|
1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
|
1.1. |
What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
|
1.2. |
Why CCUS and why now? |
|
1.3. |
Development of the CCUS business model |
|
1.4. |
Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
|
1.5. |
Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
|
1.6. |
Alternative to carbon pricing: 45Q tax credits |
|
1.7. |
Capture from certain industries is already profitable |
|
1.8. |
CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, hubs and clusters |
|
1.9. |
The CCUS value chain |
|
1.10. |
From which sectors has CO₂ been captured historically? |
|
1.11. |
CCUS could help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors |
|
1.12. |
High-concentration CO₂ sources are the low-hanging fruits |
|
1.13. |
Which sectors will dominate CCUS? |
|
1.14. |
Point-source carbon capture capacity forecast by CO₂ source sector, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
1.15. |
Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Gas and power |
|
1.16. |
Main CO₂ capture systems |
|
1.17. |
Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon capture technologies |
|
1.18. |
Comparison of CO₂ capture technologies |
|
1.19. |
Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
|
1.20. |
Solid sorbent-based CO₂ separation |
|
1.21. |
Selecting a carbon capture technology |
|
1.22. |
What is direct air capture (DAC)? |
|
1.23. |
DAC: key takeaways |
|
1.24. |
Introduction to CO₂ transportation |
|
1.25. |
Key takeaways - CO₂ transportation |
|
1.26. |
CO₂ Utilization |
|
1.27. |
Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications |
|
1.28. |
Analyst viewpoint - CO₂ utilization |
|
1.29. |
CO₂ storage |
|
1.30. |
CCUS capacity forecast by CO₂ endpoint, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
1.31. |
CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Discussion |
|
1.32. |
Key takeaways - CO₂ storage |
|
1.33. |
Mixed performance from CCUS projects |
|
1.34. |
The momentum behind CCUS is building up |
|
1.35. |
CCUS market forecast - Overall discussion |
|
1.36. |
Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
|
2. |
INTRODUCTION |
|
2.1. |
What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
|
2.2. |
Why CCUS and why now? |
|
2.3. |
CCUS could help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors |
|
2.4. |
The CCUS value chain |
|
2.5. |
Carbon capture |
|
2.6. |
The challenges in carbon capture |
|
2.7. |
Why CO₂ utilization? |
|
2.8. |
Carbon utilization |
|
2.9. |
Main emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
|
2.10. |
Carbon storage |
|
2.11. |
Carbon transport |
|
2.12. |
The costs of CCUS |
|
2.13. |
When can CCUS be considered net-zero? |
|
2.14. |
The challenges in CCUS |
|
3. |
BUSINESS MODELS FOR CCUS |
|
3.1. |
Introduction |
|
3.1.1. |
Development of the CCUS business model |
|
3.1.2. |
Government funding support mechanisms for CCUS |
|
3.1.3. |
Government ownership of CCUS projects varies across countries |
|
3.1.4. |
CCUS business model: full value chain |
|
3.1.5. |
CCUS business model: networks and hub model |
|
3.1.6. |
CCUS industrial clusters in the UK: East Coast Cluster |
|
3.1.7. |
CCUS industrial clusters in the UK: HyNet |
|
3.1.8. |
CCUS industrial clusters in the UK: conclusions |
|
3.1.9. |
Part chain CCUS business models |
|
3.1.10. |
Why CO₂ utilization should not be overlooked |
|
3.2. |
Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
|
3.2.1. |
Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
|
3.2.2. |
Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
|
3.2.3. |
What is the price of CO₂ in global carbon pricing mechanisms? |
|
3.2.4. |
The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) |
|
3.2.5. |
Has the EU ETS had an impact? |
|
3.2.6. |
Carbon pricing in the US |
|
3.2.7. |
Alternative to carbon pricing: 45Q tax credits |
|
3.2.8. |
Carbon pricing in China |
|
3.2.9. |
