サマリー

市場分析・洞察：世界の電子機器製造サービス（EMS）市場
COVID-19パンデミックとロシア・ウクライナ戦争の影響により、2023年に553,804百万米ドルと推定されたエレクトロニクス製造サービス（EMS）の世界市場は、2029年までに735,513百万米ドルに改定され、予測期間2023年から2029年の間にCAGR 4.84％で成長すると予測されます。

北米の電子機器製造サービス（EMS）市場は、2023年の149,987百万米ドルから、2023年から2029年の予測期間中にCAGR 3.91%で増加し、2029年には188,841百万米ドルに達すると予測されています。
電子機器製造サービス（EMS）の中国市場は、2023年の141,216百万ドルから2029年には208,333百万ドルに達すると推定され、2023年から2029年の予測期間中にCAGR6.7％で増加する見込みです。
欧州の電子機器製造サービス（EMS）市場は、2023年の121,714百万ドルから2029年には148,697百万ドルに達すると推定され、2023年から2029年の予測期間中にCAGR 3.39%で増加する見込みです。
電子機器製造サービス（EMS）の世界の主要企業は、HONHAI、Pegatron、Flex Ltd、Luxshare、Quanta、Jabil、BYD Electronics、Sanmina、New KINPOなどです。2022年、世界の上位5社の売上高シェアは約49.55％であった。

レポートの内容
本レポートでは、電子機器製造サービス（EMS）の世界市場規模を概観しています。2018年～2022年の過去の市場収益データ、2023年の予測、2029年までのCAGRの予測など、世界市場動向の分析を行っています。
電子機器製造サービス（EMS）の主要生産者を調査し、主要地域や国の収益も掲載しています。電子機器製造サービス（EMS）の今後の市場可能性のハイライトと、この市場を様々なセグメントとサブセグメントに分けて予測するための主要地域/国に焦点を当てます。米国、カナダ、メキシコ、ブラジル、中国、日本、韓国、東南アジア、インド、ドイツ、英国、イタリア、中東、アフリカ、その他諸国の国別データおよび市場価値分析。

本レポートでは、2018年から2023年のデータをもとに、電子機器製造サービス（EMS）の収益、主要企業の市場シェア、業界ランキングに焦点を当てています。世界の電子機器製造サービス（EMS）市場における主要なステークホルダーを特定し、その競争環境と市場ポジショニングを最近の動向とセグメント別の収益に基づき分析します。本レポートは、関係者が競争環境を理解し、より多くの洞察を得て、より良い方法で事業や市場戦略を位置づけるのに役立ちます。
本レポートでは、2018年から2029年までの、タイプ別、用途別のセグメントデータ、収益、成長率を分析しています。電子機器製造サービス（EMS）の収益、予測される成長動向、生産技術、アプリケーション、エンドユーザー産業の市場規模を評価・予測します。
HONHAI、Pegatron、Flex Ltd、Luxshare、Quanta、Jabil、BYD Electronics、Sanmina、New KINPOなど、世界の主要プレイヤーの詳細な会社プロファイル。

企業別
本海
ルクスシェア
ペガトロン
フレックス社
クアンタ
ジャビル
BYDエレクトロニクス
サンマイナ
USI
ニューキンポー
ウィストロン
セレスティカ
PLEXUS
株式会社キズダ
ゾルナー
ファブリネット
カイファ
ベンチャー
ベンチマーク
SIIX
ロングチェア
UMC
MiTAC

