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カーペットとラグの世界市場 2022-2026 年
Technavioはカーペットとラグ市場を監視しており、2022-2026年の間に328億ドルの成長が見込まれ、予測期間中にCAGR 4.48%で加速しています。当レポートでは、カーペットとラグ市場の全体的な分析、市場規模と予測、トレンド、成長促進要因、課題、さらに約25社のベンダーを網羅したベンダー分析を行っています。
現在の世界市場のシナリオ、最新動向と促進要因、市場全体の環境について最新の分析を提供しています。市場は、消費者のホームデコレーションへの嗜好の高まり、住宅や商業施設の建設活動数の増加、改築や改装の増加によって牽引されています。
カーペットとラグ市場の分析には、エンドユーザーセグメントと地理的展望が含まれます。
Technavioのカーペットとラグ市場は以下のように区分されています。
エンドユーザー別
- 住宅用
- 商業用
地域別
- 北米
- アジア太平洋地域
- 欧州
- 中近東・アフリカ
- 南米
本調査では、環境に優しいカーペットやラグに対する需要の高まりが、今後数年間のカーペットおよびラグ市場の成長を促進する主要な理由の1つであると見なしています。また、タイルカーペットの採用が進み、カーペットとラグの技術的進歩が市場の大きな需要につながると考えられます。
Technavioは、複数の情報源からのデータを調査、合成、要約し、主要パラメータの分析によって、市場の詳細な姿を提示します。このレポートはカーペットとラグ市場を調査し、以下の内容で構成されています。
- カーペットと敷物市場のサイジング
- カーペットと敷物の市場予測
- カーペットとラグ市場の産業分析
Technavioの強力なベンダー分析は、お客様が市場での地位を向上できるように設計されており、これに沿って本レポートでは、Amer Rugs、Balta Group NV、Berkshire Hathaway Inc、BRINTONS AGNELLA Ltd、Capel Inc.など、いくつかの主要カーペットおよびラグ市場ベンダーについて詳細な分析を提供しています。Engineered Floors LLC、Harounian Rugs International、House of Tai Ping、Inter IKEA Holding BV、Koch Industries Inc、Lowes Companies Inc、Mannton Mills Inc、Milliken and Co、Mohawk Industries Inc、Oriental Weavers Group、Stark Carpet Corp、Tarkett Group、Dixie Group Inc、The Home Depot Inc、および Victoria Plc.などのベンダーが含まれる。また、カーペットとラグ市場の分析レポートには、今後の動向や市場成長に影響を与える課題に関する情報も含まれています。これは、企業が今後訪れるすべての成長機会を戦略的に活用するのに役立つものです。
本調査は、業界の主要参加者からの情報提供を含め、一次情報と二次情報の客観的な組み合わせを使用して実施しました。本レポートには、主要ベンダーの分析に加え、包括的な市場およびベンダーランドスケープが含まれています。本レポートの詳細については、https://www.technavio.com/report/carpets-and-rugs-market-industry-analysis をご覧ください。
Technavioは、利益、価格、競争、プロモーションなどの主要パラメータの分析により、複数のソースからのデータを調査、合成、総括することで、市場の詳細なイメージを提示します。業界の主要な影響力を持つ人物を特定することで、様々な市場の様相を提示しています。提示されるデータは、包括的で信頼性が高く、一次および二次にわたる広範な調査の結果です。Technavioの市場調査レポートは、正確な市場成長を予測するために、完全な競争環境と、定性的および定量的調査を用いた詳細なベンダー選定方法と分析を提供します。

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目次

• 1 Executive Summary
o 1.1 Market overview
o Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
o Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
o Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
o Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
o Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
o Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
o Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
o Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
• 2 Market Landscape
o 2.1 Market ecosystem
o Exhibit 09: Parent market
o Exhibit 10: Market Characteristics
• 3 Market Sizing
o 3.1 Market definition
o Exhibit 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
o 3.2 Market segment analysis
o Exhibit 12: Market segments
o 3.3 Market size 2021
o 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2021-2026
o Exhibit 13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
• 4 Five Forces Analysis
o 4.1 Five forces summary
o Exhibit 17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
o 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
o Exhibit 18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
o 4.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
o Exhibit 19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.4 Threat of new entrants
o Exhibit 20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.5 Threat of substitutes
o Exhibit 21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.6 Threat of rivalry
o Exhibit 22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
o 4.7 Market condition
o Exhibit 23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
• 5 Market Segmentation by End-user
o 5.1 Market segments
o Exhibit 24: Chart on End-user - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 25: Data Table on End-user - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.2 Comparison by End-user
o Exhibit 26: Chart on Comparison by End-user
o Exhibit 27: Data Table on Comparison by End-user
o 5.3 Residential - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 28: Chart on Residential - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 29: Data Table on Residential - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 30: Chart on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 31: Data Table on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.4 Commercial - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 32: Chart on Commercial - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 33: Data Table on Commercial - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 34: Chart on Commercial - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 35: Data Table on Commercial - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 5.5 Market opportunity by End-user
o Exhibit 36: Market opportunity by End-user ($ billion)
• 6 Customer Landscape
o 6.1 Customer landscape overview
o Exhibit 37: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
• 7 Geographic Landscape
o 7.1 Geographic segmentation
o Exhibit 38: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 39: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.2 Geographic comparison
o Exhibit 40: Chart on Geographic comparison
