Summary

Executive Edition Report on Germanium and Gallium Supply-Chain Risk

• • provides information on the dependencies of the Semiconductor industry on the Germanium and Gallium Supply Chains, especially as they relate to the US
• • provides an assessment on the overall supply risk of germanium and gallium to the western world
• • includes information on the sources of these key materials, in what form are they used for semiconductor production, and the importance of their use

Description
This TECHCET Executive Edition provides information on the dependencies of the Semiconductor industry on the Germanium and Gallium Supply Chains, especially as they relate to the US. Information is provided on the sources of these key materials, in what form they are used for semiconductor production, the importance of their use, and China vs. US mining and mineral production capacity. An assessment of the overall supply risk to the Western world is also provided.

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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE EDITION: GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUPPLY CHAIN RISKS FOR THE US AND THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY
C#GeGa-23-Google-100523LS

Tables of Comtents

1    SCOPE    6

2    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY    6

3    GERMANIUM    8
3.1    GERMANIUM OVERVIEW – WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?            8
3.2    GERMANIUM - WHAT KINDS OF SEMICONDUCTOR IS IT USED FOR?        8
3.3    GERMANIUM - WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?                9
3.4    HOW IS IT MADE? FROM ORE TO END USE PRODUCT            10
3.4.1    Leading North American Sources of Germanium:            10
3.4.2    How is GeH4 made?                        11
3.5    SUPPLIERS OF GE END USE PRODUCTS TO THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY    13
3.5.1    US GeH4 Producers                        13
3.5.2    Germanium Sputter Targets and Substrates            14
3.5.3    Tracing the GeH4 Supply Chain                    14
3.6    GERMANIUM US IMPORTS - ORIGINATING LOCATION AND MIX        16
3.7    GERMANIUM - BUILDING NEW US CAPACITY                17
3.8    GERMANIUM – WHO USES IT?  SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MANUFACTURERS    17
3.9    GERMANIUM RAW MATERIAL PRICE TRENDS                18

4    GALLIUM        20
4.1    GALLIUM OVERVIEW – WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?                20
4.2    GALLIUM – WHAT KIND OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES IS IT USED FOR?    20
4.3    GALLIUM WHERE DOES GALLIUM COME FROM?                21
4.4    HOW IS IT MADE? FROM ORE TO END USE PRODUCT            22
4.5    SUPPLIERS OF GA END USE PRODUCTS TO THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY    24
4.5.1    Tracking the Gallium Supply Chain                25
4.6    GALLIUM US IMPORTS - ORIGINATING LOCATION AND MIX        27
4.7    GALLIUM - BUILDING NEW US CAPACITY                28
4.8    GALLIUM – WHO USES IT? SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MANUFACTURERS    28
4.9    GALLIUM RAW MATERIAL PRICE TRENDS                29

5    CHINA GA & GE TRADE RESTRICTIONS    31

6    GALLIUM AND GERMANIUM GEOPOLITICAL RISKS & ASSESSMENT    32

7    REFERENCES    34

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List of Tables/Graphs

FIGURES
FIGURE 1: GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM PRODUCTION BY REGION ESTIMATES        7
FIGURE 2: US GERMANIUM USE APPLICATIONS ESTIMATE (AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL WEIGHT) 2022                            8
FIGURE 3: SILICON-GERMANIUM (SIGE) IS CRUCIAL IN 2NM GAA-FET FABRICATION                            9
FIGURE 4: 2021 GERMANIUM PRODUCTION ESTIMATES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL OUTPUT (TONS)                            10
FIGURE 5: GEO2 AND GECL4 PRODUCTION FROM GE CONCENTRATE            12
FIGURE 6: AIR LIQUIDE (VOLTAIX) GERMANE PLANT IN BRANCHBURG, NJ (USA)    14
FIGURE 7: GERMANIUM ORE TO FINISHED PRODUCTS INTO THE US –SUPPLY CHAIN FLOW                            15
FIGURE 8: GERMANIUM US IMPORTS BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN            17
FIGURE 9: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MANUFACTURERS USING SIGE TECHNOLOGY BY REGION (AS A PERCENT OF 200MM EQUIVALENT CAPACITY*)            18
FIGURE 10: GERMANIUM PRICE TRENDS 2018 TO 2023                19
FIGURE 11: GERMANIUM METAL SHANGHAI METAL MARKET FUTURES (PRICES PER KG)                                19
FIGURE 12: CHINA WROUGHT AND UNWROUGHT GERMANIUM EXPORT FOR JAN – AUG 2023                                20
FIGURE 13: WORLD GALLIUM PRODUCTION AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL VOLUME (METRIC TONS)                                22
FIGURE 14: GALLIUM PRECURSOR SUPPLY CHAIN                23
FIGURE 15: EXAMPLE OF MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY SYSTEM            24
FIGURE 16: GALLIUM ORE TO FINISHED PRODUCTS INTO THE US –SUPPLY CHAIN FLOW                            26
FIGURE 17: US GALLIUM IMPORTS SHOWING COUNTRY DEPENDENCY        28
FIGURE 18: : SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE & LED MANUFACTURERS USING GAAS/GAN/GAP BY REGION                            29
FIGURE 19: GALLIUM METAL PRICE TRENDS 2018-2023                30
FIGURE 20: GALLIUM METAL SHANGHAI METAL MARKET FUTURES (PRICES PER KG)    30
FIGURE 21: CHINA WROUGHT AND UNWROUGHT GA EXPORTS 2023            31

TABLES
TABLE 1: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND THEIR USE OF GERMANIUM            9
TABLE 2: GERMANIUM SEMICONDUCTOR VALUE CHAIN                16
TABLE 3: MOST POPULAR APPLICATIONS FOR GALLIUM SUBSTRATES INCLUDE GAAS AND GAN COMPOUND                            21
TABLE 4: GA-CONTAINING SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESS MATERIALS SUPPLIERS AND LOCATIONS                                25
TABLE 5: GALLIUM SEMICONDUCTOR VALUE CHAIN                27