タイプ別セグメント
電子部品製造
エンジニアリングサービス
テスト開発・実施
ロジスティクスサービス
その他

用途別セグメント
コンシューマーエレクトロニクス
コンピュータ
通信機器
産業用
オートモーティブエレクトロニクス
その他

地域別
北アメリカ
米国
カナダ

アジア・パシフィック
中国
日本
韓国
中国 台湾
東南アジア
インド
オーストラリア
その他のアジア

ヨーロッパ
ドイツ
フランス
英国
イタリア
ロシア
北欧諸国
その他のヨーロッパ

中近東・アフリカ、中南米
メキシコ
ブラジル
トルコ
GCC諸国
南アフリカ
その他のMEAおよびLA

各章の概要
第1章：報告書のスコープ、各市場セグメント（製品タイプ、アプリケーションなど）の市場規模、将来の開発可能性などのエグゼクティブサマリーを紹介します。市場の現状と、短中期および長期的にどのような進化を遂げる可能性があるのかについて、ハイレベルな視点で解説しています。
第2章 電子機器製造サービス（EMS）の世界および地域レベルでの収益。各地域とその主要国の市場規模と発展可能性を定量的に分析し、世界各国の市場発展、将来の発展見通し、市場スペース、生産能力などを紹介しています。また、市場力学、市場の最新動向、市場の推進要因と制限要因、業界各社が直面する課題とリスク、業界の関連政策の分析などを紹介します。
第3章：電子機器製造サービス（EMS）企業鈥の競争環境、収益、市場シェア、業界ランキング、最新の開発計画、M＆A情報などを詳細に分析。
第4章：各種市場セグメントをタイプ別に分析し、各市場セグメントの収益、発展可能性を網羅し、読者が異なる市場セグメントでブルーオーシャン市場を見つけるのに役立つ情報を提供する。
第5章：アプリケーション別の様々な市場セグメントの分析を提供し、各市場セグメントの収益、開発可能性をカバーし、読者が異なる下流市場でのブルーオーシャン市場を見つけるのに役立ちます。
第6章：北米：タイプ別、アプリケーション別、国別、各セグメント別の収益。
第7章：ヨーロッパ：タイプ別、アプリケーション別、国別、各セグメントごとの収益。
第8章：中国：タイプ別、アプリケーション別、セグメント別収益。
第9章：アジア（中国を除く）：タイプ別、アプリケーション別、地域別、各セグメントごとの収益。
第10章：中東、アフリカ、中南米 タイプ別、用途別、国別、各セグメントごとの収益。
第11章：主要企業のプロファイルを提供し、製品の説明や仕様、電子機器製造サービス（EMS）の収益、粗利益率、最近の開発など、市場の主要企業の基本状況を詳細に紹介する。
第12章 アナリストの視点/結論

