Summary

Livestock Monitoring Market Growth & Trends

The global livestock monitoring market size is expected to reach USD 13.50 billion by 2028, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. It is expected to expand at a CAGR of 16.56% from 2021 to 2028. An increase in the population of livestock animals, coupled with the farmer’s focus on increasing yield and productivity, is the key contributor to the market growth.

The key advantages of livestock monitoring such as milk harvesting, feeding management, animal health monitoring, and behavior monitoring are anticipated to drive the market. Furthermore, there is an increase in the adoption of internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) by livestock farmers. This is due to an increase in internet penetration and widespread technological advancement.

There is an increased demand for animal products and thus several countries are focusing on livestock rearing. This has led to an increase in the livestock population. In addition, a prevalence of zoonotic diseases is fueling the growth of the market. This is because these disease outbreaks in the livestock can be major socioeconomic threats, resulting in production loss and disruption of local markets, rural economy, and international trade. Factors like these are expected to encourage the adoption of livestock monitoring systems among livestock owners.

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered an unexpected crisis in the general agricultural processing industries and the processing of dairy products. The onset of the pandemic has caused tremendous economic losses to the beef, pork, poultry, and dairy industries worldwide. As the COVID-19 virus spread across the globe, several industries evaluated its impact on their businesses. Given the increased demand for goods as consumers stocked up for possible quarantines or restricted their visits to the grocery stores, companies faced challenges to cope with the increasing demand and protect the supply chain. However, with the improving situations, the market is expected to witness growth in the coming years.

Industry players are involved in strategies including mergers & acquisitions, collaborative agreements, and geographic expansion to gain an edge over the competition. For instance, in February 2021, Fancom announced an enhanced version of the light control for Lumina 38H and 36/38 poultry computers. In another instance, in February 2021, MSD Animal Health announced the acquisition of PrognostiX Poultry Limited, a provider of health and environmental monitoring solutions for the poultry business, which expanded its product portfolio.

Livestock Monitoring Market Report Highlights

• The cattle animal type segment held the largest share of over 45.0% in 2020 owing to the rising demand for beef and dairy products

• The software component segment is expected to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period. This is because the software has promoted interoperability between different data management systems and ultimately added value for customers

• The feeding management application segment accounted for the largest revenue share of more than 27.0% in 2020. This can be attributed to the high demand for feeding management to monitor the food intake of the animal

• North America dominated the market with a revenue share of over 31.0% in 2020 due to the presence of well-established companies and technologically advanced infrastructure

• Asia Pacific is anticipated to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period owing to the presence of the high potential and rapidly growing economies, including India, Japan, and China, in this region