o Exhibit 41: Data Table on Geographic comparison
o 7.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 42: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 43: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 44: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 45: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.4 APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 46: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 47: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 48: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 49: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.5 Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 50: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 51: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 52: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 53: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.6 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 54: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 55: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 56: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 57: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.7 South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 58: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 59: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 60: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 61: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.8 US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 62: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 63: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 64: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 65: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.9 China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 66: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 67: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 68: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 69: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.10 UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 70: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 71: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 72: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 73: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.11 Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 74: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 75: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 76: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 77: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.12 Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
o Exhibit 78: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 79: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
o Exhibit 80: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o Exhibit 81: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
o 7.13 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
o Exhibit 82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
• 8 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends
o 8.1 Market drivers
o 8.2 Market challenges
o 8.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
o Exhibit 83: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
o 8.4 Market trends
• 9 Vendor Landscape
o 9.1 Overview
o 9.2 Vendor landscape
o Exhibit 84: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
o 9.3 Landscape disruption
o Exhibit 85: Overview on factors of disruption
o 9.4 Industry risks
o Exhibit 86: Impact of key risks on business
• 10 Vendor Analysis
o 10.1 Vendors covered
o Exhibit 87: Vendors covered
o 10.2 Market positioning of vendors
o Exhibit 88: Matrix on vendor position and classification
o 10.3 Balta Group NV
o Exhibit 89: Balta Group NV - Overview
o Exhibit 90: Balta Group NV - Business segments
o Exhibit 91: Balta Group NV - Key offerings
o Exhibit 92: Balta Group NV - Segment focus
o 10.4 Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
o Exhibit 93: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. - Overview
o Exhibit 94: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. - Business segments
o Exhibit 95: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. - Key offerings
o Exhibit 96: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. - Segment focus
o 10.5 Dixie Group Inc
o Exhibit 97: Dixie Group Inc - Overview
o Exhibit 98: Dixie Group Inc - Product / Service
o Exhibit 99: Dixie Group Inc - Key offerings
o 10.6 House of Tai Ping
o Exhibit 100: House of Tai Ping - Overview
o Exhibit 101: House of Tai Ping - Product / Service
o Exhibit 102: House of Tai Ping - Key offerings
o 10.7 Inter IKEA Holding BV
o Exhibit 103: Inter IKEA Holding BV - Overview
o Exhibit 104: Inter IKEA Holding BV - Product / Service
o Exhibit 105: Inter IKEA Holding BV - Key offerings
o 10.8 Milliken and Co.
o Exhibit 106: Milliken and Co. - Overview
o Exhibit 107: Milliken and Co. - Product / Service
o Exhibit 108: Milliken and Co. - Key news
o Exhibit 109: Milliken and Co. - Key offerings
o 10.9 Mohawk Industries Inc.