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目次

1 Report Overview 1
1.1 Study Scope 1
1.2 Market Analysis by Type 1
1.2.1 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 1
1.2.2 Electronic Manufacturing 3
1.2.3 Engineering Services 3
1.2.4 Test Development & Implementation 3
1.2.5 Logistics Services 3
1.2.6 Others 4
1.3 Market by Application 4
1.3.1 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 4
1.3.2 Consumer Electronics 6
1.3.3 Computer 6
1.3.4 Communications 6
1.3.5 Industrial 7
1.3.6 Automotive Electronics 7
1.3.7 Others 8
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations 8
1.5 Study Objectives 9
1.6 Years Considered 10
2 Global Growth Trends 11
2.1 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Perspective (2018-2029) 11
2.2 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Growth Trends by Region 12
2.2.1 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 13
2.2.2 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023) 15
2.2.3 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029) 15
2.3 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Dynamics 16
2.3.1 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Industry Trends 16
2.3.2 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Drivers 17
2.3.3 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Challenges and Restraints 17
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players 19
3.1 Global Revenue Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) by Players 19
3.1.1 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Revenue by Players (2018-2023) 19
3.1.2 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023) 20
3.2 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) 22
3.3 Global Key Players of Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS), Ranking by Revenue, 2021 VS 2022 VS 2023 24
3.4 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Concentration Ratio 26
3.4.1 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Concentration Ratio (CR5) 26
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Revenue in 2022 27
3.5 Global Key Players of Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Head office and Founded Time 28
3.6 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 29
4 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Breakdown Data by Type 30
4.1 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023) 30
4.2 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029) 31
5 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Breakdown Data by Application 32
5.1 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023) 32
5.2 Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029) 33
6 North America 34
6.1 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size (2018-2029) 34
6.2 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type 34
6.2.1 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2018-2023) 34
6.2.2 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2024-2029) 35
6.2.3 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Type (2018-2029) 36
6.3 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application 37
6.3.1 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2018-2023) 37
6.3.2 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2024-2029) 37
6.3.3 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Application (2018-2029) 38
6.4 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country 39
6.4.1 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 39
6.4.2 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country (2018-2023) 39
6.4.3 North America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Country (2024-2029) 40
6.4.4 United States 41
6.4.5 Canada 42
7 Europe 43
7.1 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size (2018-2029) 43
7.2 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type 43
7.2.1 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2018-2023) 43
7.2.2 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2024-2029) 44
7.2.3 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Type (2018-2029) 45
7.3 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application 46
7.3.1 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2018-2023) 46
7.3.2 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2024-2029) 46
7.3.3 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Application (2018-2029) 47
7.4 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country 48
7.4.1 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 48
7.4.2 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country (2018-2023) 48
7.4.3 Europe Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country (2024-2029) 49
7.4.4 Germany 51
7.4.5 France 52
7.4.6 U.K. 53
7.4.7 Italy 54
7.4.8 Russia 55
7.4.9 Nordic Countries 56
8 China 57
8.1 China Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size (2018-2029) 57
8.2 China Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type 57
8.2.1 China Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2018-2023) 57
8.2.2 China Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2024-2029) 58
8.2.3 China Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Type (2018-2029) 59
8.3 China Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application 60
8.3.1 China Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2018-2023) 60
8.3.2 China Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2024-2029) 60
8.3.3 China Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Application (2018-2029) 61
9 Asia (excluding China) 62
9.1 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size (2018-2029) 62
9.2 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type 62
9.2.1 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2018-2023) 62
9.2.2 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2024-2029) 63
9.2.3 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Type (2018-2029) 64
9.3 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application 65
9.3.1 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2018-2023) 65
9.3.2 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2024-2029) 65
9.3.3 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Application (2018-2029) 66
9.4 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Region 67
9.4.1 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 67
9.4.2 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Region (2018-2023) 67
9.4.3 Asia Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Region (2024-2029) 68
9.4.4 Japan 69
9.4.5 South Korea 70
9.4.6 China Taiwan 71
9.4.7 Southeast Asia 72
9.4.8 India 73
9.4.9 Australia 74
10 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America 75
10.1 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size (2018-2029) 75
10.2 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type 75
10.2.1 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2018-2023) 75
10.2.2 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Type (2024-2029) 76
10.2.3 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Type (2018-2029) 77
10.3 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application 78
10.3.1 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2018-2023) 78
10.3.2 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Application (2024-2029) 78
10.3.3 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Share by Application (2018-2029) 79
10.4 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country 80
10.4.1 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 80
10.4.2 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country (2018-2023) 80
10.4.3 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Market Size by Country (2024-2029) 81
10.4.4 Brazil 83
10.4.5 Mexico 84
10.4.6 Turkey 85
10.4.7 GCC Countries 86
10.4.8 South Africa 87
11 Key Players Profiles 88
11.1 HONHAI 88
11.1.1 HONHAI Company Details 88
11.1.2 HONHAI Business Overview 88
11.1.3 HONHAI Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 89
11.1.4 HONHAI Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 90
11.1.5 HONHAI Recent Development 90
11.2 Luxshare 91
11.2.1 Luxshare Company Details 91
11.2.2 Luxshare Business Overview 92
11.2.3 Luxshare Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 92
11.2.4 Luxshare Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 94
11.2.5 Luxshare Recent Development 94
11.3 Pegatron 94
11.3.1 Pegatron Company Details 94
11.3.2 Pegatron Business Overview 95
11.3.3 Pegatron Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 95
11.3.4 Pegatron Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 97
11.3.5 Pegatron Recent Development 97
11.4 Flex Ltd 98
11.4.1 Flex Ltd Company Details 98
11.4.2 Flex Ltd Business Overview 98
11.4.3 Flex Ltd Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 99
11.4.4 Flex Ltd Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 101
11.4.5 Flex Ltd Recent Development 102
11.5 Quanta 102
11.5.1 Quanta Company Details 102
11.5.2 Quanta Business Overview 103
11.5.3 Quanta Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 103
11.5.4 Quanta Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 106
11.5.5 Quanta Recent Development 106
11.6 Jabil 107
11.6.1 Jabil Company Details 107
11.6.2 Jabil Business Overview 107
11.6.3 Jabil Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 108
11.6.4 Jabil Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 109
11.6.5 Jabil Recent Development 109
11.7 BYD Electronics 110
11.7.1 BYD Electronics Company Details 110
11.7.2 BYD Electronics Business Overview 110
11.7.3 BYD Electronics Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 111
11.7.4 BYD Electronics Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 112
11.7.5 BYD Electronics Recent Development 112
11.8 Sanmina 112
11.8.1 Sanmina Company Details 112
11.8.2 Sanmina Business Overview 113
11.8.3 Sanmina Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 114
11.8.4 Sanmina Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 115
11.8.5 Sanmina Recent Development 115
11.9 USI 116
11.9.1 USI Company Details 116
11.9.2 USI Business Overview 117
11.9.3 USI Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 117
11.9.4 USI Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 118
11.9.5 USI Recent Development 118
11.10 New KINPO 119
11.10.1 New KINPO Company Details 119
11.10.2 New KINPO Business Overview 119
11.10.3 New KINPO Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 120
11.10.4 New KINPO Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 122
11.10.5 New KINPO Recent Development 122
11.11 Wistron 123
11.11.1 Wistron Company Details 123
11.11.2 Wistron Business Overview 123
11.11.3 Wistron Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 124
11.11.4 Wistron Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 125
11.11.5 Wistron Recent Development 125
11.12 Celestica 126
11.12.1 Celestica Company Details 126
11.12.2 Celestica Business Overview 126
11.12.3 Celestica Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 127
11.12.4 Celestica Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 128
11.12.5 Celestica Recent Development 128
11.13 PLEXUS 129
11.13.1 PLEXUS Company Details 129
11.13.2 PLEXUS Business Overview 129
11.13.3 PLEXUS Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 130
11.13.4 PLEXUS Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 131
11.13.5 PLEXUS Recent Development 131
11.14 Qisda Corporation 131
11.14.1 Qisda Corporation Company Details 131
11.14.2 Qisda Corporation Business Overview 132
11.14.3 Qisda Corporation Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 133
11.14.4 Qisda Corporation Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 133
11.14.5 Qisda Corporation Recent Development 134
11.15 Zollner 134
11.15.1 Zollner Company Details 134
11.15.2 Zollner Business Overview 135
11.15.3 Zollner Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 135
11.15.4 Zollner Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 136
11.15.5 Zollner Recent Development 137
11.16 Fabrinet 137
11.16.1 Fabrinet Company Details 137
11.16.2 Fabrinet Business Overview 137
11.16.3 Fabrinet Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 138
11.16.4 Fabrinet Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 139
11.16.5 Fabrinet Recent Development 139
11.17 Kaifa 140
11.17.1 Kaifa Company Details 140
11.17.2 Kaifa Business Overview 140
11.17.3 Kaifa Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 141
11.17.4 Kaifa Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 142
11.17.5 Kaifa Recent Development 142
11.18 Venture 142
11.18.1 Venture Company Details 142
11.18.2 Venture Business Overview 143
11.18.3 Venture Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 144
11.18.4 Venture Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 144
11.18.5 Venture Recent Development 145
11.19 Benchmark 145
11.19.1 Benchmark Company Details 145
11.19.2 Benchmark Business Overview 146
11.19.3 Benchmark Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 147
11.19.4 Benchmark Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 147
11.19.5 Benchmark Recent Development 148
11.20 SIIX 148
11.20.1 SIIX Company Details 148
11.20.2 SIIX Business Overview 149
11.20.3 SIIX Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 149
11.20.4 SIIX Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 150
11.20.5 SIIX Recent Development 150
11.21 Longcheer 150
11.21.1 Longcheer Company Details 150
11.21.2 Longcheer Business Overview 151
11.21.3 Longcheer Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 151
11.21.4 Longcheer Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 153
11.21.5 Longcheer Recent Development 153
11.22 UMC 153
11.22.1 UMC Company Details 153
11.22.2 UMC Business Overview 154
11.22.3 UMC Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 154
11.22.4 UMC Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 156
11.22.5 UMC Recent Development 156
11.23 MiTAC 156
11.23.1 MiTAC Company Details 156
11.23.2 MiTAC Business Overview 157
11.23.3 MiTAC Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Introduction 157
11.23.4 MiTAC Revenue in Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) Business (2018-2023) 158
11.23.5 MiTAC Recent Development 158
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions 159
13 Appendix 160
13.1 Research Methodology 160
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach 160
13.1.2 Data Source 163
13.2 Author Details 166
13.3 Disclaimer 169