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Research Methodology & Scope
1.1 Market Segmentation & Scope
1.1.1 Estimates and Forecast Timeline
1.2 Research Methodology
1.3 Information Procurement
1.3.1 Purchased database:
1.3.2 GVR’s Internal Database
1.3.3 Secondary sources
1.3.4 Primary Research:
1.3.5 Details of Primary Research
1.4 Information or Data Analysis
1.4.1 Data Analysis Models
1.5 Market Formulation & Validation
1.6 Model Details
1.6.1 Commodity Flow Analysis (Model 1)
1.6.1.1 Approach 1: Commodity Flow Approach
1.7 List of Secondary Sources
1.8 List of Primary Sources
1.9 Report Objectives
Chapter 2 Executive Summary
2.1 Market Outlook
2.1.1 Livestock Monitoring market Outlook, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
2.2 Segment Outlook
2.3 Livestock Monitoring Market Summary, 2020
Chapter 3 Livestock Monitoring Market Variables, Trends & Scope
3.1 Market Lineage Outlook
3.1.1 Parent market analysis
3.1.2 Ancillary market Analysis
3.2 Penetration & Growth Prospect Mapping
3.3 Livestock Monitoring Market Dynamics
3.3.1 Market driver analysis
3.3.1.1 Rise in livestock population
3.3.1.2 Increase in incidence of zoonotic diseases
3.3.1.3 Rising consumption of meat
3.3.2 Market restraint analysis
3.3.2.1 Lack of standardization of regulations
3.4 Livestock Monitoring Market Analysis Tools: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
3.4.1 Supplier Power: Moderate
3.4.2 Buyer Power: Moderate
3.4.3 Threat of Substitutes: Moderate
3.4.4 Threat of New Entrants: Moderate
3.4.5 Competitive Rivalry: High
3.5 PESTEL Analysis
3.5.1 Political/Legal Landscape
3.5.2 Economic Landscape
3.5.3 Technology Landscape
3.5.4 Social Landscape
3.6 Major Deals & Strategic Alliances Analysis
3.6.1 Mergers & Acquisitions
3.6.2 product launch
3.6.3 Partnership & Collaborations
3.6.4 Market Entry Strategies
Chapter 4 Livestock Monitoring Market: Competitive Analysis
4.1 Market Participation Categorization
4.2 Public Companies
4.2.1 Company market position analysis
4.2.2 Heat Map Analysis
4.3 Market Entry Strategies
4.3.1 Company Market Share
4.4 Private Companies
4.4.1 List of emerging companies
Chapter 5 Livestock Monitoring Market: Covid-19 Impact
5.1 Covid-19 Impact Analysis
Chapter 6 Livestock Monitoring Market: Animal Type Estimates & Trend Analysis
5.1 Animal type Market Share Analysis, 2020 & 2028
5.2 Animal type Dashboard
6.2.1 Cattle
6.2.1.1 Cattle market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
6.2.2 Poultry
6.2.2.1 Poultry market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
6.2.3 Swine
6.2.3.1 Swine market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
6.2.4 Equine
6.2.4.1 Equine market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
6.2.5 Others
6.2.5.1 Others market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Chapter 7 Livestock Monitoring Market: Component Estimates & Trend Analysis
7.1 Components Market Share Analysis, 2020 & 2028
7.2 Components Dashboard
7.3 Hardware
7.3.1 Hardware market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.3.1.1 Sensors
7.3.1.2 Sensors market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.3.1.3 GPS
7.3.1.4 GPS market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.3.1.5 Others
7.3.1.6 Others market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.4 Software
7.4.1 Software market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.4.1.1 On-cloud
7.4.1.1.1 On-cloud market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.4.1.2 On-premise
7.4.1.2.1 On-premise market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.5 Services
7.5.1 Services market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.5.1.1 Integration & Deployment
7.5.1.1.1 Integration & Deployment market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.5.1.2 Maintenance & Support
7.5.1.2.1 Maintenance & Support market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million)
7.5.1.3 Others
7.5.1.3.1 Others market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD million) 67
Chapter 8 Livestock Monitoring Market: Application Estimates & Trend Analysis
8.1 Application Market Share Analysis, 2020 & 2028
8.2 Application dashboard
8.3 Milk Harvesting
8.3.1 Milk Harvesting market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
8.4 Breeding Management
8.4.1 Breeding Management market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
8.5 Feeding Management
8.5.1 Feeding Management market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
8.6 Animal Health Monitoring & Comfort
8.6.1 Animal Health Monitoring & Comfortmarket estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
8.7 Heat stress
8.8.1 Heat stress market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
8.8 Behavior monitoring
8.8.1 Behavior monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
8.9 Others
8.9.1 Others market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Chapter 9 Livestock Monitoring Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis, By, Animal Type, Component, And Application
9.1 Regional Market Snapshot
9.2 North America
9.2.1 North America Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.2.2 U.S.
9.2.2.1 U.S. Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028(USD Million)
9.2.3 Canada
9.2.3.1 Canada Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028(USD Million)
9.3 Europe
9.3.1 Europe Livestock Monitoring MARKET estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.3.2 U.K.
9.3.2.1 U.K. Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028(USD Million)
9.3.3 Germany
9.3.3.1 Germany Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.3.4 France
9.3.4.1 France Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.3.5 Italy
9.3.5.1 Italy Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.3.6 Spain
9.3.6.1 Spain Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.4 Asia Pacific
9.4.1 Asia Pacific Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.4.2 Japan
9.4.2.1 Japan Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.4.3 China
9.4.3.1 China Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.4.4 India
9.4.4.1 India Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.5 Latin America
9.5.1 Latin America Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.5.2 Mexico
9.5.2.1 Mexico Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.5.3 Brazil
9.5.3.1 Brazil Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.5.4 Argentina
9.5.4.1 Argentina Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.6 MEA
9.6.1 MEA Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.6.2 South Africa
9.6.2.1 South Africa Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
9.6.3 Saudi Arabia
9.6.3.1 Saudi Arabia Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Chapter 9 Competitive Landscape
10.1 DeLaval Inc.
10.1.1 Company overview
10.1.2 Financial performance
10.1.3 Product benchmarking
10.1.4 Strategic initiatives
10.2 GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft
10.2.1 Company overview
10.2.2 Financial performance
10.2.3 Product benchmarking
10.2.4 Strategic initiatives
10.3 Afimilk Ltd.
10.3.1 Company overview
10.3.2 Financial Performance
10.3.3 Product benchmarking
10.3.4 Strategic initiatives
10.4 Sensaphone
10.4.1 Company overview
10.4.2 Financial Performance
10.4.3 Product benchmarking
10.4.4 Strategic initiatives
10.5 BouMatic
10.5.1 Company overview
10.5.2 Financial Performance
10.5.3 Product benchmarking
10.5.4 Strategic initiatives
10.6 MSD Animal Health
10.6.1 Company overview
10.6.2 Financial performance
10.6.3 Product benchmarking
10.6.4 Strategic initiatives
10.7 Dairymaster
10.7.1 Company overview
10.7.2 Financial Performance
10.7.3 Product benchmarking
10.7.4 Strategic initiatives
10.8 Fancom BV
10.8.1 Company overview
10.8.2 Financial Performance
10.8.3 Product benchmarking
10.8.4 Strategic initiatives
10.9 Lely
10.10.1 Company overview
10.10.2 Financial Performance
10.10.3 Product benchmarking
10.10.4 Strategic initiatives
10.10 Fullwood Packo
10.10.1 Company overview
10.10.2 Product benchmarking
10.10.3 Strategic initiatives


