Summary

Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market was valued at USD 0.80 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to witness an impressive growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 8.90% through 2029. A Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy is a medical procedure used to obtain tissue samples from the breast for further analysis and diagnosis. It is a minimally invasive technique that helps determine whether a breast lump or abnormality is cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). Core needle biopsies are often performed when imaging tests like mammograms, ultrasounds, or MRI scans reveal suspicious areas in the breast tissue. The procedure involves smaller incisions or punctures compared to surgical biopsies, resulting in less tissue trauma and faster recovery times. Core needle biopsies provide tissue samples that are examined under a microscope, enabling pathologists to accurately determine the nature of the breast abnormality.
Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent cancers globally. The rising incidence of breast cancer drives the demand for accurate and efficient diagnostic procedures like core needle biopsies. The importance of early detection in improving breast cancer outcomes has led to increased emphasis on regular screenings and early diagnosis. Core needle biopsies are crucial for accurately diagnosing and characterizing breast tumors in their early stages. Technological advancements in imaging techniques, such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI, have improved the ability to detect suspicious lesions. These advancements contribute to the demand for core needle biopsies to confirm the nature of these lesions. The trend towards personalized medicine and targeted therapies in oncology requires accurate characterization of tumors. Core needle biopsies provide tissue samples that enable molecular profiling, aiding in personalized treatment decisions. Public awareness campaigns and organized breast cancer screening programs encourage women to undergo routine screenings. These initiatives result in higher detection rates and a subsequent increase in the number of biopsies performed.
Key Market Drivers
Technological Innovations
Advances in imaging technologies like ultrasound, mammography, and MRI have led to more accurate image-guided core needle biopsies. Real-time imaging helps guide the biopsy needle precisely to the target area, improving the accuracy of tissue sampling. Digital breast tomosynthesis, or 3D mammography, provides clearer and more detailed images of breast tissue. This technology enhances the accuracy of biopsies by offering multiple views of the breast from different angles. Robotic-assisted biopsy systems offer increased precision and control during the procedure. These systems can help reduce variability introduced by human factors and enhance the accuracy of tissue sampling. VAB systems use vacuum pressure to gently pull tissue into the biopsy needle, allowing multiple samples to be taken through a single insertion. This improves efficiency and diagnostic yield. Innovations in wireless technology have led to the development of non-invasive localization systems. These systems help surgeons precisely locate and remove breast lesions marked for surgical excision following a biopsy. Software tools integrated with imaging systems can assist in planning biopsy paths, calculating needle trajectory, and optimizing sample collection, leading to more accurate and efficient biopsies. Dual-Energy Contrast-Enhanced Digital Mammography combines contrast-enhanced mammography with 3D imaging, allowing better visualization of abnormal blood vessels associated with cancerous tissue, guiding more accurate biopsies.
For MRI-guided biopsies, specialized biopsy devices designed to be used within the MRI environment have been developed. These devices are made from non-magnetic materials and are compatible with MRI scanners. Although not a core needle biopsy in the traditional sense, liquid biopsies involve analyzing blood samples for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or other biomarkers. These tests provide information about tumor genetics without requiring a tissue sample. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning can aid in the analysis of medical images, helping radiologists and pathologists identify subtle abnormalities that might be missed by the human eye. AI can also assist in planning biopsy paths and predicting the nature of lesions. Advances in needle design focus on reducing tissue damage, improving accuracy, and minimizing patient discomfort. Innovations include self-contained spring-loaded needles and beveled-tip designs. These devices are equipped with sensors to provide real-time feedback during the biopsy procedure, such as tissue stiffness or proximity to critical structures, enhancing the precision of sampling. This factor will help in the development of Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market.
Growing Geriatric Population
As the population ages, the incidence of various health conditions, including breast cancer, tends to increase. Breast cancer risk increases with age. The geriatric population has a higher likelihood of developing breast cancer, necessitating more frequent screenings and diagnostic procedures like core needle biopsies. Older individuals might be at a higher risk of delayed diagnosis due to various factors, including less frequent screening participation. This delay can result in the need for more invasive diagnostic procedures like core needle biopsies. Elderly patients often have comorbidities and complex medical histories, making treatment decisions more intricate. Core needle biopsies provide essential information about tumor characteristics, guiding appropriate treatment planning. Older patients might require personalized treatment plans that consider factors like overall health, medical history, and the aggressiveness of the cancer. Core needle biopsies help provide the necessary information for tailoring treatments.
Core needle biopsies are generally less invasive and have a shorter recovery period compared to surgical biopsies. This is especially relevant for older patients who might have reduced physical resilience. Breast cancer screening guidelines often recommend regular mammograms for women of certain age groups. As women age, the likelihood of needing further evaluation through core needle biopsies due to suspicious findings on mammograms increases. With improvements in healthcare and quality of life, many seniors have longer life expectancies. Detecting and diagnosing breast cancer in this population becomes even more crucial for maintaining quality of life. Early detection of breast cancer significantly improves treatment outcomes. Given that the geriatric population may be at higher risk of aggressive tumors, timely diagnosis through core needle biopsies becomes essential. As the demand for geriatric healthcare services grows, facilities specializing in elderly care are more likely to offer comprehensive diagnostic services, including core needle biopsies. Public health campaigns aimed at increasing breast cancer awareness among the elderly population encourage them to undergo screenings and diagnostic procedures. This factor will pace up the demand of Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market
Screening and Awareness Campaigns
These campaigns are designed to educate the public about the importance of breast cancer detection, encourage regular screenings, and promote early diagnosis. Screening and awareness campaigns often emphasize the importance of early detection in improving breast cancer outcomes. Early detection leads to earlier interventions and a higher likelihood of successful treatment, which can increase the demand for diagnostic procedures like core needle biopsies. These campaigns encourage more individuals, especially those at higher risk or within specific age groups, to undergo breast cancer screenings. Higher participation rates result in the identification of more suspicious lesions that require further evaluation through core needle biopsies. Regular screenings, such as mammograms, might identify abnormalities that require additional testing. Suspicious findings can lead to the recommendation of core needle biopsies to determine the nature of the abnormality. Awareness campaigns educate individuals about the diagnostic process, including core needle biopsies. This demystification can reduce apprehension and increase acceptance of the procedure. Many people have fears or misconceptions about cancer diagnostics. Awareness campaigns work to address these fears, breaking down barriers that might deter individuals from undergoing necessary procedures like core needle biopsies.
Campaigns often target specific demographics, such as certain age groups or high-risk populations. This targeted approach ensures that those who might benefit the most from core needle biopsies are aware of their importance. Regular health check-ups are an essential aspect of early detection. Awareness campaigns encourage routine health visits, where healthcare providers might recommend screenings and subsequent diagnostic procedures like core needle biopsies. Through campaigns, individuals are educated about the advantages of early intervention. If a core needle biopsy confirms the presence of cancer, patients are more likely to receive timely treatment. Awareness campaigns empower individuals by providing information about their healthcare choices. This empowerment can lead to proactive behavior, such as requesting necessary diagnostic procedures. Successful awareness campaigns lead to more early-stage breast cancer diagnoses, which can ultimately result in reduced breast cancer mortality rates. This positive outcome reinforces the importance of screenings and diagnostics like core needle biopsies. Many campaigns include community events, workshops, and support groups. These interactions foster a sense of community and encourage individuals to prioritize their health, including undergoing necessary diagnostic procedures. This factor will accelerate the demand of Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market.
Key Market Challenges
Cost and Reimbursement Issues
These challenges can impact both healthcare providers and patients, affecting the adoption and accessibility of core needle biopsy procedures. Healthcare facilities need to invest in specialized equipment, imaging technologies, and trained personnel to offer core needle biopsies. The initial investment required for these resources can be substantial. Core needle biopsies involve various costs, including equipment maintenance, consumables, imaging guidance, and pathology analysis. These costs can contribute to the overall expenses of the procedure. Healthcare providers often rely on reimbursements from insurance companies or government programs to cover the costs of medical procedures. Inadequate reimbursement rates for core needle biopsies might discourage providers from offering these services. Reimbursement policies can vary based on factors such as the specific procedure, facility type, geographical region, and insurance coverage. This variability can lead to uncertainty for both providers and patients. In some cases, insurance plans might not cover the full cost of core needle biopsies or might not cover them at all. This financial burden can discourage patients from undergoing the procedure. Healthcare providers often need to go through pre-authorization processes, submitting detailed documentation to insurance companies to demonstrate the medical necessity of the procedure. This administrative burden can delay patient care. Patients may be required to cover a portion of the procedure's cost through co-pays, deductibles, or other out-of-pocket expenses. High out-of-pocket costs might deter patients from choosing core needle biopsies.
Diagnostic Accuracy and False Positives/Negatives
Accurate diagnostic results from core needle biopsies are essential for determining the nature of breast lesions. Oncologists rely on these results to formulate effective treatment plans tailored to each patient's condition. False positives (incorrectly identifying cancer) and false negatives (missing cancer) can lead to inappropriate or delayed treatment decisions. Accurate biopsy results are essential for choosing the most suitable treatment strategy. False-positive results can lead to unnecessary anxiety and stress for patients, while false negatives might lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, negatively affecting patient outcomes and mental well-being. In cases of inconclusive or inaccurate core needle biopsy results, patients might need to undergo rebiopsy or additional diagnostic procedures, increasing healthcare costs and patient discomfort. Incorrect diagnoses can strain healthcare resources by requiring additional medical interventions and treatments that could have been avoided with accurate initial diagnoses. Healthcare providers need to implement quality control and assurance measures to minimize the risk of false results. Ensuring consistent accuracy across different facilities and professionals can be challenging. Accurate interpretation of core needle biopsy samples requires skilled pathologists who can differentiate between various breast tissue abnormalities. Ensuring enough skilled pathologists is essential.
Key Market Trends
Preference for Minimally Invasive Procedures
Minimally invasive procedures involve smaller incisions or needle insertions, leading to less tissue trauma and reduced post-procedure discomfort and pain. Patients are more likely to choose core needle biopsies over surgical options due to the associated comfort. Minimally invasive procedures typically result in quicker recovery times compared to traditional surgeries. This is especially beneficial for patients who wish to return to their daily activities as soon as possible. Many minimally invasive core needle biopsies can be performed on an outpatient basis. This convenience allows patients to undergo the procedure and return home on the same day, reducing the need for hospitalization. Minimally invasive techniques usually carry a lower risk of infection, bleeding, and other complications commonly associated with more invasive surgical procedures. Minimally invasive procedures often leave smaller scars or no visible scars, which can be important for patients concerned about cosmetic outcomes. Core needle biopsies are often performed under local anesthesia, reducing the risks associated with general anesthesia and allowing patients to remain awake and comfortable during the procedure. The preference for minimally invasive procedures aligns with patients' desire for less invasive approaches to healthcare. Patients are more likely to agree to recommended procedures when they are perceived as less invasive. Minimally invasive core needle biopsies can be performed in a variety of medical settings, including clinics and outpatient centers, making them more accessible to a broader patient population.
Segmental Insights
Technology Insights
In 2023, the Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market dominated by MRI-Based Breast Biopsy segment in the forecast period and is predicted to continue expanding over the coming years. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) offers high-resolution images of breast tissue, making it highly accurate in identifying suspicious lesions or abnormalities. This accuracy is crucial for guiding the biopsy needle to the precise location of the abnormality, which enhances the diagnostic yield of the biopsy. MRI is particularly effective in detecting and characterizing complex breast lesions that might be difficult to visualize using other imaging modalities. This makes it a valuable tool for identifying lesions that require further investigation through biopsy. For individuals with a high risk of breast cancer due to family history or genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1/BRCA2), MRI-based screening and biopsies can offer better sensitivity in detecting early-stage cancers or precancerous lesions.
End-user Insights
In 2023, the Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Hospitals & Diagnostic Laboratories segment held the largest share and is predicted to continue expanding over the coming years. Hospitals and diagnostic laboratories often serve as centralized locations for various medical tests and procedures. Breast cancer core needle biopsies are performed in these facilities due to the availability of specialized equipment, trained medical personnel, and a controlled environment for sterile procedures. Hospitals and diagnostic laboratories have the necessary infrastructure to conduct a wide range of medical tests and procedures. This includes access to advanced imaging technologies (such as ultrasound, MRI, and mammography) that are often used to guide the needle during the biopsy procedure. Many hospitals employ multidisciplinary teams of experts, including radiologists, pathologists, oncologists, and surgeons. Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment often involve collaboration between these specialists, making hospitals well-equipped to offer comprehensive care, including core needle biopsies.
Regional Insights
The North America region dominates the Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market in 2023. North America, particularly the United States and Canada, has a well-developed and advanced healthcare infrastructure. This includes state-of-the-art medical facilities, research institutions, and a robust regulatory environment that fosters innovation and rapid adoption of new medical technologies. The region has a history of early adoption of advanced medical technologies. This includes diagnostic tools and procedures like breast cancer core needle biopsies. Healthcare providers in North America are often quick to embrace new techniques that can enhance patient care and outcomes. Many leading medical device manufacturers and biotechnology companies are based in North America. This concentration of research and development efforts contributes to the creation of innovative biopsy devices and techniques that attract global attention. North America places a significant emphasis on cancer screening, early detection, and diagnosis. This focus drives the demand for accurate and minimally invasive diagnostic procedures like core needle biopsies.
Key Market Players
• Intact Medical Corporation
• Ethicon Endo Surgery
• Galini SRL
• Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH
• Hologic Inc.
• Argon Medical Devices
• Encapsule Medical Devices LLC.
• Cook Medical Incorporated
• Becton & Dickinson Company
• C.R. Bard, Inc.
Report Scope:
In this report, the Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:
• Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market, By Technology:
o MRI-Based Breast Biopsy
o Ultrasound-Based Breast Biopsy
o Mammography-Based (Stereotactic) Breast Biopsy
o CT-Based Breast Biopsy
o Other Image Based Breast Biopsy
• Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market, By End-user:
o Hospitals & Diagnostic Laboratories
o Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology companies
o Academic & Research Institutes
• Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market, By region:
o North America
 United States
 Canada
 Mexico
o Asia-Pacific
 China
 India
 South Korea
 Australia
 Japan
o Europe
 Germany
 France
 United Kingdom
 Spain
 Italy
o South America
 Brazil
 Argentina
 Colombia
o Middle East & Africa
 South Africa
 Saudi Arabia
 UAE
Competitive Landscape
Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global A Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market.
Available Customizations:
Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market report with the given market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:
Company Information
• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

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Table of Contents

1. Product Overview
1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
1.2.1. Markets Covered
1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. Executive Summary
3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends
4. Impact of COVID-19 on Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market
5. Voice of Customer
6. Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
6.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.1.1. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.2.1. By Technology (MRI-Based Breast Biopsy, Ultrasound-Based Breast Biopsy, Mammography-Based (Stereotactic) Breast Biopsy, CT-Based Breast Biopsy, Other Image Based Breast Biopsy)
6.2.2. By End Use (Hospitals & Diagnostic Laboratories, Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology companies, Academic & Research Institutes)
6.2.3. By Region
6.2.4. By Company (2023)
6.3. Market Map
7. Asia Pacific Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.1.1. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.2.1. By Technology
7.2.2. By End Use
7.2.3. By Country
7.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
7.3.1. China Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.1.1.1. By Value
7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.1.2.1. By Technology
7.3.1.2.2. By End Use
7.3.2. India Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.2.1.1. By Value
7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.2.2.1. By Technology
7.3.2.2.2. By End Use
7.3.3. Australia Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.3.1.1. By Value
7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.3.2.1. By Technology
7.3.3.2.2. By End Use
7.3.4. Japan Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.4.1.1. By Value
7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.4.2.1. By Technology
7.3.4.2.2. By End Use
7.3.5. South Korea Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.5.1.1. By Value
7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.5.2.1. By Technology
7.3.5.2.2. By End Use
8. Europe Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.1.1. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.2.1. By Technology
8.2.2. By End Use
8.2.3. By Country
8.3. Europe: Country Analysis
8.3.1. France Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.1.1.1. By Value
8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.1.2.1. By Technology
8.3.1.2.2. By End Use
8.3.2. Germany Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.2.1.1. By Value
8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.2.2.1. By Technology
8.3.2.2.2. By End Use
8.3.3. Spain Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.3.1.1. By Value
8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.3.2.1. By Technology
8.3.3.2.2. By End Use
8.3.4. Italy Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.4.1.1. By Value
8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.4.2.1. By Technology
8.3.4.2.2. By End Use
8.3.5. United Kingdom Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.5.1.1. By Value
8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.5.2.1. By Technology
8.3.5.2.2. By End Use
9. North America Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
9.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.1.1. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.2.1. By Technology
9.2.2. By End Use
9.2.3. By Country
9.3. North America: Country Analysis
9.3.1. United States Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.1.1.1. By Value
9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.1.2.1. By Technology
9.3.1.2.2. By End Use
9.3.2. Mexico Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.2.1.1. By Value
9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.2.2.1. By Technology
9.3.2.2.2. By End Use
9.3.3. Canada Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.3.1.1. By Value
9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.3.2.1. By Technology
9.3.3.2.2. By End Use
10. South America Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
10.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.1.1. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.2.1. By Technology
10.2.2. By End Use
10.2.3. By Country
10.3. South America: Country Analysis
10.3.1. Brazil Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.1.1.1. By Value
10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.1.2.1. By Technology
10.3.1.2.2. By End Use
10.3.2. Argentina Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.2.1.1. By Value
10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.2.2.1. By Technology
10.3.2.2.2. By End Use
10.3.3. Colombia Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.3.1.1. By Value
10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.3.2.1. By Technology
10.3.3.2.2. By End Use
11. Middle East and Africa Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
11.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.1.1. By Value
11.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.2.1. By Technology
11.2.2. By End Use
11.2.3. By Country
11.3. MEA: Country Analysis
11.3.1. South Africa Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
11.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.1.1.1. By Value
11.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.1.2.1. By Technology
11.3.1.2.2. By End Use
11.3.2. Saudi Arabia Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
11.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.2.1.1. By Value
11.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.2.2.1. By Technology
11.3.2.2.2. By End Use
11.3.3. UAE Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market Outlook
11.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.3.1.1. By Value
11.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.3.2.1. By Technology
11.3.3.2.2. By End Use
12. Market Dynamics
12.1. Drivers
12.2. Challenges
13. Market Trends & Developments
13.1. Recent Developments
13.2. Product Launches
13.3. Mergers & Acquisitions
14. Global Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Market: SWOT Analysis
15. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
15.1. Competition in the Industry
15.2. Potential of New Entrants
15.3. Power of Suppliers
15.4. Power of Customers
15.5. Threat of Substitute Product
16. PESTLE Analysis
17. Competitive Landscape
17.1. Business Overview
17.2. Company Snapshot
17.3. Products & Services
17.4. Financials (In case of listed companies)
17.5. Recent Developments
17.6. SWOT Analysis
17.6.1. Intact Medical Corporation
17.6.2. Ethicon Endo Surgery
17.6.3. Galini SRL
17.6.4. Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH
17.6.5. Hologic Inc.
17.6.6. Argon Medical Devices
17.6.7. Encapsule Medical Devices LLC.
17.6.8. Cook Medical Incorporated
17.6.9. Becton & Dickinson Company
17.6.10. C.R. Bard, Inc.
18. Strategic Recommendations
19. About Us & Disclaimer