The role of voluntary carbon markets in supporting CCUS |
|
3.2.10. |
Carbon accounting: double counting is not allowed |
|
3.2.11. |
Challenges with carbon pricing |
|
3.2.12. |
How high does carbon pricing need to be to support CCS? |
|
4. |
STATUS OF THE CCUS INDUSTRY |
|
4.1. |
The momentum behind CCUS is building up |
|
4.2. |
Momentum: Government support for CCUS |
|
4.3. |
Supportive legal and regulatory framework for CCUS |
|
4.4. |
Global pipeline of carbon capture facilities built and announced |
|
4.5. |
Analysis of CCUS development |
|
4.6. |
CO₂ source: From which sectors has CO₂ been captured historically? |
|
4.7. |
Which sectors will see the biggest growth in CCUS? |
|
4.8. |
CO₂ fate: Where does/will the captured CO₂ go? |
|
4.9. |
Regional analysis of CCUS Projects |
|
4.10. |
Major CCUS players |
|
4.11. |
Mixed performance from CCUS projects |
|
4.12. |
Major CCUS projects performance comparison (1/3) |
|
4.13. |
Major CCUS projects performance comparison (2/3) |
|
4.14. |
Major CCUS projects performance comparison (3/3) |
|
4.15. |
Boundary Dam - battling capture technical issues |
|
4.16. |
Petra Nova's long shutdown: lessons for the industry? |
|
4.17. |
How much does CCUS cost? |
|
4.18. |
Enabling large-scale CCUS |
|
5. |
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE |
|
5.1. |
Introduction |
|
5.1.1. |
Main CO₂ capture systems |
|
5.1.2. |
The CCUS value chain |
|
5.1.3. |
Status of point source carbon capture |
|
5.1.4. |
Comparison of point-source CO₂ capture systems |
|
5.1.5. |
Natural gas sweetening |
|
5.1.6. |
Post-combustion CO₂ capture |
|
5.1.7. |
Post-combustion: Equipment space requirements |
|
5.1.8. |
Pre-combustion CO₂ capture |
|
5.1.9. |
Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
|
5.1.10. |
Main CO₂ capture technologies |
|
5.1.11. |
Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon capture technologies |
|
5.1.12. |
Carbon capture technology providers for existing large-scale projects |
|
5.1.13. |
Comparison of CO₂ capture technologies |
|
5.1.14. |
When should different carbon capture technologies be used? |
|
5.1.15. |
Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies |
|
5.1.16. |
Carbon capture |
|
5.1.17. |
Going beyond CO₂ capture rates of 90% |
|
5.1.18. |
99% capture rate: Suitability of different PSCC technologies |
|
5.1.19. |
The challenges in carbon capture |
|
5.1.20. |
CO₂ capture: Technological gaps |
|
5.1.21. |
Metrics for CO₂ capture agents |
|
5.1.22. |
CO₂ concentration and partial pressure varies with emission source |
|
5.1.23. |
How does CO₂ partial pressure influence cost? |
|
5.1.24. |
High-concentration CO₂ sources are the low-hanging fruits |
|
5.1.25. |
PSCC technologies: Cost, energy demand, and CO₂ recovery |
|
5.1.26. |
Techno-economic comparison of CO₂ capture technologies (1/2) |
|
5.1.27. |
Techno-economic comparison of CO₂ capture technologies (2/2) |
|
5.2. |
Solvents for CO₂ capture |
|
5.2.1. |
Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
|
5.2.2. |
Chemical absorption solvents |
|
5.2.3. |
Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption |
|
5.2.4. |
Hot Potassium Carbonate (HPC) process |
|
5.2.5. |
Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (1/2) |
|
5.2.6. |
Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (2/2) |
|
5.2.7. |
Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (1/2) |
|
5.2.8. |
Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (2/2) |
|
5.2.9. |
Physical absorption solvents |
|
5.2.10. |
Comparison of key physical absorption solvents |
|
5.2.11. |
Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects |
|
5.2.12. |
Innovation addressing solvent-based CO₂ capture drawbacks |
|
5.2.13. |
When should solvent-based carbon capture be used? |
|
5.3. |
Emerging solvents for carbon capture |
|
5.3.1. |
Innovation in carbon capture solvents |
|
5.3.2. |
Chilled ammonia process (CAP) |
|
5.3.3. |
Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems - emerging |