o Exhibit 110: Mohawk Industries Inc. - Overview
o Exhibit 111: Mohawk Industries Inc. - Business segments
o Exhibit 112: Mohawk Industries Inc. - Key offerings
o Exhibit 113: Mohawk Industries Inc. - Segment focus
o 10.10 Oriental Weavers Group
o Exhibit 114: Oriental Weavers Group - Overview
o Exhibit 115: Oriental Weavers Group - Business segments
o Exhibit 116: Oriental Weavers Group - Key offerings
o Exhibit 117: Oriental Weavers Group - Segment focus
o 10.11 Tarkett Group
o Exhibit 118: Tarkett Group - Overview
o Exhibit 119: Tarkett Group - Business segments
o Exhibit 120: Tarkett Group - Key offerings
o Exhibit 121: Tarkett Group - Segment focus
o 10.12 Victoria Plc
o Exhibit 122: Victoria Plc - Overview
o Exhibit 123: Victoria Plc - Business segments
o Exhibit 124: Victoria Plc - Key offerings
o Exhibit 125: Victoria Plc - Segment focus
• 11 Appendix
o 11.1 Scope of the report
o 11.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
o Exhibit 126: Inclusions checklist
o Exhibit 127: Exclusions checklist
o 11.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
o Exhibit 128: Currency conversion rates for US$
o 11.4 Research methodology
o Exhibit 129: Research methodology
o Exhibit 130: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
o Exhibit 131: Information sources
o 11.5 List of abbreviations
o Exhibit 132: List of abbreviations


Exhibits:
Exhibits1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibits4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibits5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
Exhibits6: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibits7: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibits8: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
Exhibits9: Parent market
Exhibits10: Market Characteristics
Exhibits11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
Exhibits12: Market segments
Exhibits13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
Exhibits18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
Exhibits19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
Exhibits24: Chart on End-user - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits25: Data Table on End-user - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits26: Chart on Comparison by End-user
Exhibits27: Data Table on Comparison by End-user
Exhibits28: Chart on Residential - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits29: Data Table on Residential - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits30: Chart on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits31: Data Table on Residential - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits32: Chart on Commercial - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits33: Data Table on Commercial - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits34: Chart on Commercial - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits35: Data Table on Commercial - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits36: Market opportunity by End-user ($ billion)
Exhibits37: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibits38: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits39: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits40: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibits41: Data Table on Geographic comparison
Exhibits42: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits43: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits44: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits45: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits46: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits47: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits48: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits49: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits50: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits51: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits52: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits53: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits54: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits55: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits56: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits57: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits58: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits59: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits60: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits61: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits62: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits63: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits64: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits65: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits66: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits67: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits68: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits69: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits70: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits71: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits72: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits73: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits74: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits75: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits76: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits77: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits78: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits79: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ billion)
Exhibits80: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits81: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
Exhibits83: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits84: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
Exhibits85: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits86: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits87: Vendors covered
Exhibits88: Matrix on vendor position and classification
Exhibits89: Balta Group NV - Overview
Exhibits90: Balta Group NV - Business segments
Exhibits91: Balta Group NV - Key offerings
Exhibits92: Balta Group NV - Segment focus
Exhibits93: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. - Overview
Exhibits94: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits95: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits96: Berkshire Hathaway Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits97: Dixie Group Inc - Overview
Exhibits98: Dixie Group Inc - Product / Service
Exhibits99: Dixie Group Inc - Key offerings
Exhibits100: House of Tai Ping - Overview
Exhibits101: House of Tai Ping - Product / Service
Exhibits102: House of Tai Ping - Key offerings
Exhibits103: Inter IKEA Holding BV - Overview
Exhibits104: Inter IKEA Holding BV - Product / Service
Exhibits105: Inter IKEA Holding BV - Key offerings
Exhibits106: Milliken and Co. - Overview
Exhibits107: Milliken and Co. - Product / Service
Exhibits108: Milliken and Co. - Key news
Exhibits109: Milliken and Co. - Key offerings
Exhibits110: Mohawk Industries Inc. - Overview
Exhibits111: Mohawk Industries Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits112: Mohawk Industries Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits113: Mohawk Industries Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits114: Oriental Weavers Group - Overview
Exhibits115: Oriental Weavers Group - Business segments
Exhibits116: Oriental Weavers Group - Key offerings
Exhibits117: Oriental Weavers Group - Segment focus
Exhibits118: Tarkett Group - Overview
Exhibits119: Tarkett Group - Business segments
Exhibits120: Tarkett Group - Key offerings
Exhibits121: Tarkett Group - Segment focus
Exhibits122: Victoria Plc - Overview
Exhibits123: Victoria Plc - Business segments
Exhibits124: Victoria Plc - Key offerings
Exhibits125: Victoria Plc - Segment focus
Exhibits126: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits127: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits128: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits129: Research methodology
Exhibits130: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits131: Information sources
Exhibits132: List of abbreviations