices on recycling economics |
7.3.7. |
Recycling regulations and policies |
7.3.8. |
Recycling policies and regulations map |
7.3.9. |
Sector involvement |
7.3.10. |
Recycling techniques and commercial activity |
7.3.11. |
Global recycling future capacity expansions |
7.4. |
Summary and outlook |
7.4.1. |
Li-ion battery circular economy |
7.4.2. |
Li-ion battery materials and market dynamics |
7.4.3. |
Pack-level or module-level shredding in mechanical recycling? |
7.4.4. |
Li-ion battery recycling technology outlook |
7.4.5. |
Closed-loop value chain of electric vehicle batteries |
8. |
CRITICAL SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL RECOVERY |
8.1.1. |
Semiconductor material recovery - Chapter overview |
8.1.2. |
Critical semiconductor materials: Introduction |
8.1.3. |
Critical semiconductor materials: Rising demand and supply chain challenges |
8.1.4. |
Critical semiconductors: Applications and recycling rates |
8.2. |
Electronic waste (e-waste) |
8.2.1. |
E-waste is rapidly accumulating but recycling struggles to keep up |
8.2.2. |
Disparate and low semiconductor content in key applications is prohibiting recovery |
8.2.3. |
Critical semiconductor recovery from e-waste will rely on more effective pre-processing |
8.2.4. |
Recovery of critical semiconductors from e-waste |
8.2.5. |
Established germanium recovery from secondary sources |
8.2.6. |
Business model for critical semiconductor material recovery |
8.3. |
Photovoltaic and solar technologies |
8.3.1. |
Critical semiconductors in photovoltaic panels: Introduction |
8.3.2. |
Critical semiconductors in photovoltaics: Cell stack composition and design |
8.3.3. |
Critical semiconductor recovery from photovoltaics |
8.3.4. |
Silicon recovery technology for crystalline-Si PVs |
8.3.5. |
Tellurium recovery from CdTe thin-film photovoltaics |
8.3.6. |
Solar panel manufacturers and recycling capabilities (I) |
8.3.7. |
Solar panel manufacturers and recycling capabilities (II) |
8.4. |
Market summary and outlook |
8.4.1. |
Conclusions for critical semiconductor material recovery and market outlook |
8.4.2. |
Technology readiness of critical semiconductor recovery technologies |
8.4.3. |
Market drivers, opportunities and barriers for critical semiconductor recovery |
8.4.4. |
Key challenges that must be addressed to unlock the secondary critical semiconductor material stream |
9. |
CRITICAL PLATINUM GROUP METAL RECOVERY |
9.1.1. |
Platinum group metal recovery - Chapter overview |
9.1.2. |
Critical platinum group metals: Introduction |
9.1.3. |
Critical platinum group metals: Supply chain considerations |
9.1.4. |
Global PGM demand and application segmentation |
9.1.5. |
Critical platinum group metals: Applications and recycling rates |
9.1.6. |
Historical PGM price volatility |
9.1.7. |
Historical iridium supply and demand |
9.2. |
PGM recovery from spent automotive catalysts |
9.2.1. |
Critical PGMs in automotive catalysts |
9.2.2. |
Critical PGM recovery from spent automotive catalysts |
9.2.3. |
Global recovery of platinum, palladium and rhodium from automotive scrap |
9.2.4. |
Key global automotive catalyst recycling players |
9.3. |
9PGM recovery from hydrogen electrolyzers and fuel cells |
9.3.1. |
Critical metals for the hydrogen economy |
9.3.2. |
Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer materials & components |
9.3.3. |
Green hydrogen's influence on critical materials |
9.3.4. |
Importance of technological advancements & PGM recycling |
9.3.5. |
Challenges in transitioning to new PEMEL catalysts and the role of PGM recycling |
9.3.6. |
Recovering critical PGMs from catalyst coated membranes (CCMs) |
9.3.7. |
Recycling of critical PGMs from fuel cell catalysts |
9.3.8. |
Key suppliers of catalysts for fuel cells |
9.4. |
Market summary and outlook |
9.4.1. |
Critical PGM recovery: Conclusions and outlook |
9.4.2. |
Technology readiness of critical PGM recovery from secondary sources |
9.4.3. |
Opportunities and threats to growth for critical PGM recovery |
9.4.4. |
What valuable lessons from the LIB & EV industries can be applied to PGM recovery from hydrogen technology |
10. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
10.1. |
Accurec Recycling GmbH |
10.2. |
ACE Green Recycling |
10.3. |
Ascend Elements |
10.4. |
Australian Strategic Materials Ltd (ASM) |
10.5. |
Ballard Power Systems |
10.6. |
Carester (Caremag) |
10.7. |
Cirba Solutions |
10.8. |
Exigo Recycling |
10.9. |
First Solar |
10.10. |
Fortum |
10.11. |
Heraeus: Catalysts for the Hydrogen Economy |
10.12. |
HyProMag Ltd |
10.13. |
Li-Cycle |
10.14. |
Librec |
10.15. |
Lithium Australia |
10.16. |
Lohum |
10.17. |
Noveon Magnetics |
10.18. |
OnTo Technology |
10.19. |
POSCO (Battery Recycling) |
10.20. |
Primobius |
10.21. |
RecycLiCo |
10.22. |
SungEel Hi-Tech |
10.23. |
Toledo Solar |
10.24. |
Umicore |
10.25. |
Veolia (Battery Recycling) |