|
5.3.4. |
Applicability of chemical absorption solvents capture solvents for post-combustion applications |
|
5.3.5. |
Next generation solvent technologies for point-source carbon capture |
|
5.4. |
Sorbents for CO₂ capture |
|
5.4.1. |
Solid sorbent-based CO₂ separation |
|
5.4.2. |
Overview of solid sorbents explored for carbon capture |
|
5.4.3. |
Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents |
|
5.4.4. |
Zeolite-based adsorbents |
|
5.4.5. |
Solid amine-based adsorbents |
|
5.4.6. |
Carbon-based adsorbents |
|
5.4.7. |
Polymer-based adsorbents |
|
5.4.8. |
Solid sorbents in pre-combustion applications |
|
5.4.9. |
Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS) |
|
5.4.10. |
Solid sorbents in post-combustion applications |
|
5.4.11. |
Comparison of emerging solid sorbent systems |
|
5.5. |
Membrane-based CO₂ capture |
|
5.5.1. |
Membrane-based CO₂ separation |
|
5.5.2. |
Membranes: Operating principles |
|
5.5.3. |
How is membrane performance characterised? |
|
5.5.4. |
Technical advantages and challenges for membrane-based CO₂ separation |
|
5.5.5. |
Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS (1/2) |
|
5.5.6. |
Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS (2/2) |
|
5.5.7. |
Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture (1/2) |
|
5.5.8. |
Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture (2/2) |
|
5.5.9. |
Membranes for post-combustion CO₂ capture |
|
5.5.10. |
Facilitated transport membranes could unlock low-cost operating conditions |
|
5.5.11. |
When should be membrane carbon capture be used? |
|
5.5.12. |
Membranes for pre-combustion capture (1/2) |
|
5.5.13. |
Membranes for pre-combustion capture (2/2) |
|
5.5.14. |
Key development areas for membranes in carbon capture |
|
5.6. |
Cryogenic CO₂ capture |
|
5.6.1. |
Cryogenic CO₂ capture: an emerging alternative |
|
5.6.2. |
When should cryogenic carbon capture be used? |
|
5.6.3. |
Status of cryogenic CO₂ capture technologies |
|
5.6.4. |
Cryogenic CO₂ capture in blue hydrogen: Cryocap™ |
|
5.7. |
Oxyfuel combustion capture |
|
5.7.1. |
Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
|
5.7.2. |
Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion |
|
5.7.3. |
Oxyfuel CCUS projects in the cement industry |
|
5.7.4. |
Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects in the pipeline |
|
5.7.5. |
Oxyfuel CCUS in the power generation industry |
|
5.7.6. |
Novel oxyfuel: Chemical looping combustion (CLC) |
|
5.8. |
Novel CO₂ capture technologies |
|
5.8.1. |
LEILAC process: Direct CO₂ capture in cement plants |
|
5.8.2. |
LEILAC process: Configuration options |
|
5.8.3. |
Calcium Looping (CaL) |
|
5.8.4. |
Calcium Looping (CaL) configuration options |
|
5.8.5. |
CO₂ capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) |
|
5.8.6. |
CO₂ capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) |
|
5.8.7. |
The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle |
|
5.8.8. |
Summary: PSCC technology readiness and providers (1/2) |
|
5.8.9. |
Summary: PSCC technology readiness and providers (2/2) |
|
5.9. |
Point-source Carbon Capture in Key Industrial Sectors |
|
5.9.1. |
Which sectors will see the biggest growth in CCUS? |
|
5.9.2. |
Capture costs vary by sector |
|
5.9.3. |
Power plants with CCUS generate less energy |
|
5.9.4. |
The impact of PSCC on power plant efficiency |
|
5.9.5. |
The cost of increasing the rate of CO₂ capture in the power sector |
|
5.9.6. |
Blue Hydrogen Production and Markets 2023-2033: Technologies, Forecasts, Players |
|
5.9.7. |
Blue hydrogen: main syngas production technologies |
|
5.9.8. |
Blue hydrogen production - SMR with CCUS |
|
5.9.9. |
Pre- vs post-combustion CO₂ capture for blue hydrogen |
|
5.9.10. |
CO₂ capture retrofit options for blue H2 production (1/2) |
|
5.9.11. |
CO₂ capture retrofit options for blue H2 production (2/2) |
|
5.9.12. |
CO₂ capture retrofit options - Honeywell UOP example |
|
5.9.13. |
Example project value chain |
|
5.9.14. |
Notable blue hydrogen projects |
|
5.9.15. |
Cost comparison: Commercial CO₂ capture systems for blue H2 |
|
5.9.16. |
The cost of CO₂ capture in blue hydrogen production |
|
5.9.17. |
CO₂ capture for blue hydrogen production |
|
5.9.18. |
Summary of point-source carbon capture for blue H2 |
|
5.9.19. |
Early CCUS opportunity: BECCS |
|
5.9.20. |
The role of CCUS in decarbonizing cement |
|
5.9.21. |
Status of carbon capture in the cement industry |
|
5.9.22. |
Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector |
|
5.9.23. |
Carbon capture technologies demonstrated in the cement sector |
|
5.9.24. |
SkyMine® chemical absorption: The largest CCU demonstration in the cement sector |
|
5.9.25. |
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) in the cement sector: Fortera's ReCarb™ |
|
5.9.26. |
Algae CO₂ capture from cement plants |
|
5.9.27. |
Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector |
|
5.9.28. |
Maritime carbon capture: Onboard Carbon Capture and Storage |
|
5.10. |
Direct Air Capture |
|
5.10.1. |
DAC vs point-source carbon capture |
|
5.10.2. |
What is direct air capture (DAC)? |
|
5.10.3. |
Why DACCS as a CDR solution? |
|
5.10.4. |
Current status of DACCS |
|
5.10.5. |
Momentum: private investments in DAC |
|
5.10.6. |
Momentum: public investment and policy support for DAC |
|
5.10.7. |
Momentum: DAC-specific regulation |
|
5.10.8. |
DAC land requirement is an advantage |
|
5.10.9. |
CO₂ capture/separation mechanisms in DAC |
|
5.10.10. |
Direct air capture technologies |
|
5.10.11. |
DAC solid sorbent swing adsorption processes (1/2) |
|
5.10.12. |
DAC solid sorbent swing adsorption processes (2/2) |
|
5.10.13. |
Electro-swing adsorption of CO₂ for DAC |
|
5.10.14. |
Solid sorbents in DAC |
|
5.10.15. |
Emerging solid sorbent materials for DAC |
|
5.10.16. |
Liquid solvent-based DAC |
|
5.10.17. |
Process flow diagram of S-DAC |
|
5.10.18. |
Process flow diagram of L-DAC |
|
5.10.19. |
Process flow diagram of CaO looping |
|
5.10.20. |
Solid sorbent- vs liquid solvent-based DAC |
|
5.10.21. |
Electricity and heat sources |
|
5.10.22. |
Requirements to capture 1 Mt of CO₂ per year |
|
5.10.23. |
DAC companies by country |
|
5.10.24. |
Direct air capture company landscape |
|
5.10.25. |
A comparison of the three DAC pioneers |
|
5.10.26. |
TRLs of direct air capture players |
|
5.10.27. |
Climeworks |
|
5.10.28. |
Carbon Engineering |
|
5.10.29. |
Global Thermostat |
|
5.10.30. |
Heirloom |
|
5.10.31. |
DACCS carbon credit sales by company |
|
5.10.32. |
Challenges associated with DAC technology (1/2) |
|
5.10.33. |
Challenges associated with DAC technology (2/2) |
|
5.10.34. |
Oil and gas sector involvement in DAC |
|
5.10.35. |
DACCS co-location with geothermal energy |
|
5.10.36. |
Will DAC be deployed in time to make a difference? |
|
5.10.37. |
What can DAC learn from the wind and solar industries' scale-up? |
|
5.10.38. |
What is needed for DAC to achieve the gigatonne capacity by 2050? |
|
5.10.39. |
The economics of DAC |
|
5.10.40. |
The CAPEX of DAC |
|
5.10.41. |
The CAPEX of DAC: sub-system contribution |
|
5.10.42. |
The OPEX of DAC |
|
5.10.43. |
Overall capture cost of DAC (1/2) |
|
5.10.44. |
Overall capture cost of DAC (2/2) |
|
5.10.45. |
Component specific capture cost contributions for DACCS |
|
5.10.46. |
Financing DAC |
|
5.10.47. |
DACCS SWOT analysis |
|
5.10.48. |
DACCS: summary |
|
5.10.49. |
DAC: key takeaways |
|
6. |
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL (CDR) |
|
6.1. |
Introduction |
|
6.1.1. |
Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) 2024-2044: Technologies, Players, Carbon Credit Markets, and Forecasts |
|
6.1.2. |
Why carbon dioxide removal (CDR)? |
|
6.1.3. |
What is CDR and how is it different from CCUS? |
|
6.1.4. |
Description of the main CDR methods |
|
6.1.5. |
Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon dioxide removal methods |
|
6.1.6. |
The state of CDR in compliance markets |
|
6.1.7. |
The state of CDR in the voluntary carbon market |
|
6.1.8. |
Shifting buyer preferences for durable CDR in carbon credit markets |
|
6.2. |
BECCS |
|
6.2.1. |
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) |
|
6.2.2. |
Opportunities in BECCS: heat generation |
|
6.2.3. |
The economics of BECCS |
|
6.2.4. |
Opportunities in BECCS: waste-to-energy |
|
6.2.5. |
BECCS Value Chain |
|
6.2.6. |
BECCS current status |
|
6.2.7. |
Trends in BECCUS projects (1/2) |
|
6.2.8. |
Trends in BECCUS projects (2/2) |
|
6.2.9. |
The challenges of BECCS |
|
6.2.10. |
What is the business model for BECCS? |
|
6.2.11. |
BECCS carbon credits |
|
6.2.12. |
The energy and carbon efficiency of BECCS |
|
6.2.13. |
Is BECCS sustainable? |
|
6.2.14. |
BECCS Outlook: Government support and large-scale demonstrations needed |
|
6.2.15. |
Ocean-based NETs |
|
6.2.16. |
Direct ocean capture |
|
6.2.17. |
State of technology in direct ocean capture |
|
6.2.18. |
Future direct ocean capture technologies |
|
6.2.19. |
Ocean-based CDR: key takeaways |
|
6.3. |
Ocean-based CDR and direct ocean capture |
|
6.3.1. |
Biochar: key takeaways |
|
6.3.2. |
Afforestation and reforestation: key takeaways |
|
6.3.3. |
Mineralization: key takeaways |
|
6.3.4. |
CDR technologies: key takeaways |
|
7. |
CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION |
|
7.1. |
Introduction |
|
7.1.1. |
Carbon Dioxide Utilization 2024-2044: Technologies, Market Forecasts, and Players |
|
7.1.2. |
Why CO₂ utilization? |
|
7.1.3. |
How is CO₂ used and sourced today? |
|
7.1.4. |
CO₂ utilization pathways |
|
7.1.5. |
Emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
|
7.1.6. |
Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications |
|
7.1.7. |
Factors driving CO₂ U future market potential |
|
7.1.8. |
Carbon utilization potential and climate benefits |
|
7.1.9. |
Cost effectiveness of CO₂ utilization applications |
|
7.1.10. |
Traction in CO₂ U: funding worldwide |
|
7.1.11. |
Technology readiness and climate benefits of CO₂ U pathways |
|
7.1.12. |
When can CO₂ utilization be considered "net-zero"? |
|
7.1.13. |
How is CO₂ utilization treated in existing regulations? |
|
7.1.14. |
CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (i) |
|
7.1.15. |
CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (ii) |
|
7.1.16. |
Carbon utilization business models |
|
7.2. |
CO₂ -derived concrete |
|
7.2.1. |
The Basic Chemistry: CO₂ Mineralization |
|
7.2.2. |
CO₂ use in the cement and concrete supply chain |
|
7.2.3. |
CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
|
7.2.4. |
CO₂ utilization in carbonates (aggregates and additives) |
|
7.2.5. |
CO₂ -derived carbonates from waste |
|
7.2.6. |
CO₂ -derived carbonates from waste (ii) |
|
7.2.7. |
The market potential of CO₂ use in the construction industry |
|
7.2.8. |
Supplying CO₂ to a decentralized concrete industry |
|
7.2.9. |
Future of CO₂ supply for concrete |
|
7.2.10. |
Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets |
|
7.2.11. |
Market dynamics of cement and concrete |
|
7.2.12. |
CO₂ U business models in building materials |
|
7.2.13. |
CO₂ utilization players in mineralization |
|
7.2.14. |
Concrete carbon footprint of key CO₂ U companies |
|
7.2.15. |
Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived building materials |
|
7.2.16. |
Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived building materials (ii) |
|
7.2.17. |
Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived building materials (iii) |
|
7.3. |
CO₂ -derived chemicals and polymers |
|
7.3.1. |
CO₂ can be converted into a giant range of chemicals |
|
7.3.2. |
Using CO₂ as a feedstock is energy-intensive |
|
7.3.3. |
The basics: types of CO₂ utilization reactions |
|
7.3.4. |
CO₂ may need to be first converted into CO or syngas |
|
7.3.5. |
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: syngas to hydrocarbons |
|
7.3.6. |
Direct Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: CO₂ to hydrocarbons |
|
7.3.7. |
Electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
|
7.3.8. |
Electrochemical CO₂ reduction technologies |
|
7.3.9. |
Low-temperature electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
|
7.3.10. |
High-temperature solid oxide electrolyzers |
|
7.3.11. |
Cost parity has been a challenge for CO₂ -derived methanol |
|
7.3.12. |
Thermochemical methods: CO₂ -derived methanol |
|
7.3.13. |
Major CO₂ -derived methanol projects |
|
7.3.14. |
Aromatic hydrocarbons from CO₂ |
|
7.3.15. |
"Artificial photosynthesis" - photocatalytic reduction methods |
|
7.3.16. |
Plasma technology for CO₂ conversion |
|
7.3.17. |
Major pathways to convert CO₂ into polymers |
|
7.3.18. |
CO₂ -derived linear-chain polycarbonates |
|
7.3.19. |
Commercial production of polycarbonate from CO₂ |
|
7.3.20. |
Commercial production of CO₂ -derived polymers |
|
7.3.21. |
Carbon nanostructures made from CO₂ |
|
7.3.22. |
Players in CO₂ -derived chemicals by end-product |
|
7.3.23. |
CO₂-derived chemicals: Market potential |
|
7.3.24. |
Are CO₂ -derived chemicals climate beneficial? |
|
7.3.25. |
Centralized or distributed chemical manufacturing? |
|
7.3.26. |
Could the chemical industry run on CO₂ ? |
|
7.3.27. |
Which CO₂ U technologies are more suitable to which products? |
|
7.3.28. |
Technical feasibility of main CO₂ -derived chemicals |
|
7.3.29. |
Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived chemicals |
|
7.4. |
CO₂ -derived fuels |
|
7.4.1. |
What are CO₂ -derived fuels (power-to-X)? |
|
7.4.2. |
CO₂ can be converted into a variety of fuels |
|
7.4.3. |
Summary of main routes to CO₂ -fuels |
|
7.4.4. |
The challenge of energy efficiency |
|
7.4.5. |
CO₂ -fuels are pertinent to a specific context |
|
7.4.6. |
CO₂ -fuels in road vehicles |
|
7.4.7. |
CO₂ -fuels in shipping |
|
7.4.8. |
CO₂ -fuels in aviation |
|
7.4.9. |
Power-to-methane |
|
7.4.10. |
Synthetic natural gas - thermocatalytic pathway |
|
7.4.11. |
Biological fermentation of CO₂ into methane |
|
7.4.12. |
Drivers and barriers for Power-to-Methane technology adoption |
|
7.4.13. |
Power-to-Methane projects worldwide - current and announced |
|
7.4.14. |
Can CO₂ -fuels achieve cost parity with fossil-fuels? |
|
7.4.15. |
CO₂ -fuels rollout is linked to electrolyzer capacity |
|
7.4.16. |
Low-carbon hydrogen is crucial to CO₂ -fuels |
|
7.4.17. |
CO₂ -derived fuels projects announced - regional |
|
7.4.18. |
CO₂ -derived fuels projects worldwide over time - current and announced |
|
7.4.19. |
CO₂ -fuels from solar power |
|
7.4.20. |
Companies in CO₂ -fuels by end-product |
|
7.4.21. |
Are CO₂ -fuels climate beneficial? |
|
7.4.22. |
CO₂ -derived fuels SWOT analysis |
|
7.4.23. |
CO₂ -derived fuels: market potential |
|
7.4.24. |
Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived fuels |
|
7.5. |
CO₂ utilization in biological yield boosting |
|
7.5.1. |
CO₂ utilization in biological processes |
|
7.5.2. |
Main companies using CO₂ in biological processes |
|
7.5.3. |
CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses |
|
7.5.4. |
CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: market potential |
|
7.5.5. |
CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: pros and cons |
|
7.5.6. |
Advancements in greenhouse CO₂ enrichment |
|
7.5.7. |
CO₂ -enhanced algae or cyanobacteria cultivation |
|
7.5.8. |
CO₂ -enhanced algae cultivation: open systems |
|
7.5.9. |
CO₂ -enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems |
|
7.5.10. |
Algae has multiple market applications |
|
7.5.11. |
The algae-based fuel market has been rocky |
|
7.5.12. |
CO₂ -enhanced algae cultivation: pros and cons |
|
7.5.13. |
CO₂ utilization in biomanufacturing |
|
7.5.14. |
CO₂ -consuming microorganisms |
|
7.5.15. |
Food and feed from CO₂ |
|
7.5.16. |
CO₂ -derived food and feed: market |
|
7.5.17. |
Carbon fermentation: pros and cons |
|
7.5.18. |
Key takeaways in CO₂ biological yield boosting |
|
8. |
CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE |
|
8.1. |
Introduction |
|
8.1.1. |
The case for carbon dioxide storage or sequestration |
|
8.1.2. |
Storing supercritical CO₂ underground |
|
8.1.3. |
Mechanisms of subsurface CO₂ trapping |
|
8.1.4. |
CO₂ leakage is a small risk |
|
8.1.5. |
Earthquakes and CO₂ leakage |
|
8.1.6. |
Storage type for geologic CO₂ storage: saline aquifers |
|
8.1.7. |
Storage type for geologic CO₂ storage: depleted oil and gas fields |
|
8.1.8. |
Unconventional storage resources: coal seams and shale |
|
8.1.9. |
Unconventional storage resources: basalts and ultra-mafic rocks |
|
8.1.10. |
Estimates of global CO₂ storage space |
|
8.1.11. |
CO₂ storage potential by country |
|
8.1.12. |
Permitting and authorization of CO₂ storage |
|
8.1.13. |
Monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) in CO₂ storage |
|
8.1.14. |
MRV Technologies and Costs in CO₂ Storage |
|
8.1.15. |
Carbon storage: Technical challenges |
|
8.2. |
Status of CO₂ Storage Projects |
|
8.2.1. |
Technology status of CO₂ storage |
|
8.2.2. |
World map of operational and under construction large-scale dedicated CO₂ storage sites |
|
8.2.3. |
Available CO₂ storage will soon outstrip CO₂ captured |
|
8.2.4. |
Dedicated geological storage will soon outpace CO₂ -EOR |
|
8.2.5. |
Can CO₂ storage be monetized? |
|
8.2.6. |
Part-chain storage project in the North Sea: The Longship Project |
|
8.2.7. |
Part-chain storage project in the North Sea: The Porthos Project |
|
8.2.8. |
The cost of carbon sequestration (1/2) |
|
8.2.9. |
The cost of carbon sequestration (2/2) |
|
8.2.10. |
Storage-type TRL and operator landscape |
|
8.2.11. |
Key takeaways |
|
8.3. |
CO₂ -EOR |
|
8.3.1. |
What is CO₂ -EOR? |
|
8.3.2. |
What happens to the injected CO₂ ? |
|
8.3.3. |
Types of CO₂ -EOR designs |
|
8.3.4. |
Global status of CO₂ -EOR: U.S. dominates but other regions arise |
|
8.3.5. |
World's large-scale CO₂ capture with CO₂ -EOR facilities |
|
8.3.6. |
CO₂ -EOR potential |
|
8.3.7. |
Most CO₂ in the U.S. is still naturally sourced |
|
8.3.8. |
CO₂ -EOR main players in the U.S. |
|
8.3.9. |
CO₂ -EOR main players in North America |
|
8.3.10. |
CO₂ -EOR in China |
|
8.3.11. |
The economics of promoting CO₂ storage through CO₂ -EOR |
|
8.3.12. |
The impact of oil prices on CO₂ -EOR feasibility |
|
8.3.13. |
Climate considerations in CO₂ -EOR |
|
8.3.14. |
The climate impact of CO₂ -EOR varies over time |
|
8.3.15. |
CO₂ -EOR: an on-ramp for CCS and DACCS? |
|
8.3.16. |
CO₂ -EOR: Progressive or "Greenwashing" |
|
8.3.17. |
Future advancements in CO₂ -EOR |
|
8.3.18. |
CO₂ -EOR SWOT analysis |
|
8.3.19. |
Key takeaways: market |
|
8.3.20. |
Key takeaways: environmental |
|
9. |
CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION |
|
9.1. |
Introduction to CO₂ transportation |
|
9.2. |
Phases of CO₂ for transportation |
|
9.3. |
Overview of CO₂ transportation methods and conditions |
|
9.4. |
Status of CO₂ transportation methods in CCS projects |
|
9.5. |
CO₂ transportation by pipeline |
|
9.6. |
CO₂ pipeline infrastructure development in the US |
|
9.7. |
CO₂ pipelines: Technical challenges |
|
9.8. |
CO₂ transportation by ship |
|
9.9. |
CO₂ transportation by ship: innovations in ship design |
|
9.10. |
CO₂ transportation by rail and truck |
|
9.11. |
Purity requirements of CO₂ transportation |
|
9.12. |
General cost comparison of CO₂ transportation methods |
|
9.13. |
CAPEX and OPEX contributions |
|
9.14. |
Cost considerations in CO₂ transport |
|
9.15. |
Transboundary networks for CO₂ transport: Europe |
|
9.16. |
Available CO₂ transportation will soon outstrip CO₂ captured |
|
9.17. |
Potential for cost reduction in transport and storage |
|
9.18. |
CO₂ transport operators |
|
9.19. |
CO₂ transport and/or storage as a service business model |
|
9.20. |
Key takeaways |
|
10. |
MARKET FORECASTS |
|
10.1.1. |
CCUS forecast methodology |
|
10.1.2. |
CCUS forecast breakdown |
|
10.1.3. |
CCUS market forecast - Overall discussion |
|
10.1.4. |
CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO₂ endpoint, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
10.1.5. |
CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Discussion |
|
10.1.6. |
CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ storage |
|
10.1.7. |
CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ enhanced oil recovery (EOR) |
|
10.1.8. |
Emerging CO₂ utilization capacity forecast by CO₂ end-use, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
10.1.9. |
CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Emerging CO₂ utilization |
|
10.1.10. |
CCUS revenue potential for captured CO₂ offtaker, billion US $ |
|
10.1.11. |
CCUS revenue for captured CO₂ offtaker |
|
10.1.12. |
CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
10.1.13. |
CCUS forecast by capture type - Direct Air Capture (DAC) capacity forecast |
|
10.1.14. |
Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO₂ source sector, Mtpa of CO₂ |
|
10.1.15. |
Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Industry |
|
10.1.16. |
Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - blue hydrogen and blue ammonia |
|
10.1.17. |
Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Gas and power |
|
10.1.18. |
Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - BECCUS |
|
11. |
COMPANY PROFILES |
|
11.1. |
3R-BioPhosphate |
|
11.2. |
Adaptavate |
|
11.3. |
Aether Diamonds |
|
11.4. |
Airco Process Technology |
|
11.5. |
Airex Energy |
|
11.6. |
Airhive |
|
11.7. |
Aker Carbon Capture |
|
11.8. |
Arborea |
|
11.9. |
Ardent |
|
11.10. |
AspiraDAC: MOF-Based DAC Technology Using Solar Power |
|
11.11. |
Atoco (MOF-Based AWH and Carbon Capture) |
|
11.12. |
Avantium: Volta Technology |
|
11.13. |
BC Biocarbon |
|
11.14. |
Bright Renewables: Carbon Capture |
|
11.15. |
C-Capture |
|
11.16. |
CapChar |
|
11.17. |
CarbiCrete |
|
11.18. |
Carbo Culture |
|
11.19. |
Carboclave |
|
11.20. |
Carbofex |
|
11.21. |
Carbogenics |
|
11.22. |
Carboclave |
|
11.23. |
Carbon Engineering |
|
11.24. |
Carbon Neutral Fuels |
|
11.25. |
Carbon Recycling International |
|
11.26. |
Carbonaide |
|
11.27. |
CarbonBlue |
|
11.28. |
CarbonBuilt |
|
11.29. |
CarbonCapture Inc. |
|
11.30. |
CarbonCure |
|
11.31. |
CarbonFree |
|
11.32. |
Carbyon |
|
11.33. |
CERT Systems |
|
11.34. |
Chiyoda: CCUS |
|
11.35. |
Climeworks |
|
11.36. |
CO2 GRO Inc. |
|
11.37. |
CO₂ Capsol |
|
11.38. |
CSIRO: MOF-Based DAC Technology (Airthena) |
|
11.39. |
Deep Branch |
|
11.40. |
Dimensional Energy |
|
11.41. |
Econic Technologies |
|
11.42. |
Equatic |
|
11.43. |
Fluor: Carbon Capture |
|
11.44. |
Fortera Corporation |
|
11.45. |
FuelCell Energy |
|
11.46. |
Future Biogas |
|
11.47. |
Giammarco Vetrocoke |
|
11.48. |
Global Thermostat |
|
11.49. |
Graphyte |
|
11.50. |
GreenCap Solutions |
|
11.51. |
Greenore |
|
11.52. |
Heirloom |
|
11.53. |
LanzaTech |
|
11.54. |
Liquid Wind |
|
11.55. |
Mission Zero Technologies |
|
11.56. |
Mosaic Materials: MOF-Based DAC Technology |
|
11.57. |
Myno Carbon |
|
11.58. |
NeoCarbon |
|
11.59. |
neustark |
|
11.60. |
NovoMOF |
|
11.61. |
Noya |
|
11.62. |
Nuada: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
|
11.63. |
O.C.O Technology |
|
11.64. |
Orchestra Scientific: MOF-Based Carbon Separation |
|
11.65. |
OXCCU |
|
11.66. |
Paebbl |
|
11.67. |
Pentair: Carbon Capture |
|
11.68. |
Prometheus Fuels |
|
11.69. |
PyroCCS |
|
11.70. |
Seaweed Generation |
|
11.71. |
Seratech |
|
11.72. |
Skytree |
|
11.73. |
Solar Foods |
|
11.74. |
Soletair Power |
|
11.75. |
Solidia Technologies |
|
11.76. |
Svante: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
|
11.77. |
Synhelion |
|
11.78. |
Takachar |
|
11.79. |
UNDO |
|
11.80. |
UniSieve: MOF-Based Membrane Technology |
|
11.81. |
UP Catalyst |
|
11.82. |
Verdox |
|
11.83. |
Vycarb |
|
11.84. |
WasteX |
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