List of Tables

Table 1 List of secondary sources
Table 2 List of key emerging companies
Table 3 Poultry Population in millions
Table 4 North America Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 5 North America Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 6 North America Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 7 U.S. Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 8 U.S. Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 9 U.S. Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 10 Canada Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 11 Canada Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 12 Canada Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 13 Europe Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 14 Europe Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 15 Europe Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 16 U.K. Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 17 U.K. Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 18 U.K. Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 19 Germany Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 20 Germany Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 21 Germany Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 22 France Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 23 France Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 24 France Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 25 Italy Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 26 Italy Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 27 Italy Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 28 Spain Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 29 Spain Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 30 Spain Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 31 Asia Pacific Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 32 Asia Pacific Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 33 Asia Pacific Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 34 Japan Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 35 Japan Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 36 Japan Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 37 China Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 38 China Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 39 China Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 40 India Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 41 India Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 42 India Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 43 Latin America Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 44 Latin America Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 45 Brazil Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 46 Brazil Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 47 Brazil Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 48 Mexico Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 49 Mexico Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 50 Mexico Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 51 Argentina Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 52 Argentina Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 53 Argentina Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 54 MEA Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 55 MEA Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 56 MEA Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 57 South Africa Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 58 South Africa Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 59 South Africa Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 60 Saudi Arabia Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by animal type, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 61 Saudi Arabia Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by component, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Table 62 Saudi Arabia Livestock Monitoring market estimates and forecasts, by application, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)

List of Figures

Fig. 1 Market segmentation
Fig. 2 Market research process
Fig. 3 Data triangulation techniques
Fig. 4 Primary research pattern
Fig. 5 Market research approaches
Fig. 6 Value-chain-based sizing & forecasting
Fig. 7 QFD modeling for market share assessment
Fig. 8 Market formulation & validation
Fig. 9 Commodity flow analysis
Fig. 10 Livestock Monitoring market revenues
Fig. 11 Livestock Monitoring market snapshot
Fig. 12 Parent market outlook
Fig. 13 Ancillary market outlook
Fig. 14 Penetration & growth prospect mapping
Fig. 15 Livestock Monitoring market dynamics
Fig. 16 Livestock Monitoring market driver impact
Fig. 17 Livestock Monitoring market restraint impact
Fig. 18 Market participant categorization
Fig. 19 Company market position analysis
Fig. 20 Livestock Monitoring company heat map analysis
Fig. 21 Company market share analysis
Fig. 22 Livestock Monitoring market: Animal type movement analysis
Fig. 23 Livestock Monitoring market animal type dashboard
Fig. 24 Global cattle market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 25 Global poultry market, 2016- 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 26 Global swine market, 2016- 2028(USD Million)
Fig. 27 Global equine market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 28 Global Others market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 29 Livestock Monitoring market: Product movement analysis
Fig. 30 Livestock Monitoring Components dashboard
Fig. 31 Global hardware market, 2016- 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 32 Global sensors market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 33 Global GPS market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 34 Global others market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 35 Global software market, 2016- 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 36 Global On-cloud market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 37 Global On-premise market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 38 Global services market, 2016- 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 39 Global Integration & Deployment market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 40 Global Maintenance & Support market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 41 Global others market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 42 Livestock Monitoring market Application movement analysis
Fig. 43 Livestock Monitoring Application dashboard
Fig. 44 Global Milk Harvesting market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 45 Global Breeding Management market, 2016- 2028(USD Million)
Fig. 46 Global Feeding management market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 47 Global Animal Health Monitoring & Comfort market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 48 Global Heat stress market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 49 Global Behavior monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 50 Global Others market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 51 Regional market place: Key takeaways
Fig. 52 North America Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 53 U.S. Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 54 Canada Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 55 Europe Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 56 U.K. Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 57 Germany Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 58 France Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 59 Italy Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 60 Spain Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 61 Asia Pacific Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 62 Japan Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 63 China Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 64 India Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 65 Latin America Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 66 Mexico Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 67 Brazil Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 68 Argentina Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 69 MEA Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 70 South Africa Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)
Fig. 71 Saudi Arabia Livestock Monitoring market, 2016 - 2028 (